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Shi Y, Sun Y, Seki A, Rutz S, Koerber JT, Wang J. A real-time antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis assay by live cell imaging. J Immunol Methods 2024; 531:113715. [PMID: 38936465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) is a cellular process by which antibody-opsonized targets (pathogens or cells) activate the Fc receptors on the surface of phagocytes to induce phagocytosis, resulting in internalization and degradation of pathogens or target cells through phagosome acidification. Besides NK cells-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), tumor-infiltrated monocytes and macrophages can directly kill tumor cells in the presence of tumor antigen-specific antibodies through ADCP, representing another attractive strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Even though several methods have been developed to measure ADCP, an automated and high-throughput quantitative assay should offer highly desirable advantages for drug discovery. In this study we established a new ADCP assay to identify therapeutical monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that facilitate macrophages phagocytosis of live target cells. We used Incucyte, an imaging system for live cell analysis. By labeling the live target cells with a pH sensitive dye (pHrodo), we successfully monitored the ADCP in real time. We demonstrated that our image-based assay is robust and quantitative, suitable for screening and characterization of therapeutical mAbs that directly kill target cells through ADCP. Furthermore, we found different subtypes of macrophages have distinct ADCP activities using both mouse and human primary macrophages differentiated in vitro. By studying various mAbs with mutations in their Fc regions using our assay, we showed that the variants with increased binding to Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) have enhanced ADCP activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Shi
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yonglian Sun
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Akiko Seki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sascha Rutz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James T Koerber
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jianyong Wang
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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2
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Xing Y, Huang L, Jian Y, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Zhang X, Fu T, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang X. GORASP2 promotes phagophore closure and autophagosome maturation into autolysosomes. Autophagy 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39056394 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2375785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As the central hub of the secretory pathway, the Golgi apparatus plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis in response to stresses. Recent studies have revealed the involvement of the Golgi tether, GORASP2, in facilitating autophagosome-lysosome fusion by connecting LC3-II and LAMP2 during nutrient starvation. However, the precise mechanism remains elusive. In this study, utilizing super-resolution microscopy, we observed GORASP2 localization on the surface of autophagosomes during glucose starvation. Depletion of GORASP2 hindered phagophore closure by regulating the association between VPS4A and the ESCRT-III component, CHMP2A. Furthermore, we found that GORASP2 controls RAB7A activity by modulating its GEF complex, MON1A-CCZ1, thereby impacting RAB7A's interaction with the HOPS complex. The assembly of both STX17-SNAP29-VAMP8 and YKT6-SNAP29-STX7 SNARE complexes was also attenuated without GORASP2. These findings suggest that GORASP2 helps seal autophagosomes and activate the RAB7A-HOPS-SNAREs membrane fusion machinery for autophagosome maturation, highlighting its membrane tethering function in response to stresses.Abbreviations: BafA1: bafilomycin A1; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FPP: fluorescence protease protection; GEF: guanine nucleotide exchange factor; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GORASP2: golgi reassembly stacking protein 2; GSB: glucose starvation along with bafilomycin A1; HOPS: homotypic fusion and protein sorting; LAMP2: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PK: proteinase K; SNARE: soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor; SIM: structured illumination microscopy; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Xing
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Huang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yannan Jian
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenqian Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tingting Fu
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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3
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Naik L, Patel S, Kumar A, Ghosh A, Mishra A, Das M, Nayak DK, Saha S, Mishra A, Singh R, Behura A, Dhiman R. 4-(Benzyloxy)phenol-induced p53 exhibits antimycobacterial response triggering phagosome-lysosome fusion through ROS-dependent intracellular Ca 2+ pathway in THP-1 cells. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127664. [PMID: 38422860 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) outbreak has emerged as a global public health crisis. Therefore, new and innovative therapeutic options like host-directed therapies (HDTs) through novel modulators are urgently required to overcome the challenges associated with TB. In the present study, we have investigated the anti-mycobacterial effect of 4-(Benzyloxy)phenol. Cell-viability assay asserted that 50 μM of 4-(Benzyloxy)phenol was not cytotoxic to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1) cells. It was observed that 4-(Benzyloxy)phenol activates p53 expression by hindering its association with KDM1A. Increased ROS, intracellular Ca2+ and phagosome-lysosome fusion, were also observed upon 4-(Benzyloxy)phenol treatment. 4-(Benzyloxy)phenol mediated killing of intracellular mycobacteria was abrogated in the presence of specific inhibitors of ROS, Ca2+ and phagosome-lysosome fusion like NAC, BAPTA-AM, and W7, respectively. We further demonstrate that 4-(Benzyloxy)phenol mediated enhanced ROS production is mediated by acetylation of p53. Blocking of p53 acetylation by Pifithrin-α (PFT- α) enhanced intracellular mycobacterial growth by blocking the mycobactericidal effect of 4-(Benzyloxy)phenol. Altogether, the results showed that 4-(Benzyloxy)phenol executed its anti-mycobacterial effect by modulating p53-mediated ROS production to regulate phagosome-lysosome fusion through Ca2+ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln Naik
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Salina Patel
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Abhirupa Ghosh
- Divison of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Abtar Mishra
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Mousumi Das
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Dev Kiran Nayak
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Sudipto Saha
- Divison of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342011, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, 3rd Milestone, PO Box # 4, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Assirbad Behura
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
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4
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Winkler CW, Evans AB, Carmody AB, Lack JB, Woods TA, Peterson KE. C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 and 7 synergistically control inflammatory monocyte recruitment but the infecting virus dictates monocyte function in the brain. Commun Biol 2024; 7:494. [PMID: 38658802 PMCID: PMC11043336 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory monocytes (iMO) are recruited from the bone marrow to the brain during viral encephalitis. C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR) 2 deficiency substantially reduces iMO recruitment for most, but not all encephalitic viruses. Here we show CCR7 acts synergistically with CCR2 to control this process. Following Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), or La Crosse virus (LACV) infection, we find iMO proportions are reduced by approximately half in either Ccr2 or Ccr7 knockout mice compared to control mice. However, Ccr2/Ccr7 double knockouts eliminate iMO recruitment following infection with either virus, indicating these receptors together control iMO recruitment. We also find that LACV induces a more robust iMO recruitment than HSV-1. However, unlike iMOs in HSV-1 infection, LACV-recruited iMOs do not influence neurological disease development. LACV-induced iMOs have higher expression of proinflammatory and proapoptotic but reduced mitotic, phagocytic and phagolysosomal transcripts compared to HSV-1-induced iMOs. Thus, virus-specific activation of iMOs affects their recruitment, activation, and function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Mice
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/virology
- Mice, Knockout
- Brain/virology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- La Crosse virus/genetics
- La Crosse virus/physiology
- Receptors, CCR7/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR7/genetics
- Encephalitis, California/virology
- Encephalitis, California/genetics
- Encephalitis, California/metabolism
- Encephalitis, California/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/virology
- Female
- Male
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Alyssa B Evans
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Justin B Lack
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
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5
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Karyu H, Niki T, Sorimachi Y, Hata S, Shimabukuro-Demoto S, Hirabayashi T, Mukai K, Kasahara K, Takubo K, Goda N, Honke K, Taguchi T, Sorimachi H, Toyama-Sorimachi N. Collaboration between a cis-interacting natural killer cell receptor and membrane sphingolipid is critical for the phagocyte function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1401294. [PMID: 38720899 PMCID: PMC11076679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1401294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory natural killer (NK) cell receptors recognize MHC class I (MHC-I) in trans on target cells and suppress cytotoxicity. Some NK cell receptors recognize MHC-I in cis, but the role of this interaction is uncertain. Ly49Q, an atypical Ly49 receptor expressed in non-NK cells, binds MHC-I in cis and mediates chemotaxis of neutrophils and type I interferon production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. We identified a lipid-binding motif in the juxtamembrane region of Ly49Q and found that Ly49Q organized functional membrane domains comprising sphingolipids via sulfatide binding. Ly49Q recruited actin-remodeling molecules to an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif, which enabled the sphingolipid-enriched membrane domain to mediate complicated actin remodeling at the lamellipodia and phagosome membranes during phagocytosis. Thus, Ly49Q facilitates integrative regulation of proteins and lipid species to construct a cell type-specific membrane platform. Other Ly49 members possess lipid binding motifs; therefore, membrane platform organization may be a primary role of some NK cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Karyu
- Division of Human Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Niki
- Laboratory for Neural Cell Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sorimachi
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Hata
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Shimabukuro-Demoto
- Division of Human Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirabayashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kojiro Mukai
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kohji Kasahara
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Goda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Honke
- Department of Biochemistry and Kochi System Glycobiology Center, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Toyama-Sorimachi
- Division of Human Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Swords SB, Jia N, Norris A, Modi J, Cai Q, Grant BD. A conserved requirement for RME-8/DNAJC13 in neuronal autophagic lysosome reformation. Autophagy 2024; 20:792-808. [PMID: 37942902 PMCID: PMC11062384 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2269028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes, forming autolysosomes that degrade engulfed cargo. To maintain lysosomal capacity, autophagic lysosome reformation (ALR) must regenerate lysosomes from autolysosomes using a membrane tubule-based process. Maintaining lysosomal capacity is required to maintain cellular health, especially in neurons where lysosomal dysfunction has been repeatedly implicated in neurodegenerative disease. The DNA-J domain HSC70 co-chaperone RME-8/DNAJC13 has been linked to endosomal coat protein regulation and to neurological disease. We report new analysis of the requirements for the RME-8/DNAJC13 protein in neurons, focusing on intact C. elegans mechanosensory neurons, and primary mouse cortical neurons in culture. Loss of RME-8/DNAJC13 in both systems results in accumulation of grossly elongated autolysosomal tubules. Further C. elegans analysis revealed a similar autolysosome tubule accumulation defect in mutants known to be required for ALR in mammals, including mutants lacking bec-1/BECN1/Beclin1 and vps-15/PIK3R4/p150 that regulate the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K) VPS-34, and dyn-1/dynamin that severs ALR tubules. Clathrin is also an important ALR regulator implicated in autolysosome tubule formation and release. In C. elegans we found that loss of RME-8 causes severe depletion of clathrin from neuronal autolysosomes, a phenotype shared with bec-1 and vps-15 mutants. We conclude that RME-8/DNAJC13 plays a previously unrecognized role in ALR, likely affecting autolysosome tubule severing. Additionally, in both systems, loss of RME-8/DNAJC13 reduced macroautophagic/autophagic flux, suggesting feedback regulation from ALR to autophagy. Our results connecting RME-8/DNAJC13 to ALR and autophagy provide a potential mechanism by which RME-8/DNAJC13 could influence neuronal health and the progression of neurodegenerative disease.Abbreviation: ALR, autophagic lysosome reformation; ATG-13/EPG-1, AuTophaGy (yeast Atg homolog)-13; ATG-18, AuTophaGy (yeast Atg homolog)-18; AV, autophagic vacuole; CLIC-1, Clathrin Light Chain-1; EPG-3, Ectopic P Granules-3; EPG-6, Ectopic P Granules-6; LGG-1, LC3, GABARAP and GATE-16 family-1; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; PD, Parkinson disease; PtdIns3P, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PtdIns(4,5)P2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; RME-8, Receptor Mediated Endocytosis-8; SNX-1, Sorting NeXin-1; VPS-34, related to yeast Vacuolar Protein Sorting factor-34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra B. Swords
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nuo Jia
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Anne Norris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jil Modi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Barth D. Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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7
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Li C, Wu C, Li F, Xu W, Zhang X, Huang Y, Xia D. Targeting Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Gouty Arthritis: Insights into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Potential. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1735-1763. [PMID: 38523684 PMCID: PMC10960513 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s460333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gouty arthritis (GA) is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by severe inflammation due to the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the joints. The pathophysiological mechanisms of GA are not yet fully understood, and therefore, the identification of effective therapeutic targets is of paramount importance. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), an intricate structure of DNA scaffold, encompassing myeloperoxidase, histones, and elastases - have gained significant attention as a prospective therapeutic target for gouty arthritis, due to their innate antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Hence, exploring the therapeutic potential of NETs in gouty arthritis remains an enticing avenue for further investigation. During the process of gouty arthritis, the formation of NETs triggers the release of inflammatory cytokines, thereby contributing to the inflammatory response, while MSU crystals and cytokines are sequestered and degraded by the aggregation of NETs. Here, we provide a concise summary of the inflammatory processes underlying the initiation and resolution of gouty arthritis mediated by NETs. Furthermore, this review presents an overview of the current pharmacological approaches for treating gouty arthritis and summarizes the potential of natural and synthetic product-based inhibitors that target NET formation as novel therapeutic options, alongside elucidating the intrinsic challenges of these inhibitors in NETs research. Lastly, the limitations of HL-60 cell as a suitable substitute of neutrophils in NETs research are summarized and discussed. Series of recommendations are provided, strategically oriented towards guiding future investigations to effectively address these concerns. These findings will contribute to an enhanced comprehension of the interplay between NETs and GA, facilitating the proposition of innovative therapeutic strategies and novel approaches for the management of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cantao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenfen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daozong Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Sakurai C, Yamashita N, Azuma K, Hatsuzawa K. VAMP5 promotes Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis and regulates phagosome maturation in macrophages. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar44. [PMID: 38265888 PMCID: PMC10916865 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-04-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Phagosome formation and maturation reportedly occur via sequential membrane fusion events mediated by synaptosomal-associated protein of 23 kDa (SNAP23), a plasma membrane-localized soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) family. Vesicle-associated membrane protein 5 (VAMP5), also a plasmalemma SNARE, interacts with SNAP23; however, its precise function in phagocytosis in macrophages remains elusive. To elucidate this aspect, we investigated the characteristics of macrophages in the presence of VAMP5 overexpression or knockdown and found that VAMP5 participates in Fcγ receptor-mediated phagosome formation, although not directly in phagosome maturation. Overexpressed VAMP5 was localized to the early phagosomal membrane but no longer localized to the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1-positive maturing phagosomal membrane. Analyses using compound-based selective inhibitors demonstrated that VAMP5 dissociation from early phagosomes occurs in a clathrin- and dynamin-dependent manner and is indispensable for SNAP23 function in subsequent membrane fusion during phagosome maturation. Accordingly, to the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate, for the first time, that VAMP5 exerts an immunologically critical function during phagosome formation and maturation via SNARE-based membrane trafficking in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiye Sakurai
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Natsumi Yamashita
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kento Azuma
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hatsuzawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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9
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Xu Y, Shao B, Zhang Y. The significance of targeting lysosomes in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1308070. [PMID: 38370407 PMCID: PMC10869645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1308070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are intracellular digestive organelles that participate in various physiological and pathological processes, including the regulation of immune checkpoint molecules, immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment, antigen presentation, metabolism, and autophagy. Abnormalities or dysfunction of lysosomes are associated with the occurrence, development, and drug resistance of tumors. Lysosomes play a crucial role and have potential applications in tumor immunotherapy. Targeting lysosomes or harnessing their properties is an effective strategy for tumor immunotherapy. However, the mechanisms and approaches related to lysosomes in tumor immunotherapy are not fully understood at present, and further basic and clinical research is needed to provide better treatment options for cancer patients. This review focuses on the research progress related to lysosomes and tumor immunotherapy in these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Shao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute for Hospital Management of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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10
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Zadka Ł, Sochocka M, Hachiya N, Chojdak-Łukasiewicz J, Dzięgiel P, Piasecki E, Leszek J. Endocytosis and Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2024; 46:71-85. [PMID: 37646904 PMCID: PMC10828383 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and is the most common cause of dementia. The pathogenesis of AD still remains unclear, including two main hypotheses: amyloid cascade and tau hyperphosphorylation. The hallmark neuropathological changes of AD are extracellular deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Endocytosis plays an important role in a number of cellular processes including communication with the extracellular environment, nutrient uptake, and signaling by the cell surface receptors. Based on the results of genetic and biochemical studies, there is a link between neuronal endosomal function and AD pathology. Taking this into account, we can state that in the results of previous research, endolysosomal abnormality is an important cause of neuronal lesions in the brain. Endocytosis is a central pathway involved in the regulation of the degradation of amyloidogenic components. The results of the studies suggest that a correlation between alteration in the endocytosis process and associated protein expression progresses AD. In this article, we discuss the current knowledge about endosomal abnormalities in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zadka
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Sochocka
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Naomi Hachiya
- Shonan Research Center, Central Glass Co., Ltd, Shonan Health Innovation Park 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | | | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 6a, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Egbert Piasecki
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże L. Pasteura 10, 50-367, Wroclaw, Poland
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11
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Hong J, Mukherjee B, Sanjoba C, Yamagishi J, Goto Y. Upregulation of ATP6V0D2 benefits intracellular survival of Leishmania donovani in erythrocytes-engulfing macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1332381. [PMID: 38357442 PMCID: PMC10864549 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1332381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe type of leishmaniasis which is caused by infection of Leishmania donovani complex. In the BALB/c mouse model of VL, multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) with heavy parasite infection consist of the largest population of hemophagocytes in the spleen of L. donovani-infected mice, indicating that MGCs provide the parasites a circumstance beneficial for their survival. Although ATP6V0D2 is a demonstrated factor inducing the formation of hemophagocytic MGCs during L. donovani infection, functions of this protein in shaping the infection outcome in macrophages remain unclear. Here we evaluated the influence of upregulated ATP6V0D2 on intracellular survival of the parasites. L. donovani infection-induced hemophagocytosis of normal erythrocytes by macrophages was suppressed by RNAi-based knockdown of Atp6v0d2. The knockdown of Atp6v0d2 did not improve the survival of amastigotes within macrophages when the cells were cultured in the absence of erythrocytes. On the other hand, reduced intracellular survival of amastigotes in macrophages by the knockdown was observed when macrophages were supplemented with antibody-opsonized erythrocytes before infection. There, increase in cytosolic labile iron pool was observed in the L. donovani-infected knocked-down macrophages. It suggests that ATP6V0D2 plays roles not only in upregulation of hemophagocytosis but also in iron trafficking within L. donovani-infected macrophages. Superior access to iron in macrophages may be how the upregulated expression of the molecule brings benefit to Leishmania for their intracellular survival in the presence of erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Budhaditya Mukherjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Chizu Sanjoba
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Inpanathan S, Ospina-Escobar E, Li VC, Adamji Z, Lackraj T, Cho YH, Porco N, Choy CH, McPhee JB, Botelho RJ. Salmonella actively modulates TFEB in murine macrophages in a growth-phase and time-dependent manner. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0498122. [PMID: 38051049 PMCID: PMC10783059 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04981-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Activation of the host transcription factor TFEB helps mammalian cells adapt to stresses such as starvation and infection by upregulating lysosome, autophagy, and immuno-protective gene expression. Thus, TFEB is generally thought to protect host cells. However, it may also be that pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella orchestrate TFEB in a spatio-temporal manner to harness its functions to grow intracellularly. Indeed, the relationship between Salmonella and TFEB is controversial since some studies showed that Salmonella actively promotes TFEB, while others have observed that Salmonella degrades TFEB and that compounds that promote TFEB restrict bacterial growth. Our work provides a path to resolve these apparent discordant observations since we showed that stationary-grown Salmonella actively delays TFEB after infection, while late-log Salmonella is permissive of TFEB activation. Nevertheless, the exact function of this manipulation remains unclear, but conditions that erase the conditional control of TFEB by Salmonella may be detrimental to the microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subothan Inpanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Ospina-Escobar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa Cruz Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zainab Adamji
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracy Lackraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Youn Hee Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Porco
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher H. Choy
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph B. McPhee
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto J. Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Nakayama H, Hanafusa K, Yamaji T, Oshima E, Hotta T, Takamori K, Ogawa H, Iwabuchi K. Phylactic role of anti-lipoarabinomannan IgM directed against mannan core during mycobacterial infection in macrophages. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 143:102391. [PMID: 37574397 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria enter host phagocytes, such as macrophages by binding to several receptors on phagocytes. Several mycobacterial species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis have evolved systems to evade host bactericidal pathways. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is an essential mycobacterial molecule for both binding to phagocytes and escaping from bactericidal pathways. Integrin CD11b plays critical roles as a phagocytic receptor and contributes to host defense by mediating both nonopsonic and opsonic phagocytosis. However, the mechanisms by which CD11b-mediated phagocytosis associates with LAM and drives the phagocytic process of mycobacteria remain to be fully elucidated. We recently identified TMDU3 as anti-LAM IgM antibody against the mannan core of LAM. The present study investigated the roles of CD11b and TMDU3 in macrophage phagocytosis of mycobacteria and subsequent bactericidal lysosomal fusion to phagosomes. CD11b knockout cells generated by a CRISPR/Cas9 system showed significant attenuation of the ability to phagocytose non-opsonized mycobacteria and LAM-conjugated beads. Moreover, recombinant human CD11b protein was found to bind to LAM. TMDU3 markedly inhibited macrophage phagocytosis of non-opsonized mycobacteria. This antibody slightly increased the phagocytosis of mycobacteria under opsonized conditions, whereas it significantly enhanced CD11b-mediated bactericidal functions. Taken together, these results show a novel phylactic role of anti-LAM IgM during mycobacterial infection in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nakayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kei Hanafusa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamaji
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Oshima
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomomi Hotta
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
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14
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Maure A, Robino E, Van der Henst C. The intracellular life of Acinetobacter baumannii. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1238-1250. [PMID: 37487768 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative opportunistic bacterium responsible for nosocomial and community-acquired infections. This pathogen is globally disseminated and associated with high levels of antibiotic resistance, which makes it an important threat to human health. Recently, new evidence showed that several A. baumannii isolates can survive and proliferate within eukaryotic professional and/or nonprofessional phagocytic cells, with in vivo consequences. This review provides updated information and describes the tools that A. baumannii possesses to adhere, colonize, and replicate in host cells. Additionally, we emphasize the high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity detected amongst A. baumannii isolates and its impact on the bacterial intracellular features. We also discuss the need for standardized methods to characterize this pathogen robustly and consequently consider some strains as facultative intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Maure
- Microbial Resistance and Drug Discovery, VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Robino
- Microbial Resistance and Drug Discovery, VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Van der Henst
- Microbial Resistance and Drug Discovery, VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
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15
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Gulia S, Chandra P, Das A. The Prognosis of Cancer Depends on the Interplay of Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Anoikis within the Tumor Microenvironment. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:621-658. [PMID: 37787970 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Within the tumor microenvironment, the fight between the immune system and cancer influences tumor transformation. Metastasis formation is an important stage in the progression of cancer. This process is aided by cellular detachment and resistance to anoikis, which are achieved by altering intercellular signaling. Autophagy, specifically pro-survival autophagy, aids cancer cells in developing treatment resistance. Numerous studies have shown that autophagy promotes tumor growth and resistance to anoikis. To regulate protective autophagy, cancer-related genes phosphorylate both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Apoptosis, a type of controlled cell death, eliminates damaged or unwanted cells. Anoikis is a type of programmed cell death in which cells lose contact with the extracellular matrix. The dysregulation of these cellular pathways promotes tumor growth and spread. Apoptosis, anoikis, and autophagy interact meticulously and differently depending on the cellular circumstances. For instance, autophagy can protect cancer cells from apoptosis by removing cellular components that are damaged and might otherwise trigger apoptotic pathways. Similarly, anoikis dysregulation can trigger autophagy by causing cellular harm and metabolic stress. In order to prevent or treat metastatic disease, specifically, targeting these cellular mechanisms may present a promising prospect for cancer therapy. This review discourses the state of our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumor transformation and the establishment of metastatic tumors. To enhance the prognosis for cancer, we highlight and discuss potential therapeutic approaches that target these processes and genes involved in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Gulia
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Prakash Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
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16
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Mohammad-Rafiei F, Moadab F, Mahmoudi A, Navashenaq JG, Gheibihayat SM. Efferocytosis: a double-edged sword in microbial immunity. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:370. [PMID: 37925389 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Efferocytosis is characterized as the rapid and efficient process by which dying or dead cells are removed. This type of clearance is initiated via "find-me" signals, and then, carries on by "eat-me" and "don't-eat-me" ones. Efferocytosis has a critical role to play in tissue homeostasis and innate immunity. However, some evidence suggests it as a double-edged sword in microbial immunity. In other words, some pathogens have degraded efferocytosis by employing efferocytic mechanisms to bypass innate immune detection and promote infection, despite the function of this process for the control and clearance of pathogens. In this review, the efferocytosis mechanisms from the recognition of dying cells to phagocytic engulfment are initially presented, and then, its diverse roles in inflammation and immunity are highlighted. In this case, much focus is also laid on some bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum), Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP), Influenza A virus (IAV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Leishmania, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohammad-Rafiei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moadab
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ali Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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17
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Tang D, Liu Y, Wang C, Li L, Al-Farraj SA, Chen X, Yan Y. Invasion by exogenous RNA: cellular defense strategies and implications for RNA inference. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:573-584. [PMID: 38045546 PMCID: PMC10689678 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous RNA poses a continuous threat to genome stability and integrity across various organisms. Accumulating evidence reveals complex mechanisms underlying the cellular response to exogenous RNA, including endo-lysosomal degradation, RNA-dependent repression and innate immune clearance. Across a variety of mechanisms, the natural anti-sense RNA-dependent defensive strategy has been utilized both as a powerful gene manipulation tool and gene therapy strategy named RNA-interference (RNAi). To optimize the efficiency of RNAi silencing, a comprehensive understanding of the whole life cycle of exogenous RNA, from cellular entry to its decay, is vital. In this paper, we review recent progress in comprehending the recognition and elimination of foreign RNA by cells, focusing on cellular entrance, intracellular transportation, and immune-inflammatory responses. By leveraging these insights, we highlight the potential implications of these insights for advancing RNA interference efficiency, underscore the need for future studies to elucidate the pathways and fates of various exogenous RNA forms, and provide foundational information for more efficient RNA delivery methods in both genetic manipulation and therapy in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxu Tang
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Chundi Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Lifang Li
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiao Chen
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Ying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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18
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Platt FM. The expanding boundaries of sphingolipid lysosomal storage diseases; insights from Niemann-Pick disease type C. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1777-1787. [PMID: 37844193 PMCID: PMC10657176 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are inborn errors of metabolism that arise due to loss of function mutations in genes encoding lysosomal enzymes, protein co-factors or lysosomal membrane proteins. As a consequence of the genetic defect, lysosomal function is impaired and substrates build up in the lysosome leading to 'storage'. A sub group of these disorders are the sphingolipidoses in which sphingolipids accumulate in the lysosome. In this review, I will discuss how the study of these rare lysosomal disorders reveals unanticipated links to other rare and common human diseases using Niemann-Pick disease type C as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M. Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K
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19
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Zhang Y, Tang W, Zheng Z, Nie G, Zhan Y, Mu X, Liu Y, Wang K. Metabolic degradation of polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes by Kupffer cells via the Dectin-1/Syk signaling pathway. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 317:121108. [PMID: 37364942 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
It had been shown that lentinan (LNT) was mainly distributed in the liver after intravenous administration. The study aimed to investigate the integrated metabolic processes and mechanisms of LNT in the liver, as these have not been thoroughly explored. In current work, 5-([4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl] amino) fluorescein and cyanine 7 were used to label LNT for tracking its metabolic behavior and mechanisms. Near-infrared imaging demonstrated that LNT was captured mainly by the liver. Kupffer cell (KC) depletion reduced LNT liver localization and degradation in BALB/c mice. Moreover, experiments with Dectin-1 siRNA and Dectin-1/Syk signaling pathway inhibitors showed that LNT was mainly taken up by KCs via the Dectin-1/Syk pathway and promoted lysosomal maturation in KCs via this same pathway, which in turn promoted LNT degradation. These empirical findings offer novel insights into the metabolism of LNT in vivo and in vitro, which will facilitate the further application of LNT and other β-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Ziming Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Nie
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430019 Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxue Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Mu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China.
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20
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Khiter F, Kherrouche Z, Dubois V, Slupek S, Petit E, Debrie AS, Cauchi S, Barois N, Rouanet C, Mielcarek N. Combined regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines production by STAT3 and STAT5 in a model of B. pertussis infection of alveolar macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254276. [PMID: 37841236 PMCID: PMC10569487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen responsible for whooping-cough or pertussis. Despite high vaccination coverage worldwide, this gram-negative bacterium continues to spread among the population. B. pertussis is transmitted by aerosol droplets from an infected individual to a new host and will colonize its upper respiratory tract. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are effector cells of the innate immune system that phagocytose B. pertussis and secrete both pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators in the lungs. However, understanding their role in B. pertussis pathogenesis at the molecular level is hampered by the limited number of primary AMs that can be collected in vivo. In order to decipher the regulation of innate response induced by B. pertussis infection, we used for the first time self-renewing, non-transformed cells, called Max Planck Institute (MPI) cells, which are phenotypically and functionally very close to pulmonary AMs. Using optimized infection conditions, we characterized the entry and the clearance of B. pertussis within MPI macrophages. We showed that under these conditions, MPI cells exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype with the production of TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 and MIP-2α, similarly to primary AMs purified from broncho-alveolar fluids of mice. In addition, we explored the yet uncharacterized role of the signal transduction activator of transcription (STAT) proteins family in the innate immune response to B. pertussis infection and showed for the first time the parallel regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines by STAT3 and STAT5 in MPI macrophages infected by B. pertussis. Altogether, this work highlights the interest of using MPI cells for experiments optimization and preliminary data acquisition to understand B. pertussis interaction with AMs, and thus significantly reduce the number of animals to be sacrificed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fethi Khiter
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Zoulika Kherrouche
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Violaine Dubois
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Slupek
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Petit
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Debrie
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Cauchi
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Barois
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Carine Rouanet
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Mielcarek
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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21
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Cristovao B, Rodrigues L, Catarino S, Abreu M, Gonçalves T, Domingues N, Girao H. Cx43-mediated hyphal folding counteracts phagosome integrity loss during fungal infection. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0123823. [PMID: 37733471 PMCID: PMC10581180 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01238-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagolysosomes are crucial organelles during the elimination of pathogens by host cells. The maintenance of their membrane integrity is vital during stressful conditions, such as during Candida albicans infection. As the fungal hyphae grow, the phagolysosome membrane expands to ensure that the growing fungus remains entrapped. Additionally, actin structures surrounding the hyphae-containing phagosome were recently described to damage and constrain these pathogens inside the host vacuoles by inducing their folding. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the phagosome membrane adaptation during this extreme expansion process is still unclear. The main goal of this study was to unveil the interplay between phagosomal membrane integrity and folding capacity of C. albicans-infected macrophages. We show that components of the repair machinery are gradually recruited to the expanding phagolysosomal membrane and that their inhibition diminishes macrophage folding capacity. Through an analysis of an RNAseq data set of C. albicans-infected macrophages, we identified Cx43, a gap junction protein, as a putative player involved in the interplay between lysosomal homeostasis and actin-related processes. Our findings further reveal that Cx43 is recruited to expand phagosomes and potentiates the hyphal folding capacity of macrophages, promoting their survival. Additionally, we reveal that Cx43 can act as an anchor for complexes involved in Arp2-mediated actin nucleation during the assembly of actin rings around hyphae-containing phagosomes. Overall, this work brings new insights on the mechanisms by which macrophages cope with C. albicans infection ascribing to Cx43 a new noncanonical regulatory role in phagosome dynamics during pathogen phagocytosis. IMPORTANCE Invasive candidiasis is a life-threatening fungal infection that can become increasingly resistant to treatment. Thus, strategies to improve immune system efficiency, such as the macrophage response during the clearance of the fungal infection, are crucial to ameliorate the current therapies. Engulfed Candida albicans, one of the most common Candida species, is able to quickly transit from yeast-to-hypha form, which can elicit a phagosomal membrane injury and ultimately lead to macrophage death. Here, we extend the understanding of phagosome membrane homeostasis during the hypha expansion and folding process. We found that loss of phagosomal membrane integrity decreases the capacity of macrophages to fold the hyphae. Furthermore, through a bioinformatic analysis, we reveal a new window of opportunities to disclose the mechanisms underlying the hyphal constraining process. We identified Cx43 as a new weapon in the armamentarium to tackle infection by potentiating hyphal folding and promoting macrophage survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cristovao
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lisa Rodrigues
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC-UC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Steve Catarino
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Monica Abreu
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC-UC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Neuza Domingues
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girao
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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22
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Distel JS, Di Venanzio G, Mackel JJ, Rosen DA, Feldman MF. Replicative Acinetobacter baumannii strains interfere with phagosomal maturation by modulating the vacuolar pH. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011173. [PMID: 37294840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is a common infection of the lower respiratory tract that can afflict patients of all ages. Multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii are increasingly responsible for causing nosocomial pneumonias, thus posing an urgent threat. Alveolar macrophages play a critical role in overcoming respiratory infections caused by this pathogen. Recently, we and others have shown that new clinical isolates of A. baumannii, but not the common lab strain ATCC 19606 (19606), can persist and replicate in macrophages within spacious vacuoles that we called Acinetobacter Containing Vacuoles (ACV). In this work, we demonstrate that the modern A. baumannii clinical isolate 398, but not the lab strain 19606, can infect alveolar macrophages and produce ACVs in vivo in a murine pneumonia model. Both strains initially interact with the alveolar macrophage endocytic pathway, as indicated by EEA1 and LAMP1 markers; however, the fate of these strains diverges at a later stage. While 19606 is eliminated in an autophagy pathway, 398 replicates in ACVs and are not degraded. We show that 398 reverts the natural acidification of the phagosome by secreting large amounts of ammonia, a by-product of amino acid catabolism. We propose that this ability to survive within macrophages may be critical for the persistence of clinical A. baumannii isolates in the lung during a respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus S Distel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gisela Di Venanzio
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph J Mackel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David A Rosen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mario F Feldman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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23
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Zhang QA, Ma S, Li P, Xie J. The dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome and the fate of infection. Cell Signal 2023; 108:110715. [PMID: 37192679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phagosomes are vesicles produced by phagocytosis of phagocytes, which are crucial in immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. After the phagocyte ingests the pathogen, it activates the phagosomes to recruit a series of components and process proteins, to phagocytose, degrade and kill Mtb. Meanwhile, Mtb can resist acid and oxidative stress, block phagosome maturation, and manipulate host immune response. The interaction between Mtb and phagocytes leads to the outcome of infection. The dynamic of this process can affect the cell fate. This article mainly reviews the development and maturation of phagosomes, as well as the dynamics and modifications of Mtb effectors and phagosomes components, and new diagnostic and therapeutic markers involved in phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaying Ma
- Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing the Fourth Hospital, Jiankang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Peibo Li
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China.
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24
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Salloum G, Bresnick AR, Backer JM. Macropinocytosis: mechanisms and regulation. Biochem J 2023; 480:335-362. [PMID: 36920093 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is defined as an actin-dependent but coat- and dynamin-independent endocytic uptake process, which generates large intracellular vesicles (macropinosomes) containing a non-selective sampling of extracellular fluid. Macropinocytosis provides an important mechanism of immune surveillance by dendritic cells and macrophages, but also serves as an essential nutrient uptake pathway for unicellular organisms and tumor cells. This review examines the cell biological mechanisms that drive macropinocytosis, as well as the complex signaling pathways - GTPases, lipid and protein kinases and phosphatases, and actin regulatory proteins - that regulate macropinosome formation, internalization, and disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Salloum
- Department of Molecular Pharamacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - Anne R Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan M Backer
- Department of Molecular Pharamacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
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25
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Swords S, Jia N, Norris A, Modi J, Cai Q, Grant BD. A Conserved Requirement for RME-8/DNAJC13 in Neuronal Autolysosome Reformation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.27.530319. [PMID: 36909501 PMCID: PMC10002637 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.27.530319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes, forming autolysosomes that degrade engulfed cargo. To maintain lysosomal capacity, autolysosome reformation (ALR) must regenerate lysosomes from autolysosomes using a membrane tubule-based process. Maintaining lysosomal capacity is required to maintain proteostasis and cellular health, especially in neurons where lysosomal dysfunction has been repeatedly implicated in neurodegenerative disease. Cell biological studies have linked the DNA-J domain Hsc70 co-chaperone RME-8/DNAJC13 to endosomal coat protein regulation, while human genetics studies have linked RME-8/DNAJC13 to neurological disease, including Parkinsonism and Essential Tremor. We report new analysis of the requirements for the RME-8/DNAJC13 protein in neurons, focusing on C. elegans mechanosensory neurons in the intact animal, and in primary mouse cortical neurons in culture. We find that loss of RME-8/DNAJC13 in both systems results in accumulation of grossly elongated autolysosomal tubules. Further C. elegans analysis revealed a similar autolysosome tubule accumulation defect in mutants known to be required for ALR in mammals, including bec-1/beclin and vps-15/PIK3R4/p150 that regulate type-III PI3-kinase VPS-34, and dyn-1/dynamin that severs ALR tubules. Clathrin is also an important ALR regulator implicated in autolysosome tubule formation and release. In C. elegans we found that loss of RME-8 causes severe depletion of clathrin from neuronal autolysosomes, a phenotype shared with bec-1 and vps-15 mutants. We conclude that RME-8/DNAJC13 plays a conserved but previously unrecognized role in autolysosome reformation, likely affecting ALR tubule initiation and/or severing. Additionally, in both systems, we found that loss of RME-8/DNAJC13 appeared to reduce autophagic flux, suggesting feedback regulation from ALR to autophagy. Our results connecting RME-8/DNAJC13 to ALR and autophagy provide a potential mechanism by which RME-8/DNAJC13 could influence neuronal health and the progression of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Swords
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA, 08854
| | - Nuo Jia
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA, 08854
| | - Anne Norris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA, 08854
| | - Jil Modi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA, 08854
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA, 08854
| | - Barth D. Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA, 08854
- Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, NJ USA 08901
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26
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Fazeli G, Levin-Konigsberg R, Bassik MC, Stigloher C, Wehman AM. A BORC-dependent molecular pathway for vesiculation of cell corpse phagolysosomes. Curr Biol 2023; 33:607-621.e7. [PMID: 36652947 PMCID: PMC9992095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytic clearance is important to provide cells with metabolites and regulate immune responses, but little is known about how phagolysosomes finally resolve their phagocytic cargo of cell corpses, cell debris, and pathogens. While studying the phagocytic clearance of non-apoptotic polar bodies in C. elegans, we previously discovered that phagolysosomes tubulate into small vesicles to facilitate corpse clearance within 1.5 h. Here, we show that phagolysosome vesiculation depends on amino acid export by the solute transporter SLC-36.1 and the activation of TORC1. We demonstrate that downstream of TORC1, BLOC-1-related complex (BORC) is de-repressed by Ragulator through the BORC subunit BLOS-7. In addition, the BORC subunit SAM-4 is needed continuously to recruit the small GTPase ARL-8 to the phagolysosome for tubulation. We find that disrupting the regulated GTP-GDP cycle of ARL-8 reduces tubulation by kinesin-1, delays corpse clearance, and mislocalizes ARL-8 away from lysosomes. We also demonstrate that mammalian phagocytes use BORC to promote phagolysosomal degradation, confirming the conserved importance of TOR and BORC. Finally, we show that HOPS is required after tubulation for the rapid degradation of cargo in small phagolysosomal vesicles, suggesting that additional rounds of lysosome fusion occur. Thus, by observing single phagolysosomes over time, we identified the molecular pathway regulating phagolysosome vesiculation that promotes efficient resolution of phagocytosed cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Fazeli
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Roni Levin-Konigsberg
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christian Stigloher
- Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ann M Wehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
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27
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Fleeman R. Repurposing Inhibitors of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase as Adjuvant Therapeutics for Bacterial Infections. FRONTIERS IN ANTIBIOTICS 2023; 2:1135485. [PMID: 38983593 PMCID: PMC11233138 DOI: 10.3389/frabi.2023.1135485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial resistance and the decline in new antibiotics has created a great need for novel approaches to treat drug resistant bacterial infections. Increasing the burden of antimicrobial resistance, bacterial virulence factors allow for survival within the host, where they can evade host killing and antimicrobial therapy within their intracellular niches. Repurposing host directed therapeutics has great potential for adjuvants to allow for more effective bacterial killing by the host and antimicrobials. To this end, phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors are FDA approved for cancer therapy, but also have potential to eliminate intracellular survival of pathogens. This review describes the PI3K pathway and its potential as an adjuvant target to treat bacterial infections more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Fleeman
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida. Orlando, FL 32837
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28
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Selvapandiyan A, Puri N, Kumar P, Alam A, Ehtesham NZ, Griffin G, Hasnain SE. Zooming in on common immune evasion mechanisms of pathogens in phagolysosomes: potential broad-spectrum therapeutic targets against infectious diseases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:6780197. [PMID: 36309472 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens evade the host immune challenges to propagate and cause fatal diseases. The microbes overpower host immunity at various levels including during entry into host cells, phagosome formation, phagosome maturation, phagosome-lysosome fusion forming phagolysosomes, acidification of phagolysosomes, and at times after escape into the cytosol. Phagolysosome is the final organelle in the phagocyte with sophisticated mechanisms to degrade the pathogens. The immune evasion strategies by the pathogens include the arrest of host cell apoptosis, decrease in reactive oxygen species, the elevation of Th2 anti-inflammatory response, avoidance of autophagy and antigen cross-presentation pathways, and escape from phagolysosomal killing. Since the phagolysosome organelle in relation to infection/cure is seldom discussed in the literature, we summarize here the common host as well as pathogen targets manipulated or utilized by the pathogens established in phagosomes and phagolysosomes, to hijack the host immune system for their benefit. These common molecules or pathways can be broad-spectrum therapeutic targets for drug development for intervention against infectious diseases caused by different intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niti Puri
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.,Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States
| | - Anwar Alam
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.,Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - George Griffin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.,Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, 201310, India
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29
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Soffiaturo S, Choy C, Botelho RJ. Quantifying Phagocytosis by Immunofluorescence and Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2692:25-39. [PMID: 37365459 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3338-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is carried out by cells such as macrophages of the immune system, whereby particulates like bacteria and apoptotic bodies are engulfed and sequestered within phagosomes for subsequent degradation. Hence, phagocytosis is important for infection resolution and tissue homeostasis. Aided by the innate and adaptive immune system, the activation of various phagocytic receptors triggers a cascade of downstream signaling mediators that drive actin and plasma membrane remodeling to entrap the bound particulate within the phagosome. Modulation of these molecular players can lead to distinct changes in the capacity and rates of phagocytosis. Here, we present a fluorescence microscopy-based technique to quantify phagocytosis using a macrophage-like cell line. We exemplify the technique through the phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized polystyrene beads and Escherichia coli. This method can be extended to other phagocytes and phagocytic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Soffiaturo
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher Choy
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- BlueRock Therapeutics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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30
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Jeschke A, Haas A. Biochemically Reconstituted Fusion of Phagosomes with Endosomes and Lysosomes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2692:247-259. [PMID: 37365473 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3338-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Professional phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, ingest large particles into a specialized endocytic compartment, the phagosome, which eventually turns into a phagolysosome and degrades its contents. This phagosome "maturation" is governed by successive fusion of the phagosome with early sorting endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes. Further changes occur by fission of vesicles from the maturing phagosome and by on-and-off cycling of cytosolic proteins. We present here a detailed protocol which allows to reconstitute in a cell-free system the fusion events between phagosomes and the different endocytic compartments. This reconstitution can be used to define the identity of, and interplay between, key players of the fusion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jeschke
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert Haas
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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31
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Suzuki Y, Kami D, Taya T, Sano A, Ogata T, Matoba S, Gojo S. ZLN005 improves the survival of polymicrobial sepsis by increasing the bacterial killing via inducing lysosomal acidification and biogenesis in phagocytes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1089905. [PMID: 36820088 PMCID: PMC9938763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1089905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial sepsis still has a high mortality rate despite the development of antimicrobial agents, elaborate strategies to protect major organs, and the investment of numerous medical resources. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which acts as the center of energy metabolism, is clearly the basis of pathogenesis. Drugs that act on PGC1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biosynthesis, have shown useful effects in the treatment of sepsis; therefore, we investigated the efficacy of ZLN005, a PGC1α agonist, and found significant improvement in overall survival in an animal model. The mode of action of this effect was examined, and it was shown that the respiratory capacity of mitochondria was enhanced immediately after administration and that the function of TFEB, a transcriptional regulator that promotes lysosome biosynthesis and mutually enhances PGC1α, was enhanced, as was the physical contact between mitochondria and lysosomes. ZLN005 strongly supported immune defense in early sepsis by increasing lysosome volume and acidity and enhancing cargo degradation, resulting in a significant reduction in bacterial load. ZLN005 rapidly acted on two organelles, mitochondria and lysosomes, against sepsis and interactively linked the two to improve the pathogenesis. This is the first demonstration that acidification of lysosomes by a small molecule is a mechanism of action in the therapeutic strategy for sepsis, which will have a significant impact on future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Taya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Arata Sano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ogata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Gojo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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32
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Mansat M, Dayam RM, Botelho RJ. Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Study Phagosome Maturation and Resolution. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2692:121-137. [PMID: 37365465 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3338-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cells such as macrophages and neutrophils can internalize a diverse set of particulate matter, illustrated by bacteria and apoptotic bodies through the process of phagocytosis. These particles are sequestered into phagosomes, which then fuse with early and late endosomes and ultimately with lysosomes to mature into phagolysosomes, through a process known as phagosome maturation. Ultimately, after particle degradation, phagosomes then fragment to reform lysosomes through phagosome resolution. As phagosomes change, they acquire and divest proteins that are associated with the various stages of phagosome maturation and resolution. These changes can be assessed at the single-phagosome level by using immunofluorescence methods. Typically, we use indirect immunofluorescence methods that rely on primary antibodies against specific molecular markers that track phagosome maturation. Commonly, progression of phagosomes into phagolysosomes can be determined by staining cells for Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein I (LAMP1) and measuring the fluorescence intensity of LAMP1 around each phagosome by microscopy or flow cytometry. However, this method can be used to detect any molecular marker for which there are compatible antibodies for immunofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Mansat
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and the Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roya M Dayam
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and the Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and the Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Can Diversify after Host Cell Invasion to Establish Multiple Intracellular Niches. mBio 2022; 13:e0274222. [PMID: 36374039 PMCID: PMC9765609 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02742-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within epithelial cells, Pseudomonas aeruginosa depends on its type III secretion system (T3SS) to escape vacuoles and replicate rapidly in the cytosol. Previously, it was assumed that intracellular subpopulations remaining T3SS-negative (and therefore in vacuoles) were destined for degradation in lysosomes, supported by data showing vacuole acidification. Here, we report in both corneal and bronchial human epithelial cells that vacuole-associated bacteria can persist, sometimes in the same cells as cytosolic bacteria. Using a combination of phase-contrast, confocal, and correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM), we also found they can demonstrate biofilm-associated markers: cdrA and cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). Vacuolar-associated bacteria, but not their cytosolic counterparts, tolerated the cell-permeable antibiotic ofloxacin. Surprisingly, use of mutants showed that both persistence in vacuoles and ofloxacin tolerance were independent of the biofilm-associated protein CdrA or exopolysaccharides (Psl, Pel, alginate). A T3SS mutant (ΔexsA) unable to escape vacuoles phenocopied vacuole-associated subpopulations in wild-type PAO1-infected cells, with results revealing that epithelial cell death depended upon bacterial viability. Intravital confocal imaging of infected mouse corneas confirmed that P. aeruginosa formed similar intracellular subpopulations within epithelial cells in vivo. Together, these results show that P. aeruginosa differs from other pathogens by diversifying intracellularly into vacuolar and cytosolic subpopulations that both contribute to pathogenesis. Their different gene expression and behavior (e.g., rapid replication versus slow replication/persistence) suggest cooperation favoring both short- and long-term interests and another potential pathway to treatment failure. How this intracellular diversification relates to previously described "acute versus chronic" virulence gene-expression phenotypes of P. aeruginosa remains to be determined. IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause sight- and life-threatening opportunistic infections, and its evolving antibiotic resistance is a growing concern. Most P. aeruginosa strains can invade host cells, presenting a challenge to therapies that do not penetrate host cell membranes. Previously, we showed that the P. aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS) plays a pivotal role in survival within epithelial cells, allowing escape from vacuoles, rapid replication in the cytoplasm, and suppression of host cell death. Here, we report the discovery of a novel T3SS-negative subpopulation of intracellular P. aeruginosa within epithelial cells that persist in vacuoles rather than the cytoplasm and that tolerate a cell-permeable antibiotic (ofloxacin) that is able to kill cytosolic bacteria. Classical biofilm-associated markers, although demonstrated by this subpopulation, are not required for vacuolar persistence or antibiotic tolerance. These findings advance our understanding of how P. aeruginosa hijacks host cells, showing that it diversifies into multiple populations with T3SS-negative members enabling persistence while rapid replication is accomplished by more vulnerable T3SS-positive siblings. Intracellular P. aeruginosa persisting and tolerating antibiotics independently of the T3SS or biofilm-associated factors could present additional challenges to development of more effective therapeutics.
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Matveeva O, Nechipurenko Y, Lagutkin D, Yegorov YE, Kzhyshkowska J. SARS-CoV-2 infection of phagocytic immune cells and COVID-19 pathology: Antibody-dependent as well as independent cell entry. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1050478. [PMID: 36532011 PMCID: PMC9751203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Our review summarizes the evidence that COVID-19 can be complicated by SARS-CoV-2 infection of immune cells. This evidence is widespread and accumulating at an increasing rate. Research teams from around the world, studying primary and established cell cultures, animal models, and analyzing autopsy material from COVID-19 deceased patients, are seeing the same thing, namely that some immune cells are infected or capable of being infected with the virus. Human cells most vulnerable to infection include both professional phagocytes, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as nonprofessional phagocytes, such as B-cells. Convincing evidence has accumulated to suggest that the virus can infect monocytes and macrophages, while data on infection of dendritic cells and B-cells are still scarce. Viral infection of immune cells can occur directly through cell receptors, but it can also be mediated or enhanced by antibodies through the Fc gamma receptors of phagocytic cells. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) most likely occurs during the primary encounter with the pathogen through the first COVID-19 infection rather than during the second encounter, which is characteristic of ADE caused by other viruses. Highly fucosylated antibodies of vaccinees seems to be incapable of causing ADE, whereas afucosylated antibodies of persons with acute primary infection or convalescents are capable. SARS-CoV-2 entry into immune cells can lead to an abortive infection followed by host cell pyroptosis, and a massive inflammatory cascade. This scenario has the most experimental evidence. Other scenarios are also possible, for which the evidence base is not yet as extensive, namely productive infection of immune cells or trans-infection of other non-immune permissive cells. The chance of a latent infection cannot be ruled out either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Matveeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia,*Correspondence: Olga Matveeva, ; Julia Kzhyshkowska,
| | | | - Denis Lagutkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia,National Medical Research Center of Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yegor E. Yegorov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen, Mannheim, Germany,Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia,*Correspondence: Olga Matveeva, ; Julia Kzhyshkowska,
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35
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Zhang J, Ding W, Zhao M, Liu J, Xu Y, Wan J, Wang M. Mechanisms of efferocytosis in determining inflammation resolution: Therapeutic potential and the association with cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:5151-5171. [PMID: 36028471 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis is defined as the clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) in physiological and pathological states and is performed by efferocytes, such as macrophages. Efferocytosis can lead to the resolution of inflammation and restore tissue homoeostasis; however, the mechanisms of efferocytosis in determining inflammation resolution are still not completely understood, and the effects of efferocytosis on other proresolving properties need to be explored and explained. In this review, the process of efferocytosis will be summarized briefly, and then these mechanisms and effects will be thoroughly discussed. In addition, the association between the mechanisms of efferocytosis in determining inflammation resolution and cardiovascular diseases will also be reviewed, as an understanding of this association may provide information on novel treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China.,department of radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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36
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Molecular Mechanism and Regulation of Autophagy and Its Potential Role in Epilepsy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172621. [PMID: 36078029 PMCID: PMC9455075 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionally conserved degradation mechanism for maintaining cell homeostasis whereby cytoplasmic components are wrapped in autophagosomes and subsequently delivered to lysosomes for degradation. This process requires the concerted actions of multiple autophagy-related proteins and accessory regulators. In neurons, autophagy is dynamically regulated in different compartments including soma, axons, and dendrites. It determines the turnover of selected materials in a spatiotemporal control manner, which facilitates the formation of specialized neuronal functions. It is not surprising, therefore, that dysfunctional autophagy occurs in epilepsy, mainly caused by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the brain. In recent years, much attention has been focused on how autophagy may cause the development of epilepsy. In this article, we overview the historical landmarks and distinct types of autophagy, recent progress in the core machinery and regulation of autophagy, and biological roles of autophagy in homeostatic maintenance of neuronal structures and functions, with a particular focus on synaptic plasticity. We also discuss the relevance of autophagy mechanisms to the pathophysiology of epileptogenesis.
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Emerging Concepts in Defective Macrophage Phagocytosis in Cystic Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147750. [PMID: 35887098 PMCID: PMC9319215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Chronic inflammation and decline in lung function are major reasons for morbidity in CF. Mutant CFTR expressed in phagocytic cells such as macrophages contributes to persistent infection, inflammation, and lung disease in CF. Macrophages play a central role in innate immunity by eliminating pathogenic microbes by a process called phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is required for tissue homeostasis, balancing inflammation, and crosstalk with the adaptive immune system for antigen presentation. This review focused on (1) current understandings of the signaling underlying phagocytic mechanisms; (2) existing evidence for phagocytic dysregulation in CF; and (3) the emerging role of CFTR modulators in influencing CF phagocytic function. Alterations in CF macrophages from receptor initiation to phagosome formation are linked to disease progression in CF. A deeper understanding of macrophages in the context of CFTR and phagocytosis proteins at each step of phagosome formation might contribute to the new therapeutic development of dysregulated innate immunity in CF. Therefore, the review also indicates future areas of research in the context of CFTR and macrophages.
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Bohnert KA, Johnson AE. Branching Off: New Insight Into Lysosomes as Tubular Organelles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:863922. [PMID: 35646899 PMCID: PMC9130654 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.863922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic, membrane-bound organelles that play essential roles in cellular quality control, metabolism, and signaling. The lysosomes of a cell are commonly depicted as vesicular organelles. Yet, lysosomes in fact show a high degree of ultrastructural heterogeneity. In some biological contexts, lysosome membranes naturally transform into tubular, non-vesicular morphologies. Though the purpose and regulation of tubular lysosomes has been historically understudied, emerging evidence suggests that tubular lysosomes may carry out unique activities, both degradative and non-degradative, that are critical to cell behavior, function, and viability. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the biological significance of tubular lysosomes in cellular physiology, and we highlight a growing number of examples that indicate the centrality of this special class of lysosomes to health and disease.
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Ginini L, Billan S, Fridman E, Gil Z. Insight into Extracellular Vesicle-Cell Communication: From Cell Recognition to Intracellular Fate. Cells 2022; 11:1375. [PMID: 35563681 PMCID: PMC9101098 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogamous lipid bilayer-enclosed membranous structures secreted by cells. They are comprised of apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes, and carry a range of nucleic acids and proteins that are necessary for cell-to-cell communication via interaction on the cells surface. They initiate intracellular signaling pathways or the transference of cargo molecules, which elicit pleiotropic responses in recipient cells in physiological processes, as well as pathological processes, such as cancer. It is therefore important to understand the molecular means by which EVs are taken up into cells. Accordingly, this review summarizes the underlying mechanisms involved in EV targeting and uptake. The primary method of entry by EVs appears to be endocytosis, where clathrin-mediated, caveolae-dependent, macropinocytotic, phagocytotic, and lipid raft-mediated uptake have been variously described as being prevalent. EV uptake mechanisms may depend on proteins and lipids found on the surfaces of both vesicles and target cells. As EVs have been shown to contribute to cancer growth and progression, further exploration and targeting of the gateways utilized by EVs to internalize into tumor cells may assist in the prevention or deceleration of cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ginini
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel; (L.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Salem Billan
- Head and Neck Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
- Medical Oncology and Radiation Therapy Program, Oncology Section, Rambam Health Care Campus, HaAliya HaShniya Street 8, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Eran Fridman
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel; (L.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Ziv Gil
- Head and Neck Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
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VAMP3 and VAMP8 regulate the development and functionality of parasitophorous vacuoles housing Leishmania amazonensis. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0018321. [PMID: 35130453 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00183-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To colonize mammalian phagocytic cells, the parasite Leishmania remodels phagosomes into parasitophorous vacuoles that can be either tight-fitting individual or communal. The molecular and cellular bases underlying the biogenesis and functionality of these two types of vacuoles are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the contribution of host cell Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor Attachment protein REceptor proteins to the expansion and functionality of communal vacuoles as well as on the replication of the parasite. The differential recruitment patterns of Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor Attachment protein REceptor to communal vacuoles harboring L. amazonensis and to individual vacuoles housing L. major led us to further investigate the roles of VAMP3 and VAMP8 in the interaction of Leishmania with its host cell. We show that whereas VAMP8 contributes to optimal expansion of communal vacuoles, VAMP3 negatively regulates L. amazonensis replication, vacuole size, as well as antigen cross-presentation. In contrast, neither proteins has an impact on the fate of L. major. Collectively, our data support a role for both VAMP3 and VAMP8 in the development and functionality of L. amazonensis-harboring communal parasitophorous vacuoles.
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Single-phagosome imaging reveals that homotypic fusion impairs phagosome degradative function. Biophys J 2022; 121:459-469. [PMID: 34968424 PMCID: PMC8822610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells degrade internalized pathogens in vesicle compartments called phagosomes. Many intracellular bacteria induce homotypic phagosome fusion to survive in host cells, but the fusion interaction between phagosomes and its consequence for phagosome function have scarcely been studied. Here, we characterize homotypic fusion between phagosomes in macrophages and identify how such interactions impact the degradative capacity of phagosomes. By developing a series of particle sensors for measuring biochemical changes of single phagosomes, we show that phagosomes undergo stable fusion, transient "kiss-and-run" fusion, or both in succession. Super-resolution three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy revealed that stably fused phagosomes are connected by membrane "necks" with submicron-sized fusion pores. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, after stable fusion, phagosomes have leaky membranes and thereby impaired degradative functions. Our findings, based on phagosomes that contain synthetic particles, illustrate that homotypic fusion is not exclusive to phagosomes that encapsulate pathogens, as previously believed. The physical process of homotypic fusion is alone sufficient to perturb the degradative functions of phagosomes.
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42
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Grijmans BJM, van der Kooij SB, Varela M, Meijer AH. LAPped in Proof: LC3-Associated Phagocytosis and the Arms Race Against Bacterial Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:809121. [PMID: 35047422 PMCID: PMC8762105 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.809121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of the innate immune system continuously patrol the extracellular environment for potential microbial threats that are to be neutralized by phagocytosis and delivery to lysosomes. In addition, phagocytes employ autophagy as an innate immune mechanism against pathogens that succeed to escape the phagolysosomal pathway and invade the cytosol. In recent years, LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) has emerged as an intermediate between phagocytosis and autophagy. During LAP, phagocytes target extracellular microbes while using parts of the autophagic machinery to label the cargo-containing phagosomes for lysosomal degradation. LAP contributes greatly to host immunity against a multitude of bacterial pathogens. In the pursuit of survival, bacteria have developed elaborate strategies to disarm or circumvent the LAP process. In this review, we will outline the nature of the LAP mechanism and discuss recent insights into its interplay with bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monica Varela
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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43
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Behura A, Das M, Kumar A, Naik L, Mishra A, Manna D, Patel S, Mishra A, Singh R, Dhiman R. ESAT-6 impedes IL-18 mediated phagosome lysosome fusion via microRNA-30a upon Calcimycin treatment in mycobacteria infected macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108319. [PMID: 34740079 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The weaponry possessed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) in the form of immunodominant antigens hijack the host immune system to give a survival advantage to this intracellular fiend, but the mechanism of this control is not entirely known. Since we have previously reported the mechanism of autophagy inhibition by early secreted antigenic target 6 kDa (ESAT-6) through microRNA (miR)-30a-3p in Calcimycin treated differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1) cells, the present study was undertaken to deduce the effect of miR-30a on the immunomodulatory profile of ESAT-6 treated cells and the mechanism involved thereof, if any. Initially, the effect of recombinant ESAT-6 (rESAT-6) on the immunomodulatory profile in Calcimycin-treated phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) dTHP-1 cells was checked. Later, transfection studies using miR-30a-3p inhibitor or -5p mimic highlighted the contrary roles of different arms of the same miRNA in regulating IL-18 response by ESAT-6 in dTHP-1 cells after Calcimycin treatment. By using either IL-18 neutralizing antibody or inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/NF-κB/phagosome-lysosome fusion in the miRNA-30a transfected background, IL-18 mediated signaling and intracellular killing of mycobacteria was reversed in the presence of ESAT-6. Overall, the results of this study conclusively prove the contrary roles of miR-30a-3p and miR-30a-5p in regulating IL-18 signaling by ESAT-6 in dTHP-1 cells upon Calcimycin treatment that affected phagosome-lysosome fusion and intracellular survival of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assirbad Behura
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Mousumi Das
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Lincoln Naik
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Abtar Mishra
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Debraj Manna
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Salina Patel
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342011, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, PO Box # 4, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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Fountain A, Inpanathan S, Alves P, Verdawala MB, Botelho RJ. Phagosome maturation in macrophages: Eat, digest, adapt, and repeat. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 82:100832. [PMID: 34717137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a dynamic process that requires an intricate interplay between phagocytic receptors, membrane lipids, and numerous signalling proteins and their effectors, to coordinate the engulfment of a bound particle. These particles are diverse in their physico-chemical properties such as size and shape and include bacteria, fungi, apoptotic cells, living tumour cells, and abiotic particles. Once engulfed, these particles are enclosed within a phagosome, which undergoes a striking transformation referred to as phagosome maturation, which will ultimately lead to the processing and degradation of the enclosed particulate. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in phagosome maturation in macrophages, highlighting new discoveries and emerging themes. Such advancements include identification of new GTPases and their effectors and the intricate spatio-temporal dynamics of phosphoinositides in governing phagosome maturation. We then explore phagosome fission and recycling, the emerging role of membrane contact sites, and delve into mechanisms of phagosome resolution to recycle and reform lysosomes. We further illustrate how phagosome maturation is context-dependent, subject to the type of particle, phagocytic receptors, the phagocytes and their state of activation during phagocytosis. Lastly, we discuss how phagosomes serve as signalling platforms to help phagocytes adapt to their environmental conditions. Overall, this review aims to cover recent findings, identify emerging themes, and highlight current challenges and directions to improve our understanding of phagosome maturation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Fountain
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Subothan Inpanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Patris Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Munira B Verdawala
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada.
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