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Duan H, Yan W. Visual fatigue a comprehensive review of mechanisms of occurrence, animal model design and nutritional intervention strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-25. [PMID: 38153314 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2298789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
When the eyes work intensively, it is easy to have eye discomfort such as blurred vision, soreness, dryness, and tearing, that is, visual fatigue. Visual fatigue not only affects work and study efficiency, but long-term visual fatigue can also easily affect physical and mental health. In recent years, with the popularization of electronic products, although it has brought convenience to the office and study, it has also caused more frequent visual fatigue among people who use electronic devices. Moreover, studies have reported that the number of people with visual fatigue is showing a trend of increasing year by year. The range of people involved is also extensive, especially students, people who have been engaged in computer work and fine instruments (such as microscopes) for a long time, and older adults with aging eye function. More and more studies have proposed that supplementation with the proper nutrients can effectively relieve visual fatigue and promote eye health. This review discusses the physiological mechanisms of visual fatigue and the design ideas of animal experiments from the perspective of modern nutritional science. Functional food ingredients with the ability to alleviate visual fatigue are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Duan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Yan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
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Enhanced Immunomodulation, Anti-Apoptosis, and Improved Tear Dynamics of (PEG)-BHD1028, a Novel Adiponectin Receptor Agonist Peptide, for Treating Dry Eye Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010078. [PMID: 36678707 PMCID: PMC9863990 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is characterized by impaired tear dynamics, leading to complex pathophysiological conditions. (PEG)-BHD1028, a peptide agonist to AdipoRs, was evaluated as a potential therapeutic agent for DED based on the reported physiological function of adiponectin, including anti-inflammation and epithelial protection. Therapeutic effects of (PEG)-BHD1028 were evaluated in experimentally induced EDE with 0.001%, 0.01%, and 0.1% (PEG)-BHD1028 in mice and 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% in rabbits for 10 days. In the rabbit study, 0.05% cyclosporine was also tested as a comparator. The results from the mouse study revealed significant improvement in tear volumes, tear breakup time (TBUT), inflammation, and corneal severity score (CSS) within 10 days at all (PEG)-BHD1028 concentrations. In the rabbit study, the tear volume and TBUT significantly increased in (PEG)-BHD1028 groups compared with vehicle and 0.05% cyclosporine groups. The CSS, apoptosis rate, and corneal thickness of all (PEG)-BHD1028 and 0.05% cyclosporine groups were significantly improved relative to the vehicle group. The immune cell counts of 0.2% and 0.4% (PEG)-BHD1028 treated groups were significantly lower than those of the vehicle group. These results represent the potential of (PEG)-BHD1028 as an effective therapeutic agent for DED.
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Kim M, Kim SY, Jeon JW, Lee HK. Impact of Lacrimal Gland Extraction on the Contralateral Eye in an Animal Model for Dry Eye Disease. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 36:318-325. [PMID: 35766050 PMCID: PMC9388895 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2022.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although there is still no consensus on the best animal model for dry eye disease research, a model based on lacrimal gland extraction (LGE) model is widely used. In this study, we aimed to investigate the histopathological changes taking place on the contralateral eye after unilateral LGE to determine whether it is useful as a control. Methods Seven-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were divided into naive control, environmental chamber model, and LGE groups. Corneal fluorescein staining was scored to quantify the severity of damage. Morphological changes in the cornea, conjunctiva, and lacrimal gland (LG) were determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and compared to those on naive control animals. Results Compared to naive subjects, the unilateral LGE model showed enhanced corneal erosion scores and loss of conjunctival goblet cells, not only on the ipsilateral but also on the contralateral side. These changes in the ocular surface became more pronounced in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, loss of LG acinar cells and leukocyte infiltration were detected in the contralateral LGs of the LGE model. Conclusions Considering the changes observed in the ocular surface and LGs, the contralateral side of the LGE model may not offer proper control conditions for the experimental comparison of the effects of dry eye disease in vivo. There may be regulatory feedback or crosstalk system between both eyes activated in response to LGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minha Kim
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Jeon
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Keun Lee
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Li L, Jasmer KJ, Camden JM, Woods LT, Martin AL, Yang Y, Layton M, Petris MJ, Baker OJ, Weisman GA, Petris CK. Early Dry Eye Disease Onset in a NOD.H-2h4 Mouse Model of Sjögren's Syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:18. [PMID: 35727180 PMCID: PMC9233292 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.6.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a mouse model of human dry eye disease (DED) for investigation of sex differences in autoimmune-associated dry eye pathology. Methods Ocular surface disease was assessed by quantifying corneal epithelial damage with lissamine green stain in the NOD.H-2h4,IFNγ−/−,CD28−/− (NOD.H-2h4 DKO) mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Lacrimal gland function was assessed by tear volume quantification with phenol red thread and lacrimal gland inflammation (i.e., dacryoadenitis) was assessed by quantification of immune cell foci, flow cytometric analysis of immune cell composition, and expression of proinflammatory markers. Results The NOD.H-2h4 DKO mouse model of SS exhibits greater age-dependent increases in corneal damage than in NOD.H-2h4 parental mice and demonstrates an earlier disease onset in females compared to males. The severity of ocular surface disease correlates with loss of goblet cell density, increased conjunctivitis, and dacryoadenitis that is more pronounced in NOD.H-2h4 DKO than NOD.H-2h4 mice. B cells dominate lacrimal infiltrates in 16-week-old NOD.H-2h4 and NOD.H-2h4 DKO mice, but T helper cells and macrophages are also present. Lacrimal gland expression of proinflammatory genes, including the P2X7 and P2Y2 purinergic receptors, is greater in NOD.H-2h4 DKO than NOD.H-2h4 mice and correlates with dacryoadenitis. Conclusions Our results demonstrate for the first time that autoimmune dry eye disease occurs in both sexes of NOD.H-2h4 DKO and NOD.H-2h4 mice, with earlier onset in female NOD.H-2h4 DKO mice when compared to males of the same strain. This study demonstrates that both NOD.H-2h4 and NOD.H-2h4 DKO mice are novel models that closely resemble SS-related and sex-dependent DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Visual Science and Optometry Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kimberly J Jasmer
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Jean M Camden
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Lucas T Woods
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Adam L Martin
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Yong Yang
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Maria Layton
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Michael J Petris
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Olga J Baker
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Carisa K Petris
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
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A new non-human primate model of desiccating stress-induced dry eye disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7957. [PMID: 35562371 PMCID: PMC9106732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED), a multifactorial ocular surface disease, is estimated to affect up to 34% of individuals over 50 years old. Although numerous animal models, including rodents and rabbits, have been developed to mimic the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in dry eye, there is a lack of non-human primate (NHP) models, critical for translational drug studies. Here, we developed a novel desiccating stress-induced dry eye disease model using Rhesus macaque monkeys. The monkeys were housed in a controlled environment room for 21 to 36 days under humidity, temperature, and airflow regulation. Following desiccating stress, NHPs demonstrated clinical symptoms similar to those of humans, as shown by increased corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) and decreased tear-film breakup time (TFBUT). Moreover, corticosteroid treatment significantly reduced CFS scoring, restored TFBUT, and prevented upregulation of tear proinflammatory cytokines as observed in dry eye patients following steroid treatment. The close resemblance of clinical symptoms and treatment responses to those of human DED patients provides great translational value to the NHP model, which could serve as a clinically relevant animal model to study the efficacy of new potential treatments for DED.
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Comparison of Trehalose/Hyaluronic Acid (HA) vs. 0.001% Hydrocortisone/HA Eyedrops on Signs and Inflammatory Markers in a Desiccating Model of Dry Eye Disease (DED). J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061518. [PMID: 35329844 PMCID: PMC8948919 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease where ocular surface inflammation and damage play key etiological roles. Purpose: To compare a combination of 3% trehalose (T) and 0.15% hyaluronic acid (HA) (Thealoz duo®, T/HA) with a tear substitute containing 0.001% hydrocortisone (I) and 0.2% HA (Idroflog®, I/HA), with respect to changes on signs and inflammatory markers in a mouse DED model. Methods: Thirty 12-week-old C57BL/6 mice were exposed in a controlled-environment chamber as a desiccating stress model of DED for 35 days. At day 14 (T1), administration of 5 µL T or I in the right eye (RE) or NaCl 0.9% in the left eye (LE) started, twice a day. Animals were sacrificed after 7 (T2), 14 (T3), 21 (T4, endpoint) days from the beginning of treatment. Corneal fluorescein staining ratio (Image J), histological and histochemical assessment of ocular surface tissues (goblet cell GC density and characterization —PAS, Alcian blue pH 2.5, pH 1.0, and MUC4 expression—in the superior and inferior conjunctiva), and levels of inflammatory markers HLA-DR, IL-1β and TNF-α in cornea and conjunctiva were measured. Results: No animal fully recovered from DED signs at the endpoint. Difference between arms was observed at T3 and T4, with T treated eyes showing a higher corneal damage reduction, PAS-positive GC recovery, lower inflammatory marker expression as compared to the I treated ones. Conclusions: Data suggest that 21 days of treatment with T/HA improved signs, GC recovery and inflammatory markers in a DED mouse model, to a greater extent as compared to I/HA. Data suggest that 21 days of treatment with T/HA improved signs, GC recovery and inflammatory markers in a DED mouse model, to a greater extent as compared to I/HA.
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Nair AP, D'Souza S, Shetty R, Ahuja P, Kundu G, Khamar P, Dadachanji Z, Paritekar P, Patel P, Dickman MM, Nuijts RM, Mohan RR, Ghosh A, Sethu S. Altered ocular surface immune cell profile in patients with dry eye disease. Ocul Surf 2021; 21:96-106. [PMID: 33862224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aberrant inflammation and immune dysregulation are known pathogenic contributors in dry eye disease (DED). Aim of the study was to determine the proportions of immune cell subsets on the ocular surface (OS) of DED patients. METHODS 15 healthy controls (22 eyes) and 48 DED subjects (36 eyes with evaporative DED - EDED; 60 eyes with aqueous deficient DED - ADED) were included in the study. Tear break up time (TBUT), Schirmer's test 1 (ST1), corneal staining (CS) and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scoring were recorded. OS wash was used to collect immune cells on the OS of study subjects. The cells immunophenotyped using flow cytometry include leukocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer-NK cells and T cell subsets (CD4; CD8; double positive-DP; gamma delta-γδ and NK T cells). RESULTS Significantly higher proportions of leukocytes, neutrophils, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, DP T cells and CD4/CD8 T cells ratio were observed in EDED and/or ADED patients. Significantly higher proportions of neutrophils and lower proportions of NK cells were observed in ADED subjects with corneal staining compared to those without and controls. Neutrophils/NK cells ratio was significantly higher in EDED and ADED subjects compared to controls. Correlation analysis revealed pathological relationships between proportions of leukocytes, neutrophils, CD4 T cells and Neutrophil/NK cells ratio with DED clinical parameters. CONCLUSION OS immune cell subset proportion changes in DED patients were associated with DED types and severity. The data suggests the potential for a new generation of therapies targeting immune cells on the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Padmanabhan Nair
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sharon D'Souza
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Rohit Shetty
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Prerna Ahuja
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Gairik Kundu
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Pooja Khamar
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Zelda Dadachanji
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Prajakta Paritekar
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Pavitra Patel
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Mor M Dickman
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rudy Mma Nuijts
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S Truman Veterans' Memorial Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.
| | - Swaminathan Sethu
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India.
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