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Aphale P, Sanap A, Sharma D, Kharat A, Kheur S, Gawade C, Somasundaram I, Bhonde R. Stem Cell Secretome Modulated by Arsenicum album 30C Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-induced Cytokine Storm in Blood Mononuclear Cells in vitro. HOMEOPATHY 2024; 113:132-141. [PMID: 38061387 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secretome can be enhanced by means of physical, chemical and biological preconditioning. Arsenicum album 30C (AA30) has been one of the leading homeopathic medicines used in prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 infection. AIMS This study aimed to investigate whether AA30 preconditioning could influence the growth factors and cytokine profile of the human dental pulp-derived MSC (DPD-MSC) secretome. Also, to test the efficacy of the AA30-preconditioned DPD-MSC secretome in ameliorating the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine storm in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as an in-vitro cellular model. METHODS The cytotoxicity of AA30 was assessed in DPD-MSCs by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Growth factors and cytokine levels in the AA30-preconditioned DPD-MSC secretome were analysed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. The angiogenic potential of the AA30-preconditioned DPD-MSC secretome was assessed by chick yolk-sac membrane (YSM) assay. Culture medium with 0.001% ethanol was used as vehicle control. The efficacy of the AA30-preconditioned DPD-MSC secretome in ameliorating the cytokine storm was assessed in LPS pre-treated PBMCs. The mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory markers such as IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 were analysed by using RT-PCR and FACS analysis respectively. RESULTS AA30 did not exhibit cytotoxicity in the concentration range of 1% to 50%. Furthermore, the AA30-preconditioned DPD-MSC secretome exhibited a significant increase in the levels of angiogenic factors, such as human angiopoietin-2, EPO and PDGF-AA, and decreased levels of cytokines, such as TNF-α, CXCL-8 and IL-6. The AA30-preconditioned DPD-MSC secretome showed augmented angiogenesis compared to vehicle controls. The DPD-MSC secretome ameliorated LPS-induced mRNA and protein expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 in PBMCs. CONCLUSION The AA30-preconditioned DPD-MSC secretome augmented angiogenesis and ameliorated the LPS-induced cytokine storm in human PBMCs in vitro. Our data demonstrate that AA30 preconditioning enhances the therapeutic potency of MSCs and their secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Aphale
- Dr D. Y. Patil Homeopathic Medical College and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Avinash Sanap
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dharmendra Sharma
- Dr D. Y. Patil Homeopathic Medical College and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Avinash Kharat
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Supriya Kheur
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chinmay Gawade
- Dr D. Y. Patil Homeopathic Medical College and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Indumati Somasundaram
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur, India
| | - Ramesh Bhonde
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Tasneem A, Sultan A, Singh P, Bairagya HR, Almasoudi HH, Alhazmi AYM, Binshaya AS, Hakami MA, Alotaibi BS, Abdulaziz Eisa A, Alolaiqy ASI, Hasan MR, Dev K, Dohare R. Identification of potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19 through a structural-based similarity approach between SARS-CoV-2 and its human host proteins. Front Genet 2024; 15:1292280. [PMID: 38370514 PMCID: PMC10869566 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1292280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to millions of deaths worldwide, and vaccination efficacy has been decreasing with each lineage, necessitating the need for alternative antiviral therapies. Predicting host-virus protein-protein interactions (HV-PPIs) is essential for identifying potential host-targeting drug targets against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Objective: This study aims to identify therapeutic target proteins in humans that could act as virus-host-targeting drug targets against SARS-CoV-2 and study their interaction against antiviral inhibitors. Methods: A structure-based similarity approach was used to predict human proteins similar to SARS-CoV-2 ("hCoV-2"), followed by identifying PPIs between hCoV-2 and its target human proteins. Overlapping genes were identified between the protein-coding genes of the target and COVID-19-infected patient's mRNA expression data. Pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) term analyses, the construction of PPI networks, and the detection of hub gene modules were performed. Structure-based virtual screening with antiviral compounds was performed to identify potential hits against target gene-encoded protein. Results: This study predicted 19,051 unique target human proteins that interact with hCoV-2, and compared to the microarray dataset, 1,120 target and infected group differentially expressed genes (TIG-DEGs) were identified. The significant pathway and GO enrichment analyses revealed the involvement of these genes in several biological processes and molecular functions. PPI network analysis identified a significant hub gene with maximum neighboring partners. Virtual screening analysis identified three potential antiviral compounds against the target gene-encoded protein. Conclusion: This study provides potential targets for host-targeting drug development against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and further experimental validation of the target protein is required for pharmaceutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvea Tasneem
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Armiya Sultan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Prithvi Singh
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Hridoy R. Bairagya
- Department of Bioinformatics, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Haringhata, West Bengal, India
| | - Hassan Hussain Almasoudi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdulkarim S. Binshaya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al- Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader S. Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al- Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Abdulaziz Eisa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Raghibul Hasan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al- Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kapil Dev
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravins Dohare
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Nichols RM, Macpherson L, Patel DR, Yeh WW, Peppercorn A. Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monotherapy or in Combination with Etesevimab or Sotrovimab on Persistently High Viral Load in Patients with Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized, Phase 2 BLAZE-4 Trial. Infect Dis Ther 2024; 13:401-411. [PMID: 38291279 PMCID: PMC10904692 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-00918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment with monoclonal antibodies provides rapid, passive immunity and may stop COVID-19 disease progression. The study evaluated the effect of bamlanivimab (BAM) or BAM + etesevimab (ETE)/sotrovimab compared to placebo on SARS-CoV-2 viral load in patients with COVID-19. METHODS The phase 2, randomized, single-dose study included patients aged between ≥ 18 and < 65 years, not hospitalized at the time of randomization, and had ≥ 1 mild or moderate COVID-19 symptoms. Study included arms 1-6 (placebo, BAM 175 mg + ETE 350 mg, BAM 700 mg + ETE 1400 mg, BAM 2800 mg + ETE 2800 mg, BAM 700 mg alone, and BAM 350 mg + ETE 700 mg, respectively), BAM 700 mg + ETE 700 mg unintentional dosing; and arms 7 and 8 (BAM 700 mg + sotrovimab 500 mg and placebo, respectively). The primary endpoint was proportion of patients with SARS-CoV-2 log viral load > 5.27 on day 7 (persistently high viral load [PHVL]) who received BAM or BAM + (ETE or sotrovimab). RESULTS A total of 725 patients, mean age 39.6 years (range 18-75 years), 50.2% male were randomized and infused with study drug in arms 1-6; and a total 202 patients, mean age 38 years (range 18-63 years), 53.5% female were randomized and infused with study drug in arms 7 and 8. A significantly lower proportion of patients in arms 2-6 and arm 7 experienced PHVL on day 7 compared to placebo. On day 7, patients in arms 2, 3, and 6 consistently experienced significantly greater reduction in viral load than placebo. Significant improvement was observed in time to viral load clearance and time to symptom improvement by day 29 in some arms compared to placebo. No new safety concerns were observed with drug combinations. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that a significantly lower proportion of patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 treated with BAM or BAM + (ETE or sotrovimab) experienced a PHVL at day 7. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT04634409.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wendy W Yeh
- Vir Biotechnology, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
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Mahmoodpor A, Gohari-Moghadam K, Rahimi-Bashar F, Khosh-Fetrat M, Vahedian-Azimi A. 1-year survival rate of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome based on ventilator types: a multi-center study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12644. [PMID: 37542129 PMCID: PMC10403549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between types of ventilator and the one-year survival rate of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to SARS‑CoV-2 infection. This multi-center, retrospective observational study was conducted on 1078 adult patients admitted to five university-affiliated hospitals in Iran who underwent mechanical ventilator (MV) due to ARDS. Of the 1078 patients, 781 (72.4%) were managed with ICU ventilators and 297 (27.6%) with transport ventilators. Overall mortality was significantly higher in patients supported with transport ventilator compared to patients supported with ICU ventilator (16.5% vs. 9.3% P = 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that the expected hazard overall increased with age (HR: 1.525, 95% CI 1.112-1.938, P = 0.001), opacity score (HR: 1.448, 95% CI 1.122-2.074, P = 0.001) and transport ventilator versus ICU ventilator (HR: 1.511, 95% CI 1.143-2.187, P = 0.029). The Kaplan-Meier curves of survival analysis showed that patients supported with ICU ventilator had a significantly higher 1-year survival rate (P = 0.001). In MV patients with ARDS due to COVID-19, management with non-ICU sophisticated ventilators was associated with a higher mortality rate compared to standard ICU ventilators. However, more studies are needed to determine the exact effect of ventilator types on the outcome of critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Mahmoodpor
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kievan Gohari-Moghadam
- Medical ICU and Pulmonary Unit, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Rahimi-Bashar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masoum Khosh-Fetrat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Khatamolanbia Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Amir Vahedian-Azimi
- Trauma Research Center, Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Sheykh Bahayi Street, Vanak Square, P.O. Box 19575-174, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Aziz S, Waqas M, Mohanta TK, Halim SA, Iqbal A, Ali A, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Identifying non-nucleoside inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 through per-residue energy decomposition-based pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:501-519. [PMID: 36801630 PMCID: PMC9927802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The current coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has triggered a worldwide health and economic crisis. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the disease and completes its life cycle using the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) enzyme, a prominent target for antivirals. In this study, we have computationally screened ∼690 million compounds from the ZINC20 database and 11,698 small molecule inhibitors from DrugBank to find existing and novel non-nucleoside inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. METHODS Herein, a combination of the structure-based pharmacophore modeling and hybrid virtual screening methods, including per-residue energy decomposition-based pharmacophore screening, molecular docking, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity evaluation were employed to retrieve novel as well as existing RdRp non-nucleoside inhibitors from large chemical databases. Besides, molecular dynamics simulation and Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) method were used to investigate the binding stability and calculate the binding free energy of RdRp-inhibitor complexes. RESULTS Based on docking scores and significant binding interactions with crucial residues (Lys553, Arg557, Lys623, Cys815, and Ser816) in the RNA binding site of RdRp, three existing drugs, ZINC285540154, ZINC98208626, ZINC28467879, and five compounds from ZINC20 (ZINC739681614, ZINC1166211307, ZINC611516532, ZINC1602963057, and ZINC1398350200) were selected, and the conformational stability of RdRp due to their binding was confirmed through molecular dynamics simulation. The free energy calculations revealed these compounds possess strong binding affinities for RdRp. In addition, these novel inhibitors exhibited drug-like features, good absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profile and were found to be non-toxic. CONCLUSION The compounds identified in the study by multifold computational strategy can be validated in vitro as potential non-nucleoside inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and holds promise for the discovery of novel drugs against COVID-19 in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahkaar Aziz
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, 2100, Pakistan; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Aqib Iqbal
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, 2100, Pakistan
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, P. O. Box 2404, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
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Hammad M, Tashtoush MM, El Faki EMA, Hajaj MY, Ahmed SS, Darwish AA. Hospital pharmacy response to the COVID-19 pandemic: experience from a regional referral center in the United Arab Emirates. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:36. [PMID: 36864489 PMCID: PMC9979894 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The healthcare systems, including pharmacies, faced unique challenges, such as managing an overwhelming patient influx, clinical workforce management, transitioning to remote or online work, medication procurement and several others. The purpose of this study is to describe our hospital pharmacy's experience dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic and to present solutions to the challenges that arose. METHODOLOGY We retrospectively reviewed and consolidated strategies, interventions, and solutions that were implemented by our pharmaceutical institute in response to the challenges that arose during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study period was from March 1 to September 30, 2020. RESULTS We reviewed and organized our hospital pharmacy response to the COVID-19 pandemic into different categories. In inpatient and outpatient satisfaction surveys, physicians and patients expressed a high level of satisfaction with pharmacy services. The close collaboration between the pharmacy team and other clinicians was demonstrated through the number of pharmacist interventions, participation in the COVID-19 guidelines reviews, involvement in local and international research, and innovative solutions to inpatient and outpatient pharmacy medication management challenges. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the crucial role that our pharmacists and pharmaceutical institute played in ensuring continuity of care during the COVID-19 pandemic. We implemented several key initiatives, innovations, and collaborations with other clinical disciplines to successfully overcome the challenges faced.
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Khushboo, Siddiqi NJ, Sharma B. Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV2 Mediated Depression, Therapeutics, and Consequences: A Comprehensive Narrative. Mini Rev Med Chem 2023; 23:217-229. [PMID: 35658879 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220603150637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), belongs to emerging and reemerging diseases, which was first identified and reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 was similar to the SARS virus, a β-coronavirus. The epidemiological studies suggest that the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 mainly occurs from an infected person to others through close contact with the respiratory droplets or by having contact with SARS-CoV-2 adhering to objects and surfaces. The incubation period ranges from 5 to14 days. The symptoms include fever, dry cough, tiredness, aches, chest pain, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, headache, difficulty in breathing or short breath, loss of taste, smell, rashes on the skin, and sore throat. Some reports indicated that males exhibited lower scores than females, the younger populations displayed increased symptoms, Chinese/Taiwanese people registered only scarce symptoms, and Canadians experienced more symptoms. The results of several studies suggested that while COVID-19 had a significant effect on depression, job instability affected anxiety and depression. The diagnostics to detect the presence of coronavirus involve ELISA and RT-PCR. There is no specific treatment available to eradicate COVID-19. The therapeutics used to treat COVID 19 exhibited severe side effects. Recently, some Indian traditional medicinal plants have shown promise in reducing the risk of viral infection and also boosting the immunity of an individual. This paper presents an overview of the current status of depression in the SARS CoV2 infected people and the measures required to overcome COVID-19 induced depression in patients even after recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, UP-India
| | - Nikhat J Siddiqi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bechan Sharma
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, UP-India
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Alikiaii B, Hashemi ST, Kiani Z, Heidari Z, Nazemroaya B, Golparvar M, Daneshmanesh S, Fattahpour S, Amini S, Shojaei M, Bagherniya M. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the modified nutrition risk in the critically ill (mNUTRIC) score in critically ill patients affected by COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). BMC Nutr 2022; 8:158. [PMID: 36585718 PMCID: PMC9803259 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is a very harmful pandemic, and its recovery process is highly influenced by nutritional status; however, an appropriate nutritional scale has not yet been proposed for these patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the modified Nutrition Risk in the Critically ill (mNUTRIC) score in critically ill patients affected by COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study performed on 204 critically ill patients affected by COVID-19 admitted to the ICU wards. Evaluated indicators include the mNUTRIC Score as well as demographic, and biochemical indicators. RESULTS A high percentage of COVID-19 patients (67.2%) had severe disease. Hospital and ICU stay (p > 0.001) and PH (p > 0.001) values were significantly lower in non-survivors than in survivors. mNUTRIC score (p > 0.001), PCO2 (p = 0.003), and CRP levels (p = 0.021) were significantly higher in non-survivors than survivors. mNUTRIC score had a direct correlation with age (p > 0.001), AST (p = 0.000), LDH (p = 0.026), and CRP (p = 0.014) and an inverse correlation with hospital duration (p = 0.031), albumin (p = 0.003) and PH (p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a non-significant correlation between the mNUTRIC score and mortality chance (OR = 1.085, 95%CI [0.83, 1.42], p = 0.552). While, patients with more severe COVID-19 disease (OR = 8.057, 95%CI [1.33, 48.64], p = 0.023) and higher PCO2 (OR = 1.042, 95%CI [1.01, 1.08], p = 0.023) levels had higher odds of mortality. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that COVID-19 patients with higher CRP levels and lower PH had higher mortality and poor nutritional condition. Moreover, there was a non-significant association between the mNUTRIC score and mortality chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Alikiaii
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Taghi Hashemi
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Kiani
- Department of Community Nutrition, Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Isfahan Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behzad Nazemroaya
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Golparvar
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Daneshmanesh
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shirin Fattahpour
- Craniofacial and Cleft Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sepide Amini
- Department of Community Nutrition, Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Shojaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Kathavarayan A, Ramasamy V, Rajamanickam R, Subramaniyan G. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Hirshfeld Surface and Docking Studies of 2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl‐6‐amino‐5‐cyano‐2‐methyl‐4‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐4
H
‐pyran‐3‐carboxylate. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arulvani Kathavarayan
- Department of Chemistry PGP College of Arts and Science (Affiliated to Periyar University-Salem) Namakkal 637 207 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Venkateswaramoorthi Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry PGP College of Arts and Science (Affiliated to Periyar University-Salem) Namakkal 637 207 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ramachandran Rajamanickam
- Department of Chemistry PGP College of Arts and Science (Affiliated to Periyar University-Salem) Namakkal 637 207 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Gunavathi Subramaniyan
- Department of Chemistry PGP College of Arts and Science (Affiliated to Periyar University-Salem) Namakkal 637 207 Tamil Nadu India
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Luisa Vissat L, Horvitz N, Phillips RV, Miao Z, Mgbara W, You Y, Salter R, Hubbard AE, Getz WM. A comparison of COVID-19 outbreaks across US Combined Statistical Areas using new methods for estimating R 0 and social distancing behaviour. Epidemics 2022; 41:100640. [PMID: 36274569 PMCID: PMC9550289 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the initial outbreak rates and subsequent social distancing behaviour over the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic across 29 Combined Statistical Areas (CSAs) of the United States. We used the Numerus Model Builder Data and Simulation Analysis (NMB-DASA) web application to fit the exponential phase of a SCLAIV+D (Susceptible, Contact, Latent, Asymptomatic infectious, symptomatic Infectious, Vaccinated, Dead) disease classes model to outbreaks, thereby allowing us to obtain an estimate of the basic reproductive number R0 for each CSA. Values of R0 ranged from 1.9 to 9.4, with a mean and standard deviation of 4.5±1.8. Fixing the parameters from the exponential fit, we again used NMB-DASA to estimate a set of social distancing behaviour parameters to compute an epidemic flattening index cflatten. Finally, we applied hierarchical clustering methods using this index to divide CSA outbreaks into two clusters: those presenting a social distancing response that was either weaker or stronger. We found cflatten to be more influential in the clustering process than R0. Thus, our results suggest that the behavioural response after a short initial exponential growth phase is likely to be more determinative of the rise of an epidemic than R0 itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Luisa Vissat
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, UC Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nir Horvitz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, UC Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Zhongqi Miao
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, UC Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Whitney Mgbara
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, UC Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yue You
- Division Environmental Health Sciences, UC Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Richard Salter
- Computer Science Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, OH 44074, USA
| | - Alan E Hubbard
- Division Environmental Health Sciences, UC Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wayne M Getz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, UC Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Division Environmental Health Sciences, UC Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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11
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Ristovski JT, Matin MM, Kong R, Kusturica MP, Zhang H. In vitro testing and computational analysis of specific phytochemicals with antiviral activities considering their possible applications against COVID-19. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN ASSOCIATION OF BOTANISTS = SUID-AFRIKAANSE TYDSKRIF VIR PLANTKUNDE : AMPTELIKE TYDSKRIF VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE GENOOTSKAP VAN PLANTKUNDIGES 2022; 151:248-258. [PMID: 35165493 PMCID: PMC8828436 DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the reservoir of natural products against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and to identify suitable candidates in order to recommend appropriate phytotherapy. Adequately prepared 65 molecules from traditional Chinese medicine with proven antiviral properties were subjected to docking analysis using AutoDock Vina 4 software with the aim to investigate binding affinity and interactions of compounds with Mpro from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Biflavonoids and tannins show best docking scores with -9,80 kcal/mol for biflavonoids and -9,00 kcal/mol for tannins. Biflavonoids: amentoflavone, agathistaflavone, robustaflavone, hinokiflavone and rhusflavanone were tested for their radical scavenging activity. Partition coefficients were examined by RP-HPLC. Evaluation of drug-likeness properties of investigated biflavonoids suggested rhusflavanone as a molecule with the best ADMET characteristics. Anti-inflammatory activity of rhusflavanone was investigated in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Tested biflavonoids exibit beneficial effects against inflammation by scavenging free radicals and by suppressing the production of proinflammatory mediators by macrophages. Both predictions of affinity spectra for substances (PASS) and in vitro testing showed promising biological activity of investigated biflavonoids. A Quantum chemical study was performed in order to calculate the thermodynamic, molecular orbital, and electrostatic potential of selected molecules and to compare their biological and chemical features. Our results highlighted antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties of investigated compounds, emphasizing the significance of biflavonoid moiety to selected characteristics, which encourage further investigational strategies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Mahbubul Matin
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Ren Kong
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Milica Paut Kusturica
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Hao Zhang
- Graduate School of Hebei, Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
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12
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Jade D, Alzahrani A, Critchley W, Ponnambalam S, Harrison MA. Identification of FDA-approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) through computational virtual screening. Struct Chem 2022; 34:1005-1019. [PMID: 36467260 PMCID: PMC9702953 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is responsible for the COVID-19 outbreak, which overwhelmed millions of people worldwide; hence, there is an urgency to identify appropriate antiviral drugs. This study focuses on screening compounds that inhibit RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) essential for RNA synthesis required for replication of positive-strand RNA viruses. Computational screening against RdRp using Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs identified ten prominent compounds with binding energies of more than - 10.00 kcal/mol, each a potential inhibitor of RdRp. These compounds' binding energy is comparable to known RdRp inhibitors remdesivir (IC50 = 10.09 μM, SI = 4.96) and molnupiravir (EC50 = 0.67 - 2.66 µM) and 0.32-2.03 µM). Remdesivir and molnupiravir have been tested in clinical trial and remain authorized for emergency use in the treatment of COVID-19. In docking simulations, selected compounds are bound to the substrate-binding pocket of RdRp and showed hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interaction. For molecular dynamics simulation, capmatinib, pralsetinib, ponatinib, and tedizolid phosphate were selected from the initial ten candidate compounds. MD simulation indicated that these compounds are stable at 50-ns MD simulation when bound to RdRp protein. The screen hit compounds, remdesivir, molnupiravir, and GS-441524, are bound in the substrate binding pocket with good binding-free energy. As a consequence, capmatinib, pralsetinib, ponatinib, and tedizolid phosphate are potential new inhibitors of RdRp protein with potential of limiting COVID-19 infection by blocking RNA synthesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11224-022-02072-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Jade
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Areej Alzahrani
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - William Critchley
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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13
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Yanto TA, Lugito NPH, Hwei LRY, Virliani C, Octavius GS. Prevalence and Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in South East Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 1,166,275 Respondents. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:361. [PMID: 36355903 PMCID: PMC9696885 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its importance in guiding public health decisions, studies on COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and its determinants in South East Asia (SEA) are lacking. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and the variables influencing the vaccine's acceptance. This review is registered under PROSPERO CRD42022352198. We included studies that reported vaccination acceptance from all SEA countries, utilising five academic databases (Pubmed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, and Google Scholar), three Indonesian databases (the Indonesian Scientific Journal Database, Neliti, and Indonesia One Search), two pre-print databases (MedRxiv and BioRxiv), and two Thailand databases (ThaiJo and Thai-Journal Citation Index). The analysis was conducted using STATA 17.0 with metaprop commands. The prevalence for COVID-19 vaccination acceptance in SEA was 71% (95%CI 69-74; I2 99.87%, PI: 68.6-73.5). Myanmar achieved the highest COVID-19 vaccination acceptance prevalence, with 86% (95%CI 84-89), followed by Vietnam with 82% (95% CI 79-85; I2 99.04%) and Malaysia with 78% (95%CI 72-84; I2 99.88%). None of the ten determinants studied (age, sex, education, previous COVID-19 infections, smoking and marriage status, health insurance, living together, chronic diseases, and healthcare workers) were significantly associated with acceptance. This result will be useful in guiding vaccination uptake in SEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Audi Yanto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang 15811, Indonesia
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14
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Tanveer A, Akhtar B, Sharif A, Saleem U, Rasul A, Ahmad A, Jilani K. Pathogenic role of cytokines in COVID-19, its association with contributing co-morbidities and possible therapeutic regimens. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1503-1516. [PMID: 35948809 PMCID: PMC9365214 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Covid-19, a threatening pandemic, was originated from China in December 2019 and spread quickly to all over the world. The pathogenesis of coronavirus is linked with the disproportionate response of the immune system. This involves the systemic inflammatory reaction which is characterized by marked pro-inflammatory cytokine release commonly known as cytokine release storm (CRS). The pro inflammatory cytokines are involved in cascade of pulmonary inflammation, hyper coagulation and thrombosis which may be lethal for the individual. That's why, it is very important to have understanding of pro inflammatory cytokines and their pathological role in SARS-CoV-2. The pathogenesis of Covid is not the same in every individual, it can vary due to the presence of pre-existing comorbidities like suffering from already an inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an immune-compromised patients suffering from Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Tuberculosis (TB) are more vulnerable morbidity and complications following COVID-19. This review is particularly related to COVID-19 patients having comorbidity of other inflammatory diseases. We have discussed the brief pathogenesis of COVID-19 and cytokines release storm with reference to other co-morbidities including RA, IBD, COPD, DM and TB. The available therapeutic regimens for COVID-19 including cytokine inhibitors, anti-viral, anti-biotic, bronchodilators, JAK- inhibitors, immunomodulators and anti-fibrotic agents have also been discussed briefly. Moreover, newly emerging medicines in the clinical trials have also been discussed which are found to be effective in treating Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Tanveer
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ali Sharif
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Center of Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Jilani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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15
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Zhang G, Cong Y, Liu FL, Sun J, Zhang J, Cao G, Zhou L, Yang W, Song Q, Wang F, Liu K, Qu J, Wang J, He M, Feng S, Baimanov D, Xu W, Luo RH, Long XY, Liao S, Fan Y, Li YF, Li B, Shao X, Wang G, Fang L, Wang H, Yu XF, Chang YZ, Zhao Y, Li L, Yu P, Zheng YT, Boraschi D, Li H, Chen C, Wang L, Li Y. A nanomaterial targeting the spike protein captures SARS-CoV-2 variants and promotes viral elimination. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:993-1003. [PMID: 35995853 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The global emergency caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic can only be solved with effective and widespread preventive and therapeutic strategies, and both are still insufficient. Here, we describe an ultrathin two-dimensional CuInP2S6 (CIPS) nanosheet as a new agent against SARS-CoV-2 infection. CIPS exhibits an extremely high and selective binding capacity (dissociation constant (KD) < 1 pM) for the receptor binding domain of the spike protein of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern, including Delta and Omicron, inhibiting virus entry and infection in angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-bearing cells, human airway epithelial organoids and human ACE2-transgenic mice. On association with CIPS, the virus is quickly phagocytosed and eliminated by macrophages, suggesting that CIPS could be successfully used to capture and facilitate virus elimination by the host. Thus, we propose CIPS as a promising nanodrug for future safe and effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapy, and as a decontamination agent and surface-coating material to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yalin Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jiufeng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiantian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoli Cao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, and China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, and China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingle Song
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, and China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fangjun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Min He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Shun Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Didar Baimanov
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, and National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, and National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xin-Yan Long
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shumin Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunping Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, and National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, and National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ximing Shao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guocheng Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijing Fang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Feng Yu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou, China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, and China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Hongchang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
- The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou, China.
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, and National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, and China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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16
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Synthesis, crystal structure, DFT and molecular docking studies of N-acetyl-2,4-[diaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl]-9-spiro-4'-acetyl-2'-(acetylamino)-4',9-dihydro-[1',3',4']-thiadiazoles: A potential SARS-nCoV-2 Mpro (COVID-19) inhibitor. J Mol Struct 2022; 1259:132747. [PMID: 35250091 PMCID: PMC8888462 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the synthesis and crystal structure analysis of N-acetyl-2,4-[diphenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl]-9-spiro-4′-acetyl-2′-(acetylamino)-4′,9-dihydro-[1′,3′,4′]-thiadiazole (3a) and N-acetyl- 2,4-[bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl]-9-spiro-4′-acetyl-2′-(acetylamino)-4′,9-dihydro-[1′,3′,4′]-thiadiazole (3b). The title compounds 3a and 3b are characterized by 1D NMR and single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. Non-covalent interactions in a molecule were identified by Hirshfeld surface (dnorm contacts and 2D fingerprint plot) analysis. In addition, the existence of chalcogen bond (S•••O bond) in the molecular structures (3a and 3b) are described by NCI-RDG and QTAIM analysis. NBO analysis is employed to describe the orbital interactions and electron transfer between sulfur and oxygen atoms. Molecular docking is carried out for compounds 3a and 3b with COVID-19 viral protein SARS-nCoV-2 Mpro (PDB ID: 6LU7).
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17
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Abdul Karim M, Reagu SM, Ouanes S, Waheed Khan A, Smidi WS, Al-Baz N, Alabdulla M. Prevalence and correlates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the elderly in Qatar: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29741. [PMID: 35777032 PMCID: PMC9239589 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Older individuals are more vulnerable to severe coronavirus disease 2019 and medical complications. Vaccination stands as an efficient and safe vanguard against infection. However, negative attitudes and perceptions pertaining to available vaccines might hinder community inoculation. The aim of this study was to assess vaccine hesitancy and its psychosocial determinants among the elderly in Qatar. We conducted a cross-sectional study between October 15 and November 15, 2020, using a composite online survey including the Vaccine Attitudes Examination Scale in addition to questions on sociodemographic correlates and the role of healthcare professionals. The vaccine hesitancy rate was 19.5%. The main reasons for willingness to vaccinate included understanding the nature of disease and role of vaccination, in addition to information provided by physicians. Fears mainly centered around vaccine safety. Vaccine hesitators were more likely to be non-Qatari and having received the influenza vaccine at least once. Gender, marital status, socioeconomic status, educational level, and having completed childhood vaccinations were not associated with vaccine hesitancy. Efforts should be directed toward raising awareness of vaccine efficacy and safety profiles. Physicians should additionally be educated about their pivotal role in advocating vaccine acceptance. We recommend reassessing vaccine hesitancy and its associated factors following a year of campaigning and vaccine administration to identify and target vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Abdul Karim
- Psychiatry Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, Qatar
| | | | - Sami Ouanes
- Psychiatry Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
| | | | | | - Nadeen Al-Baz
- Psychiatry Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, Qatar
| | - Majid Alabdulla
- Psychiatry Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Qatar
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18
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Milan A, Salles P, Pelayo C, Uribe-San-Martin R. Acute to Chronic Electro-Clinical Manifestations of Neuro-COVID and the Long-Haul Consequences in People With Epilepsy: A Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e26020. [PMID: 35865450 PMCID: PMC9293262 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection can involve the central nervous system (CNS). Acute symptomatic seizures or epileptiform discharges have not been commonly reported in patients with altered mental status related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. However, long-term neurological symptoms have been reported after COVID-19 infection (i.e., brain fog, cognitive complaints, and confusion), suggesting chronic encephalopathy. People with epilepsy (PWE) have been specifically affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, with changes in their seizure frequency, quality of life, health care accessibility, and medication interactions. This narrative review highlights possible pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19 on the brain, related to short- and long-term epileptiform activity and the impact of this infection on PWE.
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Vankadari N, Ketavarapu V, Mitnala S, Vishnubotla R, Reddy DN, Ghosal D. Structure of Human TMPRSS2 in Complex with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein and Implications for Potential Therapeutics. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5324-5333. [PMID: 35675654 PMCID: PMC9195568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 520 million people around the globe resulting in more than 6.2 million as of May 2022. Understanding the cell entry mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and its entire repertoire is a high priority for developing improved therapeutics. The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S-protein) engages with host receptor ACE2 for adhesion and serine proteases furin and TMPRSS2 for proteolytic activation and subsequent entry. Recent studies have highlighted the molecular details of furin and S-protein interaction. However, the structural and molecular interplay between TMPRSS2 and S-protein remains enigmatic. Here, using biochemical, structural, computational, and molecular dynamics approaches, we investigated how TMPRSS2 recognizes and activates the S-protein to facilitate viral entry. First, we identified three potential TMPRSS2 cleavage sites in the S2 domain of S-protein (S2', T1, and T2) and reported the structure of TMPRSS2 with its individual catalytic triad. By employing computational modeling and structural analyses, we modeled the macromolecular structure of TMPRSS2 in complex with S-protein, which incited the mechanism of S-protein processing or cleavage for a new path of viral entry. On the basis of structure-guided drug screening, we also report the potential TMPRSS2 inhibitors and their structural interaction in blocking TMPRSS2 activity, which could impede the interaction with the spike protein. These findings reveal the role of TMPRSS2 in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 for its entry and insight into possible intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Vankadari
- Monash
Biomedicine Discovery Institute,
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vijayasarathy Ketavarapu
- Institute
of Translational Research, Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Sasikala Mitnala
- Institute
of Translational Research, Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Ravikanth Vishnubotla
- Institute
of Translational Research, Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy
- Institute
of Translational Research, Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Debnath Ghosal
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology
Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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20
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Askari G, Sahebkar A, Soleimani D, Mahdavi A, Rafiee S, Majeed M, Khorvash F, Iraj B, Elyasi M, Rouhani MH, Bagherniya M. The efficacy of curcumin-piperine co-supplementation on clinical symptoms, duration, severity, and inflammatory factors in COVID-19 outpatients: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trials 2022; 23:472. [PMID: 35668500 PMCID: PMC9167899 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 pandemic has made the disease a major global problem by creating a significant burden on health, economic, and social status. To date, there are no effective and approved medications for this disease. Curcumin as an anti-inflammatory agent can have a positive effect on the control of COVID-19 complications. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of curcumin-piperine supplementation on clinical symptoms, duration, severity, and inflammatory factors in patients with COVID-19. METHODS Forty-six outpatients with COVID-19 disease were randomly allocated to receive two capsules of curcumin-piperine; each capsule contained 500 mg curcumin plus 5 mg piperine or placebo for 14 days. RESULTS Mean changes in complete blood count, liver enzymes, blood glucose levels, lipid parameters, kidney function, and c-reactive protein (CRP) were not significantly different between the two groups. There was a significant improvement in health status, including dry cough, sputum cough, ague, sore throat, weakness, muscular pain, headache, and dyspnea at week 2 in both curcumin-piperine and placebo groups (P value < 0.05); however, the improvement in weakness was more in the curcumin-piperine group than with placebo group (P value 025). CONCLUSION The present study results showed that curcumin-piperine co-supplementation in outpatients with COVID-19 could significantly reduce weakness. However, in this study, curcumin-piperine co-supplementation could not significantly affect the other indices, including biochemical and clinical indices. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20121216011763N46 . 2020-10-31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Askari
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 00983137922110, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Davood Soleimani
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Atena Mahdavi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sahar Rafiee
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Farzin Khorvash
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bijan Iraj
- Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahshid Elyasi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Rouhani
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 00983137922110, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 00983137922110, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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21
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Design, synthesis and docking study of Vortioxetine derivatives as a SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor. DARU : JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF PHARMACY, TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 30:139-152. [PMID: 35508799 PMCID: PMC9067898 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-022-00441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Vortioxetine an anti-depressant FDA-drug recently reported showing better in vitro efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Methods In this study, we have synthesized ten new derivatives having alkenes, alkynes, benzyl, aryl, and mixed carbamate at the N-terminal of vortioxetine. Then the binding energy and interactions with the crucial amino acid residues in the binding pocket of main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, of reported and ten newly synthesized vortioxetine derivatives (total thirty-one) in comparison with remdesivir are analyzed and presented in this paper. Results Based on the docking scores predicted by ADV and AD, most vortioxetine derivatives showed better binding efficiency towards Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with remdesivir (an EUA approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro) and vortioxetine. Conclusion This study shows that some vortioxetine derivatives can be developed into promising drugs for COVID-19 treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40199-022-00441-z.
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22
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Arumugam M, Haja Najimudeen RB, Vijayan A, Sathyamoorthy B, Patole PS. A cross-sectional study of COVID-19 outbreak in Indian population. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 76:103554. [PMID: 35382427 PMCID: PMC8972981 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Presently India is the second most populous country in the world with an estimated population of 1.4 billion people and has recently been affected by COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent mutant viral outbreak. To date, India has administered its population with over 1.30 billion cumulative doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The consequences of COVID-19 vaccination on the outbreak in India has not been reported until now. Therefore, we probed to assess the impact of COVID-19 outbreak in India from December 2019 to December 2021. Methods Indian COVID-19 related data were extracted from "ourworldindata.org" and "cowin.gov.in" databases. The incidence rate of COVID-19 per million people was calculated and other parameters such as new cases, positive rate, reproduction rate, new death and stringency index values were extracted from the database for statistical analysis. Results Data indicate that the COVID-19 positive rate declined as the number of vaccinations rose over time. The Pearson correlation values between new cases and the cumulative percentage of vaccination or the percentage of fully vaccinated population showed no correlation (P < 0.01). COVID-19 vaccination has significantly decreased the R-value and positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 in India (P < 0.01). Furthermore, containment measures showed no correlation with the incidence rate of SARS-CoV-2 in India which may be in contradictory to the global trends. Conclusion Vaccination against COVID-19 was efficacious in the control of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and the decrease in the positive rate. Further, the containment measures had no effect on the spread of COVID-19 infection in India, thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Arumugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Raleena Begum Haja Najimudeen
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Arya Vijayan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Bhuvaneshwari Sathyamoorthy
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Prashant S. Patole
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
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23
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Ashour NA, Abo Elmaaty A, Sarhan AA, Elkaeed EB, Moussa AM, Erfan IA, Al-Karmalawy AA. A Systematic Review of the Global Intervention for SARS-CoV-2 Combating: From Drugs Repurposing to Molnupiravir Approval. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:685-715. [PMID: 35321497 PMCID: PMC8935998 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s354841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 continues to unfold all over the world. The development of novel effective antiviral drugs to fight against SARS-CoV-2 is a time cost. As a result, some specific FDA-approved drugs have already been repurposed and authorized for COVID-19 treatment. The repurposed drugs used were either antiviral or non-antiviral drugs. Accordingly, the present review thoroughly focuses on the repurposing efficacy of these drugs including clinical trials experienced, the combination therapies used, the novel methods followed for treatment, and their future perspective. Therefore, drug repurposing was regarded as an effective avenue for COVID-19 treatment. Recently, molnupiravir is a prodrug antiviral medication that was approved in the United Kingdom in November 2021 for the treatment of COVID-19. On the other hand, PF-07321332 is an oral antiviral drug developed by Pfizer. For the treatment of COVID-19, the PF-07321332/ritonavir combination medication is used in Phase III studies and was marketed as Paxlovid. Herein, we represented the almost history of combating COVID-19 from repurposing to the recently available oral anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidates, as a new hope to end the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Ashour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, 42526, Egypt
| | - Amany A Sarhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Moussa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Ali Erfan
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
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24
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Abdi A, AlOtaiby S, Badarin FA, Khraibi A, Hamdan H, Nader M. Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with cardiomyocytes: Insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of cardiac injury and pharmacotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112518. [PMID: 34906770 PMCID: PMC8654598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 causes respiratory illness with a spectrum of systemic complications. However, the mechanism for cardiac infection and cardiomyocyte injury in COVID-19 patients remains unclear. The current literature supports the notion that SARS-CoV-2 particles access the heart either by the circulating blood cells or by extracellular vesicles, originating from the inflamed lungs, and encapsulating the virus along with its receptor (ACE2). Both cardiomyocytes and pericytes (coronary arteries) express the necessary accessory proteins for access of SARS-CoV-2 particles (i.e. ACE2, NRP-1, TMPRSS2, CD147, integrin α5β1, and CTSB/L). These proteins facilitate the SARS-CoV-2 interaction and entry into the pericytes and cardiomyocytes thus leading to cardiac manifestations. Subsequently, various signaling pathways are altered in the infected cardiomyocytes (i.e. increased ROS production, reduced contraction, impaired calcium homeostasis), causing cardiac dysfunction. The currently adopted pharmacotherapy in severe COVID-19 subjects exhibited side effects on the heart, often manifested by electrical abnormalities. Nonetheless, cardiovascular adverse repercussions have been associated with the advent of some of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with no clear mechanisms underlining these complications. We provide herein an overview of the pathways involved with cardiomyocyte in COVID-19 subjects to help promoting pharmacotherapies that can protect against SARS-CoV-2-induced cardiac injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhamid Abdi
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahad AlOtaiby
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Central Second Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firas Al Badarin
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali Khraibi
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamdan Hamdan
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moni Nader
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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25
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Ferreira RM, Beranger RW, Sampaio PPN, Mansur Filho J, Lima RAC. Outcomes associated with Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a single-center experience. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2022; 67:1466-1471. [PMID: 35018977 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20210661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin are advocated as potential treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) despite the lack of supportive clinical evidence. In this study, outcomes associated with Hydroxychloroquine and/or Ivermectin were determined in a series of patients with confirmed COVID-19 from a single institution in Brazil. METHODS Consecutive patients admitted between March and July 2020 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into four treatment categories: no treatment (Group 0), Ivermectin only (Group I), Hydroxychloroquine only (Group II), and Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin (Group III). Intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, and death were compared between the Groups. RESULTS A total of 230 patients were included, with the following treatment distribution: 35.2% (0), 9.1% (I), 48.3% (II), and 7.4% (III). Groups I, II, and III had the higher rates of Intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, or death (0: 23.5% versus I: 38.1% versus II: 37.8% versus III: 70.6%, p=0.002), and the greatest mortality was found in Group III (0 versus III: 13.6% versus 35.3%, p=0.03). In the multivariate analysis, Hydroxychloroquine remained significantly associated with death (OR 3.3, 95%CI 1.1-9.6, p=0.03). CONCLUSION In a series of consecutive hospitalized patients with COVID-19, Ivermectin was not associated with improved outcomes and Hydroxychloroquine may have resulted in a harmful effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Muniz Ferreira
- Hospital Samaritano - Botafogo (RJ), Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto do Coração Edson Saad - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Paulo Noguères Sampaio
- Hospital Samaritano - Botafogo (RJ), Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto do Coração Edson Saad - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Antônio Correia Lima
- Hospital Samaritano - Botafogo (RJ), Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Cirurgia Geral - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
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26
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Peng Y, Zhang Z, Tu H, Li X. Automatic Segmentation of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Lesions in CT Images Utilizing Deep-Supervised Ensemble Learning Network. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:755309. [PMID: 35047520 PMCID: PMC8761973 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.755309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been spread widely in the world, causing a huge threat to the living environment of people. Objective: Under CT imaging, the structure features of COVID-19 lesions are complicated and varied greatly in different cases. To accurately locate COVID-19 lesions and assist doctors to make the best diagnosis and treatment plan, a deep-supervised ensemble learning network is presented for COVID-19 lesion segmentation in CT images. Methods: Since a large number of COVID-19 CT images and the corresponding lesion annotations are difficult to obtain, a transfer learning strategy is employed to make up for the shortcoming and alleviate the overfitting problem. Based on the reality that traditional single deep learning framework is difficult to extract complicated and varied COVID-19 lesion features effectively that may cause some lesions to be undetected. To overcome the problem, a deep-supervised ensemble learning network is presented to combine with local and global features for COVID-19 lesion segmentation. Results: The performance of the proposed method was validated in experiments with a publicly available dataset. Compared with manual annotations, the proposed method acquired a high intersection over union (IoU) of 0.7279 and a low Hausdorff distance (H) of 92.4604. Conclusion: A deep-supervised ensemble learning network was presented for coronavirus pneumonia lesion segmentation in CT images. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by visual inspection and quantitative evaluation. Experimental results indicated that the proposed method has a good performance in COVID-19 lesion segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Peng
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China
- School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zixu Zhang
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongbin Tu
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China
- Technique Center, Hunan Great Wall Technology Information Co. Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Xiong Li
- School of Software, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China
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27
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Sehsah R, Alwerdani M, Said E, Dosoky W, El-Gilany AH. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of house officers towards COVID-19: A multicentered crosssectional study in Egypt. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-6189.347778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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28
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Islam KU, A-Elgadir TME, Afaq S, Ahmad T, Iqbal J. Molecular and Clinical Aspects of COVID-19 Vaccines and Other Therapeutic Interventions Apropos Emerging Variants of Concern. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:778219. [PMID: 35002711 PMCID: PMC8734653 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.778219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has overwhelmed the healthcare and economy of the world, with emerging new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) posing an everlasting threat to humanity. While most COVID-19 vaccines provide adequate protective immunological response against the original SARS-CoV-2 variant, there is a pressing need to understand their biological and clinical responses. Recent evidence suggests that some of the new variants of SARS-CoV-2 evade the protection conferred by the existing vaccines, which may impede the ongoing efforts to expedite the vaccination programs worldwide. These concerns have also highlighted the importance of a pan-COVID-19 vaccine, which is currently in the making. Thus, it is imperative to have a better molecular and clinical understanding of the various COVID-19 vaccines and their immunological trajectory against any emerging variant of concerns (VOCs) in particular to break this vicious cycle. Furthermore, other treatment regimens based on cellular therapies and monoclonal antibodies should be explored systematically as an alternative and readily available option considering the possibility of the emergence of more virulent SARS-CoV-2 mutants. In this review, we shed light on the various molecular mechanisms and clinical responses of COVID-19 vaccines. Importantly, we review the recent findings of their long-term immune protection and efficacy against emerging VOCs. Considering that other targeted and effective treatments will complement vaccine therapy, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of cell-based therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and immunomodulatory agents as alternative and readily available treatment modalities against any emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khursheed Ul Islam
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sarah Afaq
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer Ahmad
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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29
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Yin Z, Wong STC. Artificial intelligence unifies knowledge and actions in drug repositioning. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:803-813. [PMID: 34881780 PMCID: PMC8923082 DOI: 10.1042/etls20210223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug repositioning aims to reuse existing drugs, shelved drugs, or drug candidates that failed clinical trials for other medical indications. Its attraction is sprung from the reduction in risk associated with safety testing of new medications and the time to get a known drug into the clinics. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been recently pursued to speed up drug repositioning and discovery. The essence of AI in drug repositioning is to unify the knowledge and actions, i.e. incorporating real-world and experimental data to map out the best way forward to identify effective therapeutics against a disease. In this review, we share positive expectations for the evolution of AI and drug repositioning and summarize the role of AI in several methods of drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yin
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Cancer Center and Ting Tsung & Wei Fong Chao Center for BRAIN, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | - Stephen T C Wong
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Cancer Center and Ting Tsung & Wei Fong Chao Center for BRAIN, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
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Basheer A, Zahoor I. Genomic Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Divulge B.1, B.1.36, and B.1.1.7 as the Most Dominant Lineages in First, Second, and Third Wave of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Pakistan. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122609. [PMID: 34946210 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.28.21261233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the genomic variability and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Pakistan along with its role in the spread and severity of infection during the three waves of COVID-19. A total of 453 genomic sequences of Pakistani SARS-CoV-2 were retrieved from GISAID and subjected to MAFFT-based alignment and QC check which resulted in removal of 53 samples. The remaining 400 samples were subjected to Pangolin-based genomic lineage identification. And to infer our SARS-CoV-2 time-scaled and divergence phylogenetic trees, 3804 selected global reference sequences plus 400 Pakistani samples were used for the Nextstrain analysis with Wuhan/Hu-1/2019, as reference genome. Finally, maximum likelihood based phylogenetic tree was built by using the Nextstrain and coverage map was created by employing Nextclade. By using the amino acid substitutions, the maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees were developed for each wave, separately. Our results reveal the circulation of 29 lineages, belonging to following seven clades G, GH, GR, GRY, L, O, and S in the three waves. From first wave, 16 genomic lineages of SARS-CoV-2 were identified with B.1(24.7%), B.1.36(18.8%), and B.1.471(18.8%) as the most prevalent lineages respectively. The second wave data showed 18 lineages, 10 of which were overlapping with the first wave suggesting that those variants could not be contained during the first wave. In this wave, a new lineage, AE.4, was reported from Pakistan for the very first time in the world. However, B.1.36 (17.8%), B.1.36.31 (11.9%), B.1.1.7 (8.5%), and B.1.1.1 (5.9%) were the major lineages in second wave. Third wave data showed the presence of nine lineages with Alpha/B.1.1.7 (72.7%), Beta/B.1.351 (12.99%), and Delta/B.1.617.2 (10.39%) as the most predominant variants. It is suggested that these VOCs should be contained at the earliest in order to prevent any devastating outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atia Basheer
- Genetics and Genomic Laboratory, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki 55300, Pakistan
| | - Imran Zahoor
- Genetics and Genomic Laboratory, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki 55300, Pakistan
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Basheer A, Zahoor I. Genomic Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Divulge B.1, B.1.36, and B.1.1.7 as the Most Dominant Lineages in First, Second, and Third Wave of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Pakistan. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2609. [PMID: 34946210 PMCID: PMC8708969 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the genomic variability and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Pakistan along with its role in the spread and severity of infection during the three waves of COVID-19. A total of 453 genomic sequences of Pakistani SARS-CoV-2 were retrieved from GISAID and subjected to MAFFT-based alignment and QC check which resulted in removal of 53 samples. The remaining 400 samples were subjected to Pangolin-based genomic lineage identification. And to infer our SARS-CoV-2 time-scaled and divergence phylogenetic trees, 3804 selected global reference sequences plus 400 Pakistani samples were used for the Nextstrain analysis with Wuhan/Hu-1/2019, as reference genome. Finally, maximum likelihood based phylogenetic tree was built by using the Nextstrain and coverage map was created by employing Nextclade. By using the amino acid substitutions, the maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees were developed for each wave, separately. Our results reveal the circulation of 29 lineages, belonging to following seven clades G, GH, GR, GRY, L, O, and S in the three waves. From first wave, 16 genomic lineages of SARS-CoV-2 were identified with B.1(24.7%), B.1.36(18.8%), and B.1.471(18.8%) as the most prevalent lineages respectively. The second wave data showed 18 lineages, 10 of which were overlapping with the first wave suggesting that those variants could not be contained during the first wave. In this wave, a new lineage, AE.4, was reported from Pakistan for the very first time in the world. However, B.1.36 (17.8%), B.1.36.31 (11.9%), B.1.1.7 (8.5%), and B.1.1.1 (5.9%) were the major lineages in second wave. Third wave data showed the presence of nine lineages with Alpha/B.1.1.7 (72.7%), Beta/B.1.351 (12.99%), and Delta/B.1.617.2 (10.39%) as the most predominant variants. It is suggested that these VOCs should be contained at the earliest in order to prevent any devastating outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imran Zahoor
- Genetics and Genomic Laboratory, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki 55300, Pakistan;
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Muhseen ZT, Kadhim S, Yahiya YI, Alatawi EA, Aba Alkhayl FF, Almatroudi A. Insights into the Binding of Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 Wild Type and B.1.620 Variant with hACE2 Using Molecular Docking and Simulation Approaches. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1310. [PMID: 34943225 PMCID: PMC8698945 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new variant, B.1620, with mutations (S477N-E484K) in the spike protein's receptor-binding domain (RBD) has been reported in Europe. In order to design therapeutic strategies suitable for B.1.620, further studies are required. A detailed investigation of the structural features and variations caused by these substitutions, that is, a molecular level investigation, is essential to uncover the role of these changes. To determine whether and how the binding affinity of ACE2-RBD is affected, we used protein-protein docking and all-atom simulation approaches. Our analysis revealed that B.1.620 binds more strongly than the wild type and alters the hydrogen bonding network. The docking score for the wild type was reported to be -122.6 +/- 0.7 kcal/mol, while for B.1.620, the docking score was -124.9 +/- 3.8 kcal/mol. A comparative binding investigation showed that the wild-type complex has 11 hydrogen bonds and one salt bridge, while the B.1.620 complex has 14 hydrogen bonds and one salt bridge, among which most of the interactions are preserved between the wild type and B.1.620. A dynamic analysis of the two complexes revealed stable dynamics, which corroborated the global stability trend, compactness, and flexibility of the three essential loops, providing a better conformational optimization opportunity and binding. Furthermore, binding free energy revealed that the wild type had a total binding energy of -51.14 kcal/mol, while for B.1.628, the total binding energy was -68.25 kcal/mol. The current findings based on protein complex modeling and bio-simulation methods revealed the atomic features of the B.1.620 variant harboring S477N and E484K mutations in the RBD and the basis for infectivity. In conclusion, the current study presents distinguishing features of B.1.620, which can be used to design structure-based drugs against the B.1.620 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyad Tariq Muhseen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Salim Kadhim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Alkafeel, Najaf 61001, Iraq; (S.K.); (Y.I.Y.)
| | - Yahiya Ibrahim Yahiya
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Alkafeel, Najaf 61001, Iraq; (S.K.); (Y.I.Y.)
| | - Eid A. Alatawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faris F. Aba Alkhayl
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
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Rezaei N, Montazeri F, Malekpour MR, Ghanbari A, Azadnajafabad S, Mohammadi E, Rezaei N, Naderimagham S, Ghasemi E, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Ghamari SH, Nasserinejad M, Kaveh F, Norouzinejad A, Gouya MM, Raeisi A, Farzadfar F, Larijani B. COVID-19 in patients with diabetes: factors associated with worse outcomes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:1605-1614. [PMID: 34729367 PMCID: PMC8553287 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00910-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Diabetes is one of the major comorbidities associated with COVID-19. We aimed to determine the clinical and epidemiological factors associated with the mortality of COVID-19 in diabetic patients in Iran, and also the impact of prescribed antiviral and antibiotics on patients' status. Methods In this study, we used the national registry of hospitalized patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Symptoms with diabetes from February 18, 2020, to December 22, 2020. Demographic, clinical features, treatments, concurrent comorbidities, and their associations with mortality and severity outcomes were assessed using logistic regression. Results 78,554 diabetic in-patients with SARS symptoms were included from 31 provinces of whom 37,338 were PCR positive for COVID-19. Older age and male gender are associated with COVID-19 mortality in diabetic patients. CVD is the most frequent comorbidity (42%). CVD, kidney disease, liver disease, and COPD are associated comorbidities which increased the risk of mortality. The mortality rate is higher in diabetic patients comparing to patients with no comorbidities, particularly in younger age groups. The frequency of antiviral, and antibiotics in COVID-19 positive patients was 34%, and 31%, respectively. Antibiotic treatment has no association with mortality in COVID-19 patients. Conclusions Diabetic patients indicate higher mortality comparing to patients without any underlying comorbidities. Restrict strategies on increasing effective health care utilization must be considered in diabetic patients, especially in those with parallel underlying comorbidities. Regarding the antibiotic resistance issue and the noticeable use of antibiotics in diabetic patients, it is recommended to prioritize an antibiotic guideline prescription in COVID-19 patients for better stewardship by countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Rezaei
- Present Address: Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Present Address: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Montazeri
- Present Address: Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Malekpour
- Present Address: Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbari
- Present Address: Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Azadnajafabad
- Present Address: Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mohammadi
- Present Address: Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazila Rezaei
- Present Address: Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Naderimagham
- Present Address: Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Present Address: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Ghasemi
- Present Address: Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nasserinejad
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Kaveh
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Norouzinejad
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Gouya
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Raeisi
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Present Address: Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Present Address: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Present Address: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Alikiaii B, Heidari Z, Fazeli A, Rahimi Varposhti M, Moradi Farsani D, Fattahpour S, Rafiee S, Bagherniya M. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the Nutritional Risk Screening System 2002 (NRS-2002) in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14934. [PMID: 34606153 PMCID: PMC8646661 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional status of patients with COVID-19 can affect the recovery process of patients; however, no nutritional scale was introduced to evaluate the nutritional status of the patients. Thus, the main objective of this study was to examine the usefulness of Nutritional status-2002 (NRS-2002) among COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). MATERIAL AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 73 patients with definitive corona diagnosis admitted to the ICUs of Al-Zahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran in October 2020 to January 2021 were recruited. Dietary intake, NRS-2002, demographic, anthropometric and biochemical indices of patients were recorded. RESULTS The majority of patients were at risk for moderate (69.9%) to severe (12.3%) malnutrition. Daily calorie intake (P = .001) and albumin (P = .001) levels in deceased patients were significantly lower than the recovered group. A direct correlation between NRS-2002 and age (P < .001) and an inverse correlation with daily calorie intake (P = .002), albumin (P = .05) and PaO2 (P = .034) was found. Moreover, there is a strong correlation between NRS-2002 score and chance of death among COVID-19 patients (OR=34.5, 95%CI:(5.2 - 228.93), P-value<0.001). Likewise, the levels of bilirubin direct (OR=8, 95%CI:(1.30 - 49.38), P-value=0.025) and creatine-phosphokinase (OR=0.9, 95%CI:(0.99 - 1.00), P-value=0.035) have a significant direct association with chance of death. CONCLUSION Results showed patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU did not have appropriate nutritional status and mortality was higher among patients with lower amounts of the serum albumin and daily calorie intakes. Furthermore, there is a strong association between the NRS-2002 index and the chance of mortality in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Alikiaii
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Department of Biostatistics and EpidemiologySchool of HealthIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
- Isfahan Cardiac Rehabilitation Research CenterCardiovascular Research InstituteIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Afshar Fazeli
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | | | - Darioush Moradi Farsani
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Shirin Fattahpour
- Craniofacial and Cleft Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Sahar Rafiee
- Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutrition and Food ScienceIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
- Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutrition and Food ScienceIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Arabpour E, Khoshdel S, Tabatabaie N, Akhgarzad A, Zangiabadian M, Nasiri MJ. Stem Cells Therapy for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:737590. [PMID: 34912818 PMCID: PMC8666565 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.737590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Vaccination seems to be a good solution for preventing and controlling coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, but still there are some challenges in COVID-19 vaccination. Investigating new therapeutic options for COVID-19 is necessary. The current study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of stem cells in treating patients with COVID-19. Methods: We reviewed the relevant scientific literature published up to April 1, 2021. The pooled risk ratio (RR) with 95% CI was assessed using a fixed or random-effect model. We considered P < 0.05 as statistically significant for publication bias. Data were analyzed by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, Version 2.0 (Biostat, Englewood, NJ). Results: After reviewing 1,262 records, we identified 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The analysis showed that stem cell therapy could significantly reduce the mortality rate (RR 0.471, 95% CI: 0.270-0.821) and morbidity (RR 0.788, 95% CI: 0.626-0.992) in patients with COVID-19; compared with the control group. Conclusions: The present study suggests that stem cell therapy has a remarkable effect on reducing mortality and morbidity of patients with COVID-19. Further large-scale studies are needed to approve these results. Defining a protocol for stem cell therapy in patients with COVID-19 can lead to achieving the best clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Arabpour
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Khoshdel
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Tabatabaie
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akhgarzad
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Zangiabadian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Narapureddy BR, Muzammil K, Alshahrani MY, Alkhathami AG, Alsabaani A, AlShahrani AM, Dawria A, Nasir N, Kalyan Viswanath Reddy L, Alam MM. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance: Beliefs and Barriers Associated with Vaccination Among the Residents of KSA. J Multidiscip Healthc 2021; 14:3243-3252. [PMID: 34853514 PMCID: PMC8627889 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s340431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 was declared a pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Organization. Control of COVID-19 depends on the potential vaccine and its successful delivery to a large portion of the population to develop herd immunity. All the governments have made a robust plan to distribute the vaccine to their people, but many countries could not achieve adequate vaccination coverage. Hence, this study explores people's beliefs and barriers to vaccination and provides valuable inputs to the government to attain adequate vaccination. OBJECTIVE To know the knowledge level about the COVID-19 vaccine among the residents of KSA. To find out the various concerns (beliefs) about COVID-19 and its vaccine among the residents of KSA. To estimate the vaccine acceptance and understand the barriers to accepting the COVID-19 vaccine among residents of KSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS A web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2021 in a restricted environment on the adult (>18 years) residents of Saudi Arabia. The minimum calculated sample was 685; 796 study samples were finally studied to minimize the sampling error. Snowball sampling was used to select the study samples, after meeting the inclusion criteria. RESULTS A total of 796 people responded. Only 782 (98.2%) were finally considered after excluding the incomplete information forms. The selected participant's age ranges from 18 years to 80 years. Almost 723 (92%) of the study group knew COVID vaccines. Most of the participants, 370 (47%), preferred USA-manufactured vaccine followed by Saudi Arabia 217 (28%). A total of 259 (33.1%) participants were hesitant to receive the vaccine. Out of 782, half of the participants, 386 (50%), believed the COVID vaccine will prevent the infection. CONCLUSION The government must implement appropriate culturally accepted interventional vaccination educational campaigns to remove the beliefs, worries regarding the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, to increase vaccine acceptance rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayapa Reddy Narapureddy
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushayt, King Khalid University, Abha, 62561, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushayt, King Khalid University, Abha, 62561, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Yahya Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Abha, King Khalid University, Abha, 9088, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali G Alkhathami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Abha, King Khalid University, Abha, 9088, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alsabaani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M AlShahrani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushayt, King Khalid University, Abha, 62561, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Dawria
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushayt, King Khalid University, Abha, 62561, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazim Nasir
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushayt, King Khalid University, Abha, 62561, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lingala Kalyan Viswanath Reddy
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Abha, 62561, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mahtab Alam
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Abha, King Khalid University, Abha, 62561, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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A fluorescence-based, gain-of-signal, live cell system to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibition. Antiviral Res 2021; 195:105183. [PMID: 34626674 PMCID: PMC8495046 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The likelihood of continued circulation of COVID-19 and its variants, and novel coronaviruses due to future zoonotic transmissions, combined with the current paucity of coronavirus antivirals, emphasize the need for improved screening in developing effective antivirals for the treatment of infection by SARS-CoV-2 (CoV2) and other coronaviruses. Here we report the development of a live-cell based assay for evaluating the intracellular function of the critical, highly-conserved CoV2 target, the Main 3C-like protease (Mpro). This assay is based on expression of native wild-type mature CoV2 Mpro, the function of which is quantitatively evaluated in living cells through cleavage of a biosensor leading to loss of fluorescence. Evaluation does not require cell harvesting, allowing for multiple measurements from the same cells facilitating quantification of Mpro inhibition, as well as recovery of function upon removal of inhibitory drugs. The pan-coronavirus Mpro inhibitor, GC376, was utilized in this assay and effective inhibition of intracellular CoV2 Mpro was found to be consistent with levels required to inhibit CoV2 infection of human lung cells. We demonstrate that GC376 is an effective inhibitor of intracellular CoV2 Mpro at low micromolar levels, while other predicted Mpro inhibitors, bepridil and alverine, are not. Results indicate this system can provide a highly effective high-throughput coronavirus Mpro screening system.
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Pomara C, Sessa F, Galante D, Pace L, Fasanella A, Di Nunno N, Esposito M, Salerno M. Do We Really Need Hazard Prevention at the Expense of Safeguarding Death Dignity in COVID-19? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1913. [PMID: 34679611 PMCID: PMC8534407 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, little is known regarding the transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection for subjects involved in handling, transporting, and examining deceased persons with known or suspected COVID-19 positivity at the time of death. This experimental study aims to define if and/or how long SARS-CoV-2 persists with replication capacity in the tissues of individuals who died with/from COVID-19, thereby generating infectious hazards. Sixteen patients who died with/from COVID-19 who underwent autopsy between April 2020 and April 2021 were included in this study. Based on PMI, all samples were subdivided into two groups: 'short PMI' group (eight subjects who were autopsied between 12 to 72 h after death); 'long PMI' (eight subjects who were autopsied between 24 to 78 days after death). All patients tested positive for RT-PCR at nasopharyngeal swab both before death and on samples collected during post-mortem investigation. Moreover, a lung specimen was collected and frozen at -80 °C in order to perform viral culture. The result was defined based on the cytopathic effect (subjective reading) combined with the positivity of the RT-PCR test (objective reading) in the supernatant. Only in one sample (PMI 12 h), virus vitality was demonstrated. This study, supported by a literature review, suggests that the risk of cadaveric infection in cases of a person who died from/with COVID-19 is extremely low in the first hours after death, becoming null after 12 h after death, confirming the World Health Organization (WHO) assumed in March 2020 and suggesting that the corpse of a subject who died from/with COVID-19 should be generally considered not infectious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristoforo Pomara
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (M.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Domenico Galante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (D.G.); (L.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Pace
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (D.G.); (L.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonio Fasanella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (D.G.); (L.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Nunzio Di Nunno
- Department of History, Society and Studies on Humanity, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (M.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (M.E.); (M.S.)
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Sonzogni-Desautels K, Ndao M. Will Auranofin Become a Golden New Treatment Against COVID-19? Front Immunol 2021; 12:683694. [PMID: 34630379 PMCID: PMC8492993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Auranofin is an FDA-approved disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug that has been used for decades for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. This gold(I) compound has anti-inflammatory properties because it reduces IL-6 expression via inhibition of the NF-κB-IL-6-STAT3 signaling pathway. Also, by inhibiting redox enzymes such as thioredoxin reductase, auranofin increases cellular oxidative stress and promotes apoptosis. Auranofin also possesses antiviral properties. Recently, it was reported that auranofin reduced by 95% SARS-CoV-2 RNA in infected human cells in vitro and decreased SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine expression, including IL-6. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, a cytokine storm involving IL-6 increases severity of illness and worsens prognosis. Therefore, auranofin could, in our point of view, reduce pathology due to SARS-CoV-2-induced IL-6. COVID-19 is a rapidly-evolving respiratory disease now distributed worldwide. Strikingly high numbers of new COVID-19 cases are reported daily. We have begun a race to vaccinate people, but due to the complex logistics of this effort, the virus will continue to spread before all humans can be immunized, and new variants that may be less well contained by current vaccines are of concern. The COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed health care systems and new treatments to reduce mortality are urgently needed. We encourage to further evaluate the potential of auranofin in the treatment of COVID-19 in vitro and in animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and, if preliminary data are promising, in clinical trials with COVID-19 patients. In our opinion, auranofin has the potential to become a valuable addition to available therapies in this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Sonzogni-Desautels
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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40
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Valdebenito S, Bessis S, Annane D, Lorin de la Grandmaison G, Cramer–Bordé E, Prideaux B, Eugenin EA, Bomsel M. COVID-19 Lung Pathogenesis in SARS-CoV-2 Autopsy Cases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735922. [PMID: 34671353 PMCID: PMC8521087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a major public health issue. COVID-19 is considered an airway/multi-systemic disease, and demise has been associated with an uncontrolled immune response and a cytokine storm in response to the virus. However, the lung pathology, immune response, and tissue damage associated with COVID-19 demise are poorly described and understood due to safety concerns. Using post-mortem lung tissues from uninfected and COVID-19 deadly cases as well as an unbiased combined analysis of histology, multi-viral and host markers staining, correlative microscopy, confocal, and image analysis, we identified three distinct phenotypes of COVID-19-induced lung damage. First, a COVID-19-induced hemorrhage characterized by minimal immune infiltration and large thrombus; Second, a COVID-19-induced immune infiltration with excessive immune cell infiltration but no hemorrhagic events. The third phenotype correspond to the combination of the two previous ones. We observed the loss of alveolar wall integrity, detachment of lung tissue pieces, fibroblast proliferation, and extensive fibrosis in all three phenotypes. Although lung tissues studied were from lethal COVID-19, a strong immune response was observed in all cases analyzed with significant B cell and poor T cell infiltrations, suggesting an exhausted or compromised immune cellular response in these patients. Overall, our data show that SARS-CoV-2-induced lung damage is highly heterogeneous. These individual differences need to be considered to understand the acute and long-term COVID-19 consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Simon Bessis
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, AP-HP, Garches, France
| | - Djillali Annane
- Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Simone Veil School of Medicine, Université of Versailles, Versailles, France
- University Paris Saclay, Garches, France
| | - Geoffroy Lorin de la Grandmaison
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Versailles Saint-Quentin Université, AP-HP, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France
| | | | - Brendan Prideaux
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Eliseo A. Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Institute Cochin, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, University of Paris, Paris, France
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41
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Halim SA, Waqas M, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. In Silico Prediction of Novel Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease through Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamic Simulation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090896. [PMID: 34577596 PMCID: PMC8471057 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is threatening global health. SARS-CoV-2 has caused severe disease with significant mortality since December 2019. The enzyme chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) or main protease (Mpro) of the virus is considered to be a promising drug target due to its crucial role in viral replication and its genomic dissimilarity to human proteases. In this study, we implemented a structure-based virtual screening (VS) protocol in search of compounds that could inhibit the viral Mpro. A library of >eight hundred compounds was screened by molecular docking into multiple structures of Mpro, and the result was analyzed by consensus strategy. Those compounds that were ranked mutually in the ‘Top-100’ position in at least 50% of the structures were selected and their analogous binding modes predicted simultaneously in all the structures were considered as bioactive poses. Subsequently, based on the predicted physiological and pharmacokinetic behavior and interaction analysis, eleven compounds were identified as ‘Hits’ against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Those eleven compounds, along with the apo form of Mpro and one reference inhibitor (X77), were subjected to molecular dynamic simulation to explore the ligand-induced structural and dynamic behavior of Mpro. The MM-GBSA calculations reflect that eight out of eleven compounds specifically possess high to good binding affinities for Mpro. This study provides valuable insights to design more potent and selective inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman; (M.W.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.A.H.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman; (M.W.); (A.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Dhodial 21120, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman; (M.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman; (M.W.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.A.H.); (A.A.-H.)
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Yasmin F, Asghar W, Babar MS, Khan H, Ahmad S, Hameed Z, Asghar MS, Nauman H, Khattak AK, Arshad Z, Shah SMI, Siddiqui SA, Osama M, Zarak MS. Acceptance Rates and Beliefs toward COVID-19 Vaccination among the General Population of Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:1230-1239. [PMID: 34525449 PMCID: PMC8592216 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing countries like Pakistan have previously suffered from barriers to acceptance of vaccination by the public because of financial and belief barriers. This study aims to explore these beliefs and highlight concerns regarding vaccine hesitancy in the general population of Pakistan since they are a hindrance to an effective coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) immunization in the country. A cross-sectional study was performed involving 1,778 participants from all four provinces of Pakistan. Results from the study showed more than half of the participants to be unsure of the safety (50%) and efficacy (51%) of the vaccine, whereas 42% were concerned about the side effects of the vaccine. About 72% of the respondents planned to get vaccinated, whereas 28% refused to do so. Internationally made imported vaccines were more trusted by the participants. Forty-four percent of the participants agreed to receive the vaccine upon recommendation from a physician. Lastly, participants who believed in the efficacy of the polio vaccination also considered the COVID-19 vaccine to be safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Yasmin
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Waleed Asghar
- 2City Gynae Hospital Toba Tek Singh, Medicine, Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Salma Babar
- 3Dubai Medical College for Girls, Faculty of Medicine, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hiba Khan
- 3Dubai Medical College for Girls, Faculty of Medicine, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shoaib Ahmad
- 4General Medicine and Surgery, Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaid Hameed
- 5Department of Internal Medicine, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Hamza Nauman
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Zara Arshad
- 8Department of Internal Medicine, Capital Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Sarush Ahmed Siddiqui
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Osama
- 10Department of General Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Ahmed MH, Hassan A, Molnár J. The Role of Micronutrients to Support Immunity for COVID-19 Prevention. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA : ORGAO OFICIAL DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA 2021; 31:361-374. [PMID: 34493880 PMCID: PMC8412872 DOI: 10.1007/s43450-021-00179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus, named as SARS-CoV-2, as a global pandemic in early 2020 after the disease spread to more than 180 countries leading to tens of thousands of cases and many deaths within a couple of months. Consequently, this paper aims to summarize the evidence for the relationships between nutrition and the boosting of the immune system in the fight against the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. This review, in particular, assesses the impact of vitamin and mineral supplements on the body's defence mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2. The results revealed that there is a strong relationship between the ingestion of biological ingredients like vitamins C-E, and minerals such as zinc, and a reduction in the effects of coronavirus infection. These can be received from either nutrition rich food sources or from vitamin supplements. Furthermore, these macromolecules might have roles to play in boosting the immune response, in the healing process and the recovery time. Hence, we recommend that eating healthy foods rich in vitamins C-E with zinc and flavonoids could boost the immune system and consequently protect the body from serious infections. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhtar H. Ahmed
- Sisaf Nanotechnology Drug Delivery, Ulster University, Belfast, BT37 0QB UK
| | - Arez Hassan
- School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Judit Molnár
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Széchenyi István University, 9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
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44
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COVID-19: potential therapeutics for pediatric patients. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1520-1538. [PMID: 34458951 PMCID: PMC8403523 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The global spread of COVID-19 has imparted significant economic, medical, and social burdens. Like adults, children are affected by this pandemic. However, milder clinical symptoms are often experienced by them. Only a minimal proportion of the affected patients may develop severe and complicated COVID-19. Supportive treatment is recommended in all patients. Antiviral and immunomodulatory medications are spared for hospitalized children with respiratory distress or severe to critical disease. Up till now, remdesivir is the only USFDA-approved anti-COVID-19 medication indicated in the majority of symptomatic patients with moderate to severe disease. Dexamethasone is solely recommended in patients with respiratory distress maintained on oxygen or ventilatory support. The use of these medications in pediatric patients is founded on evidence deriving from adult studies. No randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving pediatric COVID-19 patients have assessed these medications' efficacy and safety, among others. Similarly, three novel monoclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies, bamlanivimab, casirivimab and imdevimab, have been recently authorized by the USFDA. Nonetheless, their efficacy has not been demonstrated by multiple RCTs. In this review, we aim to dissect the various potential therapeutics used in children with COVID-19. We aspire to provide a comprehensive review of the available evidence and display the mechanisms of action and the pharmacokinetic properties of the studied therapeutics. Our review offers an efficient and practical guide for treating children with COVID-19.
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45
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Buehrle DJ, Sutton RR, McCann EL, Lucas AE. A Review of Treatment and Prevention of Coronavirus Disease 2019 among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Viruses 2021; 13:1706. [PMID: 34578287 PMCID: PMC8471770 DOI: 10.3390/v13091706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic management of solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may challenge healthcare providers given a paucity of clinical data specific to this cohort. Herein, we summarize and review the studies that have formed the framework for current COVID-19 consensus management guidelines. Our review focuses on COVID-19 treatment options including monoclonal antibody products, antiviral agents such as remdesivir, and immunomodulatory agents such as corticosteroids, interleukin inhibitors, and kinase inhibitors. We highlight the presence or absence of clinical data of these therapeutics related to the SOT recipient with COVID-19. We also describe data surrounding COVID-19 vaccination of the SOT recipient. Understanding the extent and limitations of observational and clinical trial data for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 specific to the SOT population is crucial for optimal management. Although minimal data exist on clinical outcomes among SOT recipients treated with varying COVID-19 therapeutics, reviewing these agents and the studies that have led to their inclusion or exclusion in clinical management of COVID-19 highlights the need for further studies of these therapeutics in SOT patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna J. Buehrle
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA;
| | - Robert R. Sutton
- Department of Pharmacy, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA; (R.R.S.); (E.L.M.)
| | - Erin L. McCann
- Department of Pharmacy, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA; (R.R.S.); (E.L.M.)
| | - Aaron E. Lucas
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA;
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Saini M, Rana M, Bhatti K, Das R, Mehta DK, Chidurala RM. Clinical Efficacy of Remdesivir and Favipiravir in the Treatment of Covid-19 Patients: Scenario So Far. Curr Drug Res Rev 2021; 14:11-19. [PMID: 34365935 DOI: 10.2174/2589977513666210806122901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The novel SARS-CoV-2 is a new disease that has caused severe destruction to human lives across the globe, including infection, mortality and financial crises, for which, scientific researchers have been directed towards the development of treatment and controlling measures against coronavirus. Currently, there has been no approved drug for the treatment of the disease, but several antiviral drugs have shown therapeutic effects from which, remdesivir and favipiravir are two such drugs. These drugs have shown some therapeutic potential in the treatment of COVID-19 by inhibiting viral enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the effectiveness of these two drugs based on the clinical trials reported in current published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Saini
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana, Ambala, HR. India
| | - Minakshi Rana
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana, Ambala, HR. India
| | - Karun Bhatti
- Department of Medicine, M.M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana, Ambala, HR. India
| | - Rina Das
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana, Ambala, HR. India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Mehta
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana, Ambala, HR. India
| | - Ram Mohan Chidurala
- Hospitalist, Department of Medicine, Medstar southern Maryland hospital,7503, Surratts Rd, Clinton, Maryland 20735. United States
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Kalantari S, Fard SR, Maleki D, Taher MT, Yassin Z, Alimohamadi Y, Minaeian S. Comparing the effectiveness of Atazanavir/Ritonavir/Dolutegravir/Hydroxychloroquine and Lopinavir/Ritonavir/Hydroxychloroquine treatment regimens in COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6557-6565. [PMID: 34255369 PMCID: PMC8426706 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Atazanavir/Ritonavir/Dolutegravir/Hydroxychloroquine and Lopinavir/Ritonavir/Hydroxychloroquine treatment regimens in COVID‐19 patients based on clinical and laboratory parameters. We prospectively evaluated the clinical and laboratory outcomes of 62 moderate to severe COVID‐19 patients during a 10‐day treatment plan. Patients were randomly assigned to either KH (receiving Lopinavir/Ritonavir [Kaletra] plus Hydroxychloroquine) or ADH (receiving Atazanavir/Ritonavir, Dolutegravir, and Hydroxychloroquine) groups. During this period, clinical and laboratory parameters and outcomes such as intensive care unit (ICU) admission or mortality rate were recorded. Compared to the KH group, after the treatment period, patients in the ADH group had higher activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) (12, [95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.97, 17.06), p = <0.01), international normalized ratio (INR) (0.17, [95% CI: 0.07, 0.27), p = <0.01) and lower C‐reactive protein (CRP) (−14.29, (95% CI: −26.87, −1.71), p = 0.03) and potassium (−0.53, (95% CI: −1.03, −0.03), p = 0.04) values. Moreover, a higher number of patients in the KH group needed invasive ventilation (6 (20%) vs. 1 (3.1%), p = 0.05) and antibiotic administration (27 (90%) vs. 21(65.6), p = 0.02) during hospitalization while patients in the ADH group needed more corticosteroid administration (9 (28.1%) vs. 2 (6.7%), p = 0.03). There was no difference in mortality rate, ICU admission rate, and hospitalization period between the study groups. Our results suggest that the Atazanavir/Dolutegravir treatment regimen may result in a less severe disease course compared to the Lopinavir/Ritonavir treatment regimen and can be considered as an alternative treatment option beside standard care. However, to confirm our results, larger‐scale studies are recommended. Despite the use of many drugs and efforts in controlling the COVID‐19 pandemic, no definitive cure has been found yet. We compared the effectiveness of Atazanavir/Ritonavir/Dolutegravir/Hydroxychloroquine and Lopinavir/Ritonavir/Hydroxychloroquine treatment regimens in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. Clinical and laboratory results show that Atazanavir/Dolutegravir regimen is more effective in ameliorating the severity of COVID‐19 and may be a useful addition to treatment options for COVID‐19 alongside standard care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Kalantari
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheil R Fard
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Donya Maleki
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid T Taher
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Yassin
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Alimohamadi
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Minaeian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
As cases of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) keep rising, reported deaths are increasing. Public health measures have been implemented with mixed efficacy. As vaccines are becoming more widely available and accessible globally, treating critically ill COVID-19 patients remains an issue with only dexamethasone found to be therapeutically effective to date. However, trials studying the efficacy of IL-6 inhibitors, namely tocilizumab have been underway with promising results. This paper is a narrative review that aims to review the current evidence provided by randomized clinical trials (RCT) for the use of tocilizumab in COVID-19. Electronic database searches were carried out in Medline, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and ongoing clinical trial registries with the period set from January 1, 2020 to February 20, 2021. Prepublication manuscripts were found using the pre-print repository medRxiv. Keywords included "COVID-19,""coronavirus,""SARS-CoV-2,""sepsis,""pneumonia,""cytokine storm,""cytokine release syndrome,""IL-6 inhibitors," and "tocilizumab," as exact phrases, and a combination of subject headings according to databases syntax. Only trials with a clear and well-defined methodology, at least 100 patients recruited, and which have had results published either after peer review or in pre-print were included. In hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19, who are hypoxic and have a CRP ≥ 75 mg/L, the current evidence favors the use of a combination of tocilizumab and corticosteroids to reduce mortality, among other clinical benefits. There is also overwhelming evidence of the good safety profile of tocilizumab with only few cases of neutropenia reported with a decrease in infection rates. Tocilizumab is currently thought to work through the inhibition of IL-6 receptors (IL-6R), preventing downstream activation of pro-inflammatory reactions and cytokine release syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Alam
- Global Health Institute, American University of Beirut, Hamra, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdul Rahman Bizri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Hamra, Beirut, Lebanon
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Heldman MR, Kates OS. COVID-19 in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: a Review of the Current Literature. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 13:67-82. [PMID: 34220357 PMCID: PMC8238515 DOI: 10.1007/s40506-021-00249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review The approach to ongoing organ transplantation and management of COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR) has evolved tremendously since the pandemic's beginning. We summarize the current literature surrounding the virology of SARS-CoV-2, epidemiology of COVID-19 in transplant recipients, review the clinical features and complications of COVID-19 in SOTR, and discuss the safety and efficacy of current therapies and candidate vaccines in this population. Recent findings Despite initial suspensions in organ transplantation during early 2020, routine donor testing and de-crowding of hospitals have allowed transplant activity to resume at pre-pandemic rates. COVID-19-associated mortality in SOTR is similar to that of the general population, and lower than that of patients with end-organ disease awaiting transplant. The optimal approach to immunosuppression in SOTR with COVID-19 is unknown and disease severity may influence management decisions. Many vaccines in development are likely to be safe for immunocompromised hosts, though post-marketing investigations will be required to determine the efficacy in the SOTR. Summary Though there are multiple unique considerations in the care of SOTR with COVID-19, immunosuppression does not appear to have a detrimental impact on overall outcome. Organ transplantation remains a lifesaving intervention and can be safely performed despite a global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine R. Heldman
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Olivia S. Kates
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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Gouda AS, Adbelruhman FG, Elbendary RN, Alharbi FA, Alhamrani SQ, Mégarbane B. A comprehensive insight into the role of zinc deficiency in the renin-angiotensin and kinin-kallikrein system dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3540-3547. [PMID: 33746538 PMCID: PMC7962980 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypozincemia is prevalent in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2)-infected patients and has been considered as a risk factor in severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Whereas zinc might affect SARS-COV-2 replication and cell entry, the link between zinc deficiency and COVID-19 severity could also be attributed to the effects of COVID-19 on the body metabolism and immune response. Zinc deficiency is more prevalent in the elderly and patients with underlying chronic diseases, with established deleterious consequences such as the increased risk of respiratory infection. We reviewed the expected effects of zinc deficiency on COVID-19-related pathophysiological mechanisms focusing on both the renin-angiotensin and kinin-kallikrein systems. Mechanisms and effects were extrapolated from the available scientific literature. Zinc deficiency alters angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) function, leading to the accumulation of angiotensin II, des-Arg9-bradykinin and Lys-des-Arg9-bradykinin, which results in an exaggerated pro-inflammatory response, vasoconstriction and pro-thrombotic effects. Additionally, zinc deficiency blocks the activation of the plasma contact system, a protease cascade initiated by factor VII activation. Suggested mechanisms include the inhibition of Factor XII activation and limitation of high-molecular-weight kininogen, prekallikrein and Factor XII to bind to endothelial cells. The subsequent accumulation of Factor XII and deficiency in bradykinin are responsible for increased production of inflammatory mediators and marked hypercoagulability, as typically observed in COVID-19 patients. To conclude, zinc deficiency may affect both the renin-angiotensin and kinin-kallikrein systems, leading to the exaggerated inflammatory manifestations characteristic of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Gouda
- National Egyptian Center for Toxicological Researches, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Poison Control and Forensic Chemistry Center, Northern Borders, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima G. Adbelruhman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Alzahraa Hospital, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham N. Elbendary
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fadiyah Ahmed Alharbi
- Tabuk Poison Control and Forensic Medicinal Chemistry Center, Ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Qalit Alhamrani
- Tabuk Poison Control and Forensic Medicinal Chemistry Center, Ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, University of Paris, INSERM UMRS-1144, Paris, France
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