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Lujan E, Zhang I, Garon AC, Liu F. The Interactions of the Complement System with Human Cytomegalovirus. Viruses 2024; 16:1171. [PMID: 39066333 PMCID: PMC11281448 DOI: 10.3390/v16071171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an evolutionarily ancient component of innate immunity that serves as an important first line of defense against pathogens, including viruses. In response to infection, the complement system can be activated by three distinct yet converging pathways (classical, lectin, and alternative) capable of engaging multiple antiviral host responses to confront acute, chronic, and recurrent viral infections. Complement can exert profound antiviral effects via multiple mechanisms including the induction of inflammation and chemotaxis to sites of infection, neutralization/opsonization of viruses and virally infected cells, and it can even shape adaptive immune responses. With millions of years of co-evolution and the ability to establish life-long infections, herpesviruses have evolved unique mechanisms to counter complement-mediated antiviral defenses, thus enabling their survival and replication within humans. This review aims to comprehensively summarize how human herpesviruses engage with the complement system and highlight our understanding of the role of complement in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, immunity, and viral replication. Herein we describe the novel and unorthodox roles of complement proteins beyond their roles in innate immunity and discuss gaps in knowledge and future directions of complement and HCMV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Lujan
- Program in Comparative Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Isadora Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrea Canto Garon
- Program in Comparative Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fenyong Liu
- Program in Comparative Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Schwotzer N, El Sissy C, Desguerre I, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Servais L, Fakhouri F. Thrombotic Microangiopathy as an Emerging Complication of Viral Vector-Based Gene Therapy. Kidney Int Rep 2024; 9:1995-2005. [PMID: 39081755 PMCID: PMC11284364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2024.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy has brought tremendous hope for patients with severe life-threatening monogenic diseases. Although studies have shown the efficacy of gene therapy, serious adverse events have also emerged, including thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) following viral vector-based gene therapy. In this review, we briefly summarize the concept of gene therapy, and the immune response triggered by viral vectors. We also discuss the incidence, presentation, and potential underlying mechanisms, including complement activation, of gene therapy-associated TMA. Further studies are needed to better define the pathogenesis of this severe complication of gene therapy, and the optimal measures to prevent it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Schwotzer
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carine El Sissy
- Department of Immunology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Desguerre
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Necker Hospital, APHP Centre, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Frémeaux-Bacchi
- Department of Immunology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Servais
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Neuromuscular Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Liege and University Hospital of Liege, Belgium
| | - Fadi Fakhouri
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Rabeeah I, Billington E, Nal B, Sadeyen JR, Pathan AA, Iqbal M, Temperton NJ, Zipfel PF, Skerka C, Kishore U, Shelton H. Mapping the interaction sites of human and avian influenza A viruses and complement factor H. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352022. [PMID: 38698856 PMCID: PMC11064062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an innate immune mechanism against microbial infections. It involves a cascade of effector molecules that is activated via classical, lectin and alternative pathways. Consequently, many pathogens bind to or incorporate in their structures host negative regulators of the complement pathways as an evasion mechanism. Factor H (FH) is a negative regulator of the complement alternative pathway that protects "self" cells of the host from non-specific complement attack. FH has been shown to bind viruses including human influenza A viruses (IAVs). In addition to its involvement in the regulation of complement activation, FH has also been shown to perform a range of functions on its own including its direct interaction with pathogens. Here, we show that human FH can bind directly to IAVs of both human and avian origin, and the interaction is mediated via the IAV surface glycoprotein haemagglutinin (HA). HA bound to common pathogen binding footprints on the FH structure, complement control protein modules, CCP 5-7 and CCP 15-20. The FH binding to H1 and H3 showed that the interaction overlapped with the receptor binding site of both HAs, but the footprint was more extensive for the H3 HA than the H1 HA. The HA - FH interaction impeded the initial entry of H1N1 and H3N2 IAV strains but its impact on viral multicycle replication in human lung cells was strain-specific. The H3N2 virus binding to cells was significantly inhibited by preincubation with FH, whereas there was no alteration in replicative rate and progeny virus release for human H1N1, or avian H9N2 and H5N3 IAV strains. We have mapped the interaction between FH and IAV, the in vivo significance of which for the virus or host is yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Rabeeah
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Béatrice Nal
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | - Ansar A. Pathan
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Centre for Biomedical Sciences, U.A.E. University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Huang Y, Wang X, Lv Z, Hu X, Xu B, Yang H, Xiao T, Liu Q. Comparative Transcriptomics Analysis Reveals Unique Immune Response to Grass Carp Reovirus Infection in Barbel Chub ( Squaliobarbus curriculus). BIOLOGY 2024; 13:214. [PMID: 38666826 PMCID: PMC11047996 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and barbel chub (Squaliobarbus curriculus)-both Leuciscinae subfamily species-demonstrate differences in grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection resistance. We infected barbel chubs with type II GCRV and subjected their liver, spleen, head kidney, and trunk kidney samples to investigate anti-GCRV immune mechanisms via RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We identified 139, 970, 867, and 2374 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the liver, spleen, head kidney, and trunk kidney, respectively. Across all four tissues, gene ontology analysis revealed significant immune response-related DEG enrichment, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and cytokine-related pathway enrichment. We noted autophagy pathway enrichment in the spleen, head kidney, and trunk kidney; apoptosis pathway enrichment in the spleen and trunk kidney; and complement- and coagulation-cascade pathway enrichment in only the spleen. Comparative transcriptome analysis between GCRV-infected barbel chubs and uninfected barbel chubs comprehensively revealed that PRR, cytokine-related, complement- and coagulation-cascade, apoptosis, and autophagy pathways are potential key factors influencing barbel chub resistance to GCRV infection. qRT-PCR validation of 11 immune-related DEGs confirmed our RNA-seq data's accuracy. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and empirical evidence for the understanding of GCRV infection resistance in barbel chub and hybrid grass carp-barbel chub breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Huang
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
| | - Zhao Lv
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xudong Hu
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Baohong Xu
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
| | - Tiaoyi Xiao
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qiaolin Liu
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410128, China
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5
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Potter RA, Peterson EL, Griffin D, Cooper Olson G, Lewis S, Cochran K, Mendell JR, Rodino-Klapac LR. Use of plasmapheresis to lower anti-AAV antibodies in nonhuman primates with pre-existing immunity to AAVrh74. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101195. [PMID: 38327805 PMCID: PMC10847772 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Patients with pre-existing immunity to adeno-associated virus (AAV) are currently unable to receive systemic gene transfer therapies. In this nonhuman primate study, we investigated the impact of immunosuppression strategies on gene transfer therapy safety and efficacy and analyzed plasmapheresis as a potential pretreatment for circumvention of pre-existing immunity or redosing. In part 1, animals received delandistrogene moxeparvovec (SRP-9001), an AAVrh74-based gene transfer therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cohort 1 (control, n = 2) received no immunosuppression; cohorts 2-4 (n = 3 per cohort) received prednisone at different time points; and cohort 5 (n = 3) received rituximab, sirolimus, and prednisone before and after dosing. In part 2, cohorts 2-4 underwent plasmapheresis before redosing; cohort 5 was redosed without plasmapheresis. We analyzed safety, immune response (humoral and cell-mediated responses and complement activation), and vector genome distribution. After 2 or 3 plasmapheresis exchanges, circulating anti-AAVrh74 antibodies were reduced, and animals were redosed. Plasmapheresis was well tolerated, with no abnormal clinical or immunological observations. Cohort 5 (redosed with high anti-AAVrh74 antibody titers) had hypersensitivity reactions, which were controlled with treatment. These findings suggest that plasmapheresis is a safe and effective method to reduce anti-AAV antibody levels in nonhuman primates prior to gene transfer therapy. The results may inform human studies involving redosing or circumvention of pre-existing immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Lewis
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kyle Cochran
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jerry R. Mendell
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Louise R. Rodino-Klapac
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Petrini S, Righi C, Costantino G, Scoccia E, Gobbi P, Pellegrini C, Pela M, Giammarioli M, Viola G, Sabato R, Tinelli E, Feliziani F. Assessment of BoAHV-1 Seronegative Latent Carrier by the Administration of Two Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Live Marker Vaccines in Calves. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:161. [PMID: 38400144 PMCID: PMC10891659 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Seronegative latent carriers (SNLCs) are animals that carry the virus without detectable antibodies and pose a risk for disease transmission and diagnostic challenges, suggesting the importance of consideration of marker vaccines in managing them. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated two modified live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) marker vaccines (single and double deletions) for their ability to generate SNLC calves. These vaccines were administered to four groups (n = 3 in each group) of three-month-old calves in the presence or absence of passive immunity. Three hundred days after the first vaccination and after confirming the IBR seronegativity of all animals, dexamethasone was administered intravenously for five consecutive days. Only animals immunized with the modified live IBR marker vaccine (single deletion) in the absence of passive immunity exhibited a more enduring immune response than those vaccinated in the presence of passive immunity. Moreover, the administration of a modified live IBR marker vaccine (double deletion) to calves with passive immunity generated SNLC. These findings underscore the potential of live IBR marker vaccine (double-deletions) to aid serological diagnostic tools and develop vaccination protocols in achieving the desired immune response, particularly in the context of latent carrier status, offering valuable insights into optimizing vaccination strategies for effective IBR control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Petrini
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Cecilia Righi
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Giulia Costantino
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Eleonora Scoccia
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Paola Gobbi
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Claudia Pellegrini
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Michela Pela
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Monica Giammarioli
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Giulio Viola
- Viola Giulio dairy cattle farm, 62026 Macerata, Italy;
| | - Roberto Sabato
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Elena Tinelli
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
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7
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Menon SS, Ramirez-Toloza G, Wycoff KL, Ehinger S, Shaughnessy J, Ram S, Ferreira VP. Mechanisms by which Factor H protects Trypanosoma cruzi from the alternative pathway of complement. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1152000. [PMID: 38361922 PMCID: PMC10867245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1152000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, a chronic disabling disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, has no standardized treatment or preventative vaccine. The infective trypomastigote form of T. cruzi is highly resistant to killing by the complement immune system. Factor H (FH), a negative regulator of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement on cell surfaces and in blood, contains 20 short consensus repeat domains. The four N-terminal domains of FH inactivate the AP, while the other domains interact with C3b/d and glycan markers on cell surfaces. Various pathogens bind FH to inactivate the AP. T. cruzi uses its trans-sialidase enzyme to transfer host sialic acids to its own surface, which could be one of the approaches it uses to bind FH. Previous studies have shown that FH binds to complement-opsonized T. cruzi and parasite desialylation increases complement-mediated lysis of trypomastigotes. However, the molecular basis of FH binding to T. cruzi remain unknown. Only trypomastigotes, but not epimastigotes (non-infective, complement susceptible) bound FH directly, independent of C3 deposition, in a dose-dependent manner. Domain mapping experiments using 3-5 FH domain fragments showed that domains 5-8 competitively inhibited FH binding to the trypomastigotes by ~35% but did not decrease survival in complement. FH-Fc or mutant FH-Fc fusion proteins (3-11 contiguous FH domains fused to the IgG Fc) also did not kill trypomastigotes. FH-related protein-5, whose domains bear significant sequence identity to all known polyanion-binding FH domains (6-7, 10-14, 19-20), fully inhibited FH binding to trypomastigotes and reduced trypomastigote survival to < 24% in the presence of serum. In conclusion, we have elucidated the role of FH in complement resistance of trypomastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrithi S. Menon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Galia Ramirez-Toloza
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Animal Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Sean Ehinger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Jutamas Shaughnessy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Sanjay Ram
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Viviana P. Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
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8
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Mastellos DC, Hajishengallis G, Lambris JD. A guide to complement biology, pathology and therapeutic opportunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:118-141. [PMID: 37670180 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Complement has long been considered a key innate immune effector system that mediates host defence and tissue homeostasis. Yet, growing evidence has illuminated a broader involvement of complement in fundamental biological processes extending far beyond its traditional realm in innate immunity. Complement engages in intricate crosstalk with multiple pattern-recognition and signalling pathways both in the extracellular and intracellular space. Besides modulating host-pathogen interactions, this crosstalk guides early developmental processes and distinct cell trajectories, shaping tissue immunometabolic and regenerative programmes in different physiological systems. This Review provides a guide to the system-wide functions of complement. It highlights illustrative paradigm shifts that have reshaped our understanding of complement pathobiology, drawing examples from evolution, development of the central nervous system, tissue regeneration and cancer immunity. Despite its tight spatiotemporal regulation, complement activation can be derailed, fuelling inflammatory tissue pathology. The pervasive contribution of complement to disease pathophysiology has inspired a resurgence of complement therapeutics with major clinical developments, some of which have challenged long-held dogmas. We thus highlight major therapeutic concepts and milestones in clinical complement intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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9
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Mellors J, Carroll M. Direct enhancement of viral neutralising antibody potency by the complement system: a largely forgotten phenomenon. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:22. [PMID: 38200235 PMCID: PMC10781860 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Neutralisation assays are commonly used to assess vaccine-induced and naturally acquired immune responses; identify correlates of protection; and inform important decisions on the screening, development, and use of therapeutic antibodies. Neutralisation assays are useful tools that provide the gold standard for measuring the potency of neutralising antibodies, but they are not without limitations. Common methods such as the heat-inactivation of plasma samples prior to neutralisation assays, or the use of anticoagulants such as EDTA for blood collection, can inactivate the complement system. Even in non-heat-inactivated samples, the levels of complement activity can vary between samples. This can significantly impact the conclusions regarding neutralising antibody potency. Restoration of the complement system in these samples can be achieved using an exogenous source of plasma with preserved complement activity or with purified complement proteins. This can significantly enhance the neutralisation titres for some antibodies depending on characteristics such as antibody isotype and the epitope they bind, enable neutralisation with otherwise non-neutralising antibodies, and demonstrate a better relationship between in vitro and in vivo findings. In this review, we discuss the evidence for complement-mediated enhancement of antibody neutralisation against a range of viruses, explore the potential mechanisms which underpin this enhancement, highlight current gaps in the literature, and provide a brief summary of considerations for adopting this approach in future research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Mellors
- Centre for Human Genetics and the Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Miles Carroll
- Centre for Human Genetics and the Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Heggi MT, Nour El-Din HT, Morsy DI, Abdelaziz NI, Attia AS. Microbial evasion of the complement system: a continuous and evolving story. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1281096. [PMID: 38239357 PMCID: PMC10794618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a fundamental part of the innate immune system that plays a key role in the battle of the human body against invading pathogens. Through its three pathways, represented by the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways, the complement system forms a tightly regulated network of soluble proteins, membrane-expressed receptors, and regulators with versatile protective and killing mechanisms. However, ingenious pathogens have developed strategies over the years to protect themselves from this complex part of the immune system. This review briefly discusses the sequence of the complement activation pathways. Then, we present a comprehensive updated overview of how the major four pathogenic groups, namely, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, control, modulate, and block the complement attacks at different steps of the complement cascade. We shed more light on the ability of those pathogens to deploy more than one mechanism to tackle the complement system in their path to establish infection within the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam T. Heggi
- Clinical Pharmacy Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanzada T. Nour El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ahmed S. Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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11
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Ravlić S, Kurtović T, Cvetko Krajinović L, Hećimović A, Miloš M, Mateljak Lukačević S, Markotić A, Halassy B. What can neutralizing antibodies tell us about the quality of immunity in COVID-19 convalescents and vaccinees? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2270310. [PMID: 37905722 PMCID: PMC10760325 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2270310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the lack of standardized measurements of the immune response after vaccination or recovery from COVID-19 resulted in incomparable results and hindered correlation establishment. Prioritizing reliable and standardized methods to monitor pathogen-specific immunity is crucial, not only during the COVID-19 pandemic but also for future outbreaks. During our study of the humoral immune response, we used a SARS-CoV-2 wild-type neutralization assay, ensuring the measurement of the immune response directed to all SARS-CoV-2 antigens in their proper conformation. A head-to-head comparison of the neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses elicited by four vaccines used in Europe during 2021 (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx nCoV-19, and Ad26.COV2.S) and their comparison to NAb responses in convalescents showed that while the amount was comparable, NAbs induced by natural infection were of higher quality. Namely, NAbs produced by disease were better activators of the complement system than NAbs induced by vaccination. Furthermore, the contribution of spike protein-specific IgGs to the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization was lower in convalescents compared to vaccinees, indicating that those who recovered from COVID-19 were armed with antibodies of additional specificities and/or classes that contributed to virus neutralization. These findings suggest that a higher stringency of public policy measures targeting individuals who have recovered from COVID-19, in comparison to those who have been vaccinated, may not have been fully justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Ravlić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tihana Kurtović
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lidija Cvetko Krajinović
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
- Research Department, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Hećimović
- Service for Transfusion Medicine, Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Miloš
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Diagnostic, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Mateljak Lukačević
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alemka Markotić
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
- Research Department, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Beata Halassy
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Werner LM, Criss AK. Diverse Functions of C4b-Binding Protein in Health and Disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1443-1449. [PMID: 37931209 PMCID: PMC10629839 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
C4b-binding protein (C4BP) is a fluid-phase complement inhibitor that prevents uncontrolled activation of the classical and lectin complement pathways. As a complement inhibitor, C4BP also promotes apoptotic cell death and is hijacked by microbes and tumors for complement evasion. Although initially characterized for its role in complement inhibition, there is an emerging recognition that C4BP functions in a complement-independent manner to promote cell survival, protect against autoimmune damage, and modulate the virulence of microbial pathogens. In this Brief Review, we summarize the structure and functions of human C4BP, with a special focus on activities that extend beyond the canonical role of C4BP in complement inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacie M. Werner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alison K. Criss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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13
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Egido JE, Dekker SO, Toner-Bartelds C, Lood C, Rooijakkers SHM, Bardoel BW, Haas PJ. Human Complement Inhibits Myophages against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Viruses 2023; 15:2211. [PMID: 38005888 PMCID: PMC10674969 DOI: 10.3390/v15112211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic bacteriophages (phages) are primarily chosen based on their in vitro bacteriolytic activity. Although anti-phage antibodies are known to inhibit phage infection, the influence of other immune system components is less well known. An important anti-bacterial and anti-viral innate immune system that may interact with phages is the complement system, a cascade of proteases that recognizes and targets invading microorganisms. In this research, we aimed to study the effects of serum components such as complement on the infectivity of different phages targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We used a fluorescence-based assay to monitor the killing of P. aeruginosa by phages of different morphotypes in the presence of human serum. Our results reveal that several myophages are inhibited by serum in a concentration-dependent way, while the activity of four podophages and one siphophage tested in this study is not affected by serum. By using specific nanobodies blocking different components of the complement cascade, we showed that activation of the classical complement pathway is a driver of phage inhibition. To determine the mechanism of inhibition, we produced bioorthogonally labeled fluorescent phages to study their binding by means of microscopy and flow cytometry. We show that phage adsorption is hampered in the presence of active complement. Our results indicate that interactions with complement may affect the in vivo activity of therapeutically administered phages. A better understanding of this phenomenon is essential to optimize the design and application of therapeutic phage cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Egido
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simon O. Dekker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Toner-Bartelds
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cédric Lood
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Centre of Microbial and Plants Genetics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart W. Bardoel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter-Jan Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Silva DG, Quintino-de-Carvalho IL, Oliveira FMS, Cardoso MS, de Brito Toscano EC, Oliveira BDS, Brito LF, Teixeira LCR, Sousa LP, Vieira ÉLM, Teixeira AL, Fujiwara RT, de Miranda AS, Rachid MA. Innate and adaptive immune gene expression in the brain is associated with neuropathological changes after infection with bovine alpha-herpesvirus-5 in mice. Vet Microbiol 2023; 285:109845. [PMID: 37634288 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Bovine alpha herpesvirus-5 (BoAHV-5) is related to the development of meningoencephalitis in cattle. Very little is known about the molecular pathways involved in the central nervous system (CNS) damage associated with inflammation during BoHV-5 infection in mice. To better identify the specific immunological pathways triggered by BoAHV-5 infection in mice, we evaluated the mRNA expression of 84 genes involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. We compared gene expression changes in the cerebrum from noninfected and infected mice with BoHV-5 at a 1 × 107 TCID50. Then, we analyzed the association of these genes with neurological signs, neuropathology, and activation of glial cells in response to BoHV-5 infection. Three days after BoAHV-5 infection, increased expression of TNF, IL-2, CXCL10, CXCR3, CCR4, CCL5, IFN-γ, IL-10, IRF7, STAT1, MX1, GATA 3 C3, LIZ2, caspase-1 and IL-1b was found. We also observed the upregulated expression of the CD8a, TBX21 and CD40LG genes and the downregulated expression of the CD4 gene after BoAHV-5 infection. In addition, BoHV-5-infected animals showed higher levels of all the evaluated inflammatory mediators (TNF, IFN-γ and IL-10) on day 3 postinfection. BoAHV-5-infected animals showed neurological changes along with meningoencephalitis, neuropil vacuolation, hemorrhage and reactive gliosis. Astrogliosis and microgliosis, indicated by increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), were found throughout the neuropil in infected brains. Moreover, cleaved caspase-3 immunopositive glio-inflammatory cells were visualized around some blood vessels in areas of neuroinflammation in the cerebrum. In agreement on that we found higher cleaved caspase-3 and Iba-1 expression evaluated by western blot analysis in the brains of infected mice compared to control mice. In conclusion, our results revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Gonçalves Silva
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Santos Cardoso
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna da Silva Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Larissa Froede Brito
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Lirlândia Pires Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Érica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil.
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15
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Roy-Vallejo E, Fernández De Córdoba-Oñate S, Delgado-Wicke P, Triguero-Martínez A, Montes N, Carracedo-Rodríguez R, Zurita-Cruz N, Marcos-Jiménez A, Lamana A, Galván-Román JM, Villapalos García G, Zubiaur P, Ciudad M, Rabes L, Sanz M, Rodríguez C, Villa A, Rodríguez JÁ, Marcos C, Hernando J, Díaz-Fernández P, Abad F, de los Santos I, Rodríguez Serrano DA, García-Vicuña R, Suárez Fernández C, P. Gomariz R, Muñoz-Calleja C, Fernández-Ruiz E, González-Álvaro I, Cardeñoso L. Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 viremia is associated with genetic variants of genes related to COVID-19 pathogenesis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1215246. [PMID: 37809329 PMCID: PMC10557488 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1215246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2 viral load has been related to COVID-19 severity. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viremia and SNPs in genes previously studied by our group as predictors of COVID-19 severity. Materials and methods Retrospective observational study including 340 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in the University Hospital La Princesa between March 2020 and December 2021, with at least one viremia determination. Positive viremia was considered when viral load was above the quantifiable threshold (20 copies/ml). A total of 38 SNPs were genotyped. To study their association with viremia a multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results The mean age of the studied population was 64.5 years (SD 16.6), 60.9% patients were male and 79.4% white non-Hispanic. Only 126 patients (37.1%) had at least one positive viremia. After adjustment by confounders, the presence of the minor alleles of rs2071746 (HMOX1; T/T genotype OR 9.9 p < 0.0001), rs78958998 (probably associated with SERPING1 expression; A/T genotype OR 2.3, p = 0.04 and T/T genotype OR 12.9, p < 0.0001), and rs713400 (eQTL for TMPRSS2; C/T + T/T genotype OR 1.86, p = 0.10) were associated with higher risk of viremia, whereas the minor alleles of rs11052877 (CD69; A/G genotype OR 0.5, p = 0.04 and G/G genotype OR 0.3, p = 0.01), rs2660 (OAS1; A/G genotype OR 0.6, p = 0.08), rs896 (VIPR1; T/T genotype OR 0.4, p = 0.02) and rs33980500 (TRAF3IP2; C/T + T/T genotype OR 0.3, p = 0.01) were associated with lower risk of viremia. Conclusion Genetic variants in HMOX1 (rs2071746), SERPING1 (rs78958998), TMPRSS2 (rs713400), CD69 (rs11052877), TRAF3IP2 (rs33980500), OAS1 (rs2660) and VIPR1 (rs896) could explain heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 viremia in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Roy-Vallejo
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Triguero-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Rheumathology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Montes
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Rheumathology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nelly Zurita-Cruz
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Marcos-Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Lamana
- Cell Biology Department, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Galván-Román
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Villapalos García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Zubiaur
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marianela Ciudad
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rabes
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sanz
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodríguez
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Villa
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Celeste Marcos
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Hernando
- Anesthesiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Díaz-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Abad
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio de los Santos
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rosario García-Vicuña
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Rheumathology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Suárez Fernández
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa P. Gomariz
- Cell Biology Department, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Rheumathology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Cardeñoso
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Zheng P, Dou Y, Wang Q. Immune response and treatment targets of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: innate and adaptive immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1206720. [PMID: 37424786 PMCID: PMC10324618 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1206720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global public health risk that threatens human life and health, although the number of vaccinated people has increased. The clinical outcome of HBV infection depends on the complex interplay between viral replication and the host immune response. Innate immunity plays an important role in the early stages of the disease but retains no long-term immune memory. However, HBV evades detection by the host innate immune system through stealth. Therefore, adaptive immunity involving T and B cells is crucial for controlling and clearing HBV infections that lead to liver inflammation and damage. The persistence of HBV leads to immune tolerance owing to immune cell dysfunction, T cell exhaustion, and an increase in suppressor cells and cytokines. Although significant progress has been made in HBV treatment in recent years, the balance between immune tolerance, immune activation, inflammation, and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B remains unknown, making a functional cure difficult to achieve. Therefore, this review focuses on the important cells involved in the innate and adaptive immunity of chronic hepatitis B that target the host immune system and identifies treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Graduate School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yongqing Dou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qinying Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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17
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Lam AK, Roshan R, Miley W, Labo N, Zhen J, Kurland AP, Cheng C, Huang H, Teng PL, Harelson C, Gong D, Tam YK, Radu CG, Epeldegui M, Johnson JR, Zhou ZH, Whitby D, Wu TT. Immunization of Mice with Virus-Like Vesicles of Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Reveals a Role for Antibodies Targeting ORF4 in Activating Complement-Mediated Neutralization. J Virol 2023; 97:e0160022. [PMID: 36757205 PMCID: PMC9972917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01600-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) can cause severe consequences, such as cancers and lymphoproliferative diseases. Whole inactivated viruses (WIV) with chemically destroyed genetic materials have been used as antigens in several licensed vaccines. During KSHV productive replication, virus-like vesicles (VLVs) that lack capsids and viral genomes are generated along with virions. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of KSHV VLVs produced from a viral mutant that was defective in capsid formation and DNA packaging. Mice immunized with adjuvanted VLVs generated KSHV-specific T cell and antibody responses. Neutralization of KSHV infection by the VLV immune serum was low but was markedly enhanced in the presence of the complement system. Complement-enhanced neutralization and complement deposition on KSHV-infected cells was dependent on antibodies targeting viral open reading frame 4 (ORF4). However, limited complement-mediated enhancement was detected in the sera of a small cohort of KSHV-infected humans which contained few neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, vaccination that induces antibody effector functions can potentially improve infection-induced humoral immunity. Overall, our study highlights a potential benefit of engaging complement-mediated antibody functions in future KSHV vaccine development. IMPORTANCE KSHV is a virus that can lead to cancer after infection. A vaccine that prevents KSHV infection or transmission would be helpful in preventing the development of these cancers. We investigated KSHV VLV as an immunogen for vaccination. We determined that antibodies targeting the viral protein ORF4 induced by VLV immunization could engage the complement system and neutralize viral infection. However, ORF4-specific antibodies were seldom detected in the sera of KSHV-infected humans. Moreover, these human sera did not potently trigger complement-mediated neutralization, indicating an improvement that immunization can confer. Our study suggests a new antibody-mediated mechanism to control KSHV infection and underscores the benefit of activating the complement system in a future KSHV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex K. Lam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Romin Roshan
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendell Miley
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James Zhen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew P. Kurland
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Celine Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Haigen Huang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pu-Lin Teng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Claire Harelson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Danyang Gong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ying K. Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caius G. Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Z. Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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18
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Menezes dos Reis L, Berçot MR, Castelucci BG, Martins AJE, Castro G, Moraes-Vieira PM. Immunometabolic Signature during Respiratory Viral Infection: A Potential Target for Host-Directed Therapies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020525. [PMID: 36851739 PMCID: PMC9965666 DOI: 10.3390/v15020525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are known to induce a wide variety of respiratory tract illnesses, from simple colds to the latest coronavirus pandemic, causing effects on public health and the economy worldwide. Influenza virus (IV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), metapneumovirus (MPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RhV), and coronavirus (CoV) are some of the most notable RNA viruses. Despite efforts, due to the high mutation rate, there are still no effective and scalable treatments that accompany the rapid emergence of new diseases associated with respiratory RNA viruses. Host-directed therapies have been applied to combat RNA virus infections by interfering with host cell factors that enhance the ability of immune cells to respond against those pathogens. The reprogramming of immune cell metabolism has recently emerged as a central mechanism in orchestrated immunity against respiratory viruses. Therefore, understanding the metabolic signature of immune cells during virus infection may be a promising tool for developing host-directed therapies. In this review, we revisit recent findings on the immunometabolic modulation in response to infection and discuss how these metabolic pathways may be used as targets for new therapies to combat illnesses caused by respiratory RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Menezes dos Reis
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rodrigues Berçot
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Gazieri Castelucci
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Julia Estumano Martins
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Castro
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-872, SP, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-872, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Kumar J, Dhyani S, Kumar P, Sharma NR, Ganguly S. SARS-CoV-2-encoded ORF8 protein possesses complement inhibitory properties. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102930. [PMID: 36682494 PMCID: PMC9851726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the complement system, a major component of innate immunity, has been recognized as one of the core clinical features in severe covid-19 patients. However, how the virus escapes the targeted elimination by the network of activated complement pathways still remains an enigma. Here, we identified SARS-CoV-2-encoded ORF8 protein as one of the major binding partners of human complement C3/C3b components and their metabolites. Our results demonstrated that preincubation of ORF8 with C3/C3b in the fluid phase has two immediate functional consequences in the alternative pathway; this preincubation inhibits factor I-mediated proteolysis and blocks factor B zymogen activation into active Bb. ORF8 binding results in the occlusion of both factor H and factor B from C3b, rendering the complexes resistant to factor I-mediated proteolysis and inhibition of pro-C3-convertase (C3bB) formation, respectively. We also confirmed the complement inhibitory activity of ORF8 in our hemolysis-based assay, where ORF8 prevented human serum-induced lysis of rabbit erythrocytes with an IC50 value of about 2.3 μM. This inhibitory characteristic of ORF8 was also supported by in-silico protein-protein docking analysis, as it appeared to establish primary interactions with the β-chain of C3b, orienting itself near the C3b CUB (C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmp1) domain like a peptidomimetic compound, sterically hindering the binding of essential cofactors required for complement amplification. Thus, ORF8 has characteristics to act as an inhibitor of critical regulatory steps in the alternative pathway, converging to hasten the decay of C3-convertase and thereby, attenuating the complement amplification loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Neurobiology and Drug Discovery (NDD) Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Dhyani
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Neurobiology and Drug Discovery (NDD) Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Prateek Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Nishi Raj Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Neurobiology and Drug Discovery (NDD) Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Surajit Ganguly
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Neurobiology and Drug Discovery (NDD) Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
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20
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Gain C, Song S, Angtuaco T, Satta S, Kelesidis T. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of infections with coronaviruses. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1111930. [PMID: 36713204 PMCID: PMC9880066 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses can cause serious respiratory tract infections and may also impact other end organs such as the central nervous system, the lung and the heart. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a devastating impact on humanity. Understanding the mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of coronavirus infections, will set the foundation for development of new treatments to attenuate the impact of infections with coronaviruses on host cells and tissues. During infection of host cells, coronaviruses trigger an imbalance between increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced antioxidant host responses that leads to increased redox stress. Subsequently, increased redox stress contributes to reduced antiviral host responses and increased virus-induced inflammation and apoptosis that ultimately drive cell and tissue damage and end organ disease. However, there is limited understanding how different coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, manipulate cellular machinery that drives redox responses. This review aims to elucidate the redox mechanisms involved in the replication of coronaviruses and associated inflammation, apoptotic pathways, autoimmunity, vascular dysfunction and tissue damage that collectively contribute to multiorgan damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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21
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Bedoui Y, De Larichaudy D, Daniel M, Ah-Pine F, Selambarom J, Guiraud P, Gasque P. Deciphering the Role of Schwann Cells in Inflammatory Peripheral Neuropathies Post Alphavirus Infection. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010100. [PMID: 36611893 PMCID: PMC9916230 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Old world alphaviruses (e.g., chikungunya) are known to cause severe acute and chronic debilitating arthralgia/arthritis. However, atypical neurological manifestations and, in particular, unexpected cases of acute inflammatory Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) have been associated with the arthritogenic alphaviruses. The pathogenesis of alphavirus-associated GBS remains unclear. We herein addressed for the first time the role of Schwann cells (SC) in peripheral neuropathy post-alphaviral infection using the prototypical ONNV alphavirus model. We demonstrated that human SC expressed the recently identified alphavirus receptor MxRA8 and granting viral entry and robust replication. A canonical innate immune response was engaged by ONNV-infected SC with elevated gene expression for RIG-I, MDA5, IFN-β, and ISG15 and inflammatory chemokine CCL5. Transcription levels of prostaglandin E2-metabolizing enzymes including cPLA2α, COX-2, and mPGES-1 were also upregulated in ONNV-infected SC. Counterintuitively, we found that ONNV failed to affect SC regenerative properties as indicated by elevated expression of the pro-myelinating genes MPZ and MBP1 as well as the major pro-myelin transcription factor Egr2. While ONNV infection led to decreased expression of CD55 and CD59, essential to control complement bystander cytotoxicity, it increased TRAIL expression, a major pro-apoptotic T cell signal. Anti-apoptotic Bcl2 transcription levels were also increased in infected SC. Hence, our study provides new insights regarding the remarkable immunomodulatory role of SC of potential importance in the pathogenesis of GBS following alphavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Bedoui
- Unité de Recherche Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologie (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (D.D.L.); (M.D.); (F.A.-P.); (J.S.); (P.G.); (P.G.)
- Laboratoire D’immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale de la Zone de L’océan Indien (LICE-OI) CHU La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Dauriane De Larichaudy
- Unité de Recherche Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologie (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (D.D.L.); (M.D.); (F.A.-P.); (J.S.); (P.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Matthieu Daniel
- Unité de Recherche Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologie (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (D.D.L.); (M.D.); (F.A.-P.); (J.S.); (P.G.); (P.G.)
- Laboratoire D’immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale de la Zone de L’océan Indien (LICE-OI) CHU La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Franck Ah-Pine
- Unité de Recherche Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologie (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (D.D.L.); (M.D.); (F.A.-P.); (J.S.); (P.G.); (P.G.)
- Laboratoire D’immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale de la Zone de L’océan Indien (LICE-OI) CHU La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
- Service D’anatomopathologie du CHU Sud de La Réunion, 97410 Saint Pierre, France
| | - Jimmy Selambarom
- Unité de Recherche Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologie (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (D.D.L.); (M.D.); (F.A.-P.); (J.S.); (P.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Pascale Guiraud
- Unité de Recherche Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologie (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (D.D.L.); (M.D.); (F.A.-P.); (J.S.); (P.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Philippe Gasque
- Unité de Recherche Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologie (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (D.D.L.); (M.D.); (F.A.-P.); (J.S.); (P.G.); (P.G.)
- Laboratoire D’immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale de la Zone de L’océan Indien (LICE-OI) CHU La Réunion Site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
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22
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Hausburg MA, Williams JS, Banton KL, Mains CW, Roshon M, Bar-Or D. C1 esterase inhibitor-mediated immunosuppression in COVID-19: Friend or foe? CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:83-90. [PMID: 38013973 PMCID: PMC9068237 DOI: 10.1016/j.clicom.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
From asymptomatic to severe, SARS-CoV-2, causative agent of COVID-19, elicits varying disease severities. Moreover, understanding innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 is imperative since variants such as Omicron negatively impact adaptive antibody neutralization. Severe COVID-19 is, in part, associated with aberrant activation of complement and Factor XII (FXIIa), initiator of contact system activation. Paradoxically, a protein that inhibits the three known pathways of complement activation and FXIIa, C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), is increased in COVID-19 patient plasma and is associated with disease severity. Here we review the role of C1-INH in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, we contextualize regulation of C1-INH and SERPING1, the gene encoding C1-INH, by other pathogens and SARS viruses and propose that viral proteins bind to C1-INH to inhibit its function in severe COVID-19. Finally, we review the current clinical trials and published results of exogenous C1-INH treatment in COVID-19 patients.
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Key Words
- C1 esterase inhibitor
- C1 esterase inhibitor, C1-INH
- C1-INH
- COVID-19
- Complement
- FXII
- Inflammation
- Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, MERS-CoV
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mtb
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV
- acquired C1-INH deficiency, AEE
- activated plasma kallikrein, PKa
- antibody-mediated rejection, AMR
- bradykinin, BK
- contact system, CS
- coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19
- exogenous C1-INH, exC1-INH
- hereditary angioedema, HAE
- high-molecular-weight kininogen, HK
- human immunodeficiency virus, HIV
- interferon, IFN
- interleukin, IL
- ischemia/reperfusion injury, IRI
- mannose-binding lectin, MBL
- prekallikrein, PK
- recombinant C1-INH, rhC1-INH
- serine protease inhibitor, serpin
- tuberculosis, TB
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Hausburg
- Department of Trauma Research, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113, USA
- Department of Trauma Research, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA
- Department of Trauma Research, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA
| | - Jason S Williams
- Department of Trauma Research, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113, USA
- Department of Trauma Research, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA
- Department of Trauma Research, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA
| | - Kaysie L Banton
- Department of Trauma Research, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113, USA
| | - Charles W Mains
- Centura Health Trauma Systems, Centura Health, 9100 E Mineral Circle, Centennial, CO 80112, USA
| | - Michael Roshon
- Centura Health Trauma Systems, Centura Health, 9100 E Mineral Circle, Centennial, CO 80112, USA
- Department of Emergency Services, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA
| | - David Bar-Or
- Department of Trauma Research, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113, USA
- Department of Trauma Research, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA
- Department of Trauma Research, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rocky Vista University, 8401 S Chambers Rd, Parker, CO 80134, USA
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23
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Razi A, Azimian A, Arezumand R, Solati A, Ahmadabad HN. Associations between serum levels of C3, C4, and total classical complement activity in COVID-19 patients at the time of admission and clinical outcome. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-abs-1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the association between complement system status at the time of admission and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. This single-center study was carried out with sixty-one adult patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized at Imam Hassan Hospital of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences (Bojnurd, Iran) with less than three days passage since onset of COVID-19 symptoms. Twenty-three healthy volunteers with demographic features similar to the patient group (matched by age and gender) were included in the study as a control group. Patient information including demographic information, demographic data, clinical characteristics, and clinical outcomes were obtained from electronic medical records. Of 61 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, 28 (47.54%) were female, and the average age was 48.78.8 years. The healthy control group included 23 cases (11 (47.8%) female, 12 (52.1%) males, mean age 46.44.4 years). Twenty-one of the 61 patients (34.4%) were admitted to the ICU, and sixteen of them (26.2%) died. Thirty-three (54.10%) patients with COVID-19 were hospitalized for less than 7 days, and 28 (45.90%) of them were hospitalized for 7 days. Our results show that length of hospital stay in the no-ICU group was significantly lower than the ICU admission or death groups (6.490.24 vs. 8.851.59 and 10.531.80, p = 0.0002). The levels of C3, C4, and CH50 were determined through the immunoturbidimetric method and single-radial-haemolysis plates, respectively, on serum samples obtained from patients at the time of admission or those in the control group. Our results indicate that C3, C4 and CH50 levels were markedly lower in COVID-19 patients than in the control group. We also found that complement parameter levels in COVID-19 patients who died or were admitted to ICU were significantly lower than in non-ICU COVID-19 patients. In general, it seems that serum level of C3, C4, and CH50 at admission may predict disease progression or adverse clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients.
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Baidya A, Khatun M, Mondal RK, Ghosh S, Chakraborty BC, Mallik S, Ahammed SKM, Chowdhury A, Banerjee S, Datta S. Hepatitis B virus suppresses complement C9 synthesis by limiting the availability of transcription factor USF-1 and inhibits formation of membrane attack complex: implications in disease pathogenesis. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:97. [PMID: 36376872 PMCID: PMC9664717 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complement system functions primarily as a first-line host defense against invading microbes, including viruses. However, the interaction of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) with the complement-components during chronic HBV infection remains largely unknown. We investigated the mechanism by which HBV inhibits the formation of cytolytic complement membrane-attack complex (MAC) and studied its impact on MAC-mediated microbicidal activity and disease pathogenesis. Methods Blood/liver tissues were collected from chronically HBV-infected patients and controls. HepG2hNTCP cells were infected with HBV particles and Huh7 cells were transfected with full-length linear HBV-monomer or plasmids containing different HBV-ORFs and expression of complement components or other host genes were evaluated. Additionally, ELISA, Real-time PCR, Western blot, bioinformatics analysis, gene overexpression/knock-down, mutagenesis, chromatin immunoprecipitation, epigenetic studies, immunofluorescence, and quantification of serum HBV-DNA, bacterial-DNA and endotoxin were performed. Results Among the MAC components (C5b-C9), significant reduction was noted in the expression of C9, the major constituent of MAC, in HBV-infected HepG2hNTCP cells and in Huh7 cells transfected with full-length HBV as well as HBX. C9 level was also marked low in sera/liver of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and Immune-tolerant (IT) patients than inactive carriers and healthy controls. HBX strongly repressed C9-promoter activity in Huh7 cells but CpG-island was not detected in C9-promoter. We identified USF-1 as the key transcription factor that drives C9 expression and demonstrated that HBX-induced hypermethylation of USF-1-promoter is the leading cause of USF-1 downregulation that in turn diminished C9 transcription. Reduced MAC formation and impaired lysis of HBV-transfected Huh7 and bacterial cells were observed following incubation of these cells with C9-deficient CHB sera but was reversed upon C9 supplementation. Significant inverse correlation was noted between C9 concentration and HBV-DNA, bacterial-DNA and endotoxin content in HBV-infected patients. One-year Tenofovir therapy resulted in improvement in C9 level and decline in viral/bacterial/endotoxin load in CHB patients. Conclusion Collectively, HBX suppressed C9 transcription by restricting the availability of USF-1 through hypermethylation of USF-1-promoter and consequently hinder the formation and lytic functions of MAC. Early therapy is needed for both CHB and IT to normalize the aberrant complement profile and contain viral and bacterial infection and limit disease progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-022-00876-1.
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25
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Arora G, Lynn GE, Tang X, Rosen CE, Hoornstra D, Sajid A, Hovius JW, Palm NW, Ring AM, Fikrig E. CD55 Facilitates Immune Evasion by Borrelia crocidurae, an Agent of Relapsing Fever. mBio 2022; 13:e0116122. [PMID: 36036625 PMCID: PMC9600505 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01161-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapsing fever, caused by diverse Borrelia spirochetes, is prevalent in many parts of the world and causes significant morbidity and mortality. To investigate the pathoetiology of relapsing fever, we performed a high-throughput screen of Borrelia-binding host factors using a library of human extracellular and secretory proteins and identified CD55 as a novel host binding partner of Borrelia crocidurae and Borrelia persica, two agents of relapsing fever in Africa and Eurasia. CD55 is present on the surface of erythrocytes, carries the Cromer blood group antigens, and protects cells from complement-mediated lysis. Using flow cytometry, we confirmed that both human and murine CD55 bound to B. crocidurae and B. persica. Given the expression of CD55 on erythrocytes, we investigated the role of CD55 in pathological B. crocidurae-induced erythrocyte aggregation (rosettes), which enables spirochete immune evasion. We showed that rosette formation was partially dependent on host cell CD55 expression. Pharmacologically, soluble recombinant CD55 inhibited erythrocyte rosette formation. Finally, CD55-deficient mice infected with B. crocidurae had a lower pathogen load and elevated proinflammatory cytokine and complement factor C5a levels. In summary, our results indicate that CD55 is a host factor that is manipulated by the causative agents of relapsing fever for immune evasion. IMPORTANCE Borrelia species are causative agents of Lyme disease and relapsing fever infections in humans. B. crocidurae causes one of the most prevalent relapsing fever infections in parts of West Africa. In the endemic regions, B. crocidurae is present in ~17% of the ticks and ~11% of the rodents that serve as reservoirs. In Senegal, ~7% of patients with acute febrile illness were found to be infected with B. crocidurae. There is little information on host-pathogen interactions and how B. crocidurae manipulates host immunity. In this study, we used a high-throughput screen to identify host proteins that interact with relapsing fever-causing Borrelia species. We identified CD55 as one of the host proteins that bind to B. crocidurae and B. persica, the two causes of relapsing fever in Africa and Eurasia. We show that the interaction of B. crocidurae with CD55, present on the surface of erythrocytes, is key to immune evasion and successful infection in vivo. Our study further shows the role of CD55 in complement regulation, regulation of inflammatory cytokine levels, and innate immunity during relapsing fever infection. Overall, this study sheds light on host-pathogen interactions during relapsing fever infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Arora
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Geoffrey E. Lynn
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiaotian Tang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Connor E. Rosen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dieuwertje Hoornstra
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andaleeb Sajid
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joppe W. Hovius
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Noah W. Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Aaron M. Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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26
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Nonstructural Protein 1 of Variant PEDV Plays a Key Role in Escaping Replication Restriction by Complement C3. J Virol 2022; 96:e0102422. [PMID: 36037478 PMCID: PMC9517699 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01024-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic coronaviruses represent an ongoing threat to public health. The classical porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) first appeared in the early 1970s. Since 2010, outbreaks of highly virulent PEDV variants have caused great economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. However, the strategies by which PEDV variants escape host immune responses are not fully understood. Complement component 3 (C3) is considered a central component of the three complement activation pathways and plays a crucial role in preventing viral infection. In this study, we found that C3 significantly inhibited PEDV replication in vitro, and both variant and classical PEDV strains induced high levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in Huh7 cells. However, the PEDV variant strain reduces C3 transcript and protein levels induced by IL-1β compared with the PEDV classical strain. Examination of key molecules of the C3 transcriptional signaling pathway revealed that variant PEDV reduced C3 by inhibiting CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBP-β) phosphorylation. Mechanistically, PEDV nonstructural protein 1 (NSP1) inhibited C/EBP-β phosphorylation via amino acid residue 50. Finally, we constructed recombinant PEDVs to verify the critical role of amino acid 50 of NSP1 in the regulation of C3 expression. In summary, we identified a novel antiviral role of C3 in inhibiting PEDV replication and the viral immune evasion strategies of PEDV variants. Our study reveals new information on PEDV-host interactions and furthers our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of this virus. IMPORTANCE The complement system acts as a vital link between the innate and the adaptive immunity and has the ability to recognize and neutralize various pathogens. Activation of the complement system acts as a double-edged sword, as appropriate levels of activation protect against pathogenic infections, but excessive responses can provoke a dramatic inflammatory response and cause tissue damage, leading to pathological processes, which often appear in COVID-19 patients. However, how PEDV, as the most severe coronavirus causing diarrhea in piglets, regulates the complement system has not been previously reported. In this study, for the first time, we identified a novel mechanism of a PEDV variant in the suppression of C3 expression, showing that different coronaviruses and even different subtype strains differ in regulation of C3 expression. In addition, this study provides a deeper understanding of the mechanism of the PEDV variant in immune escape and enhanced virulence.
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Lee SY, Yun SH, Lee H, Lee YG, Seo G, Kim NH, Park EC, Lee CS, Kim SI. Serum proteomics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome patients. Clin Proteomics 2022; 19:32. [PMID: 35964007 PMCID: PMC9375430 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-022-09368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dabie bandavirus, also termed as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), was first isolated in China in 2010. At this time, the virus was found to have spread to South Korea, Japan, and other countries. A high case fatality rate is reported for SFTS, ranging from 12-50% within various sources. Several omics for clinical studies among SFTS patients as well as studies of cultured SFTSV have attempted to characterize the relevant molecular biology and epidemiology of the disease. However, a global serum proteomics analysis among SFTS patients has not yet been reported to date. METHODS In the current study, we evaluated comparative serum proteomics among SFTS patients (eight recovered patients and three deceased patients) with the goal of identifying the protein expression patterns associated with the clinical manifestations of SFTS. RESULTS The proteomic results in the current study showed that the coagulation factor proteins, protein S and protein C, were statistically significantly downregulated among the deceased patients. Downregulation of the complement system as well as prolonged neutrophil activation were also observed. Additionally, the downstream proteins of tumour necrosis factor alpha, neutrophil-activating cytokine, and interleukin-1β, an inflammatory cytokine, were overexpressed. CONCLUSIONS Thrombocytopenia and multiple organ failure are the major immediate causes of death among SFTS patients. In this study, serum proteomic changes related to thrombocytopenia, abnormal immune response, and inflammatory activation were documented in SFTS patients. These findings provide useful information for understanding the clinical manifestations of SFTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yeop Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28119, Republic of Korea.,Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Yun
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28119, Republic of Korea.,Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Gyeong Lee
- Division of Healthcare and Artificial Intelligence, National Institute of Health, Osong, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Giwan Seo
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28119, Republic of Korea.,Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Edmond Changkyun Park
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28119, Republic of Korea.,Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.,Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seop Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54986, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Il Kim
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28119, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Humoral and cellular response in convalescent COVID-19 lupus patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13787. [PMID: 35962159 PMCID: PMC9374301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In SLE, underlying immune dysregulation and immunosuppression may increase the susceptibility to COVID-19 and impair the humoral and adaptive response. We aimed to characterize COVID-19 infection, identifying susceptibility and severity risk factors, assessing the presence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and analyzing the cellular response. We established a prospective cohort of lupus patients to estimate the COVID-19 incidence compared to the reference general population. Data were collected via telephone interviews and medical record review. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were measured cross-sectionally as part of routine surveillance. Longitudinal changes in antibody titers and immunological profile from convalescent COVID-19 patients were evaluated at 6, 12 and 24 week after symptom onset. From immunological studies, PBMCs from convalescent patients were extracted and analyzed by flow cytometry and gene expression analysis. We included 725 patients, identifying 29 with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 infection and 16 with COVID-19-like symptoms without PCR-testing. Of the 29 confirmed cases, 7 had severe disease, 8 required hospital admission (27.6%), 4 intensive care, and 1 died. COVID-19 accumulated incidence was higher in lupus patients. Health care workers and anti-SSA/Ro52 antibody positivity were risk factors for COVID-19 susceptibility, and hypocomplementemia for severity. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were detected in 8.33% of patients. Three fourths of confirmed COVID-19 cases developed antibodies. High prednisone doses were associated with lack of antibody response. Antibody titers declined over time (39%). Convalescent patients at week 12 after symptom onset displayed a CD8+T cell reduction and predominant Th17 with a mild Th2 response, more pronounced in severe COVID-19 disease. Longitudinal immune response analysis showed a progressive sustained increase in CD8+ T and B memory cells with a decrease of Th17 signaling. Lupus patients are at higher risk of COVID-19 infection and new susceptibility and severity risk factors were identified. Lupus patients were able to mount humoral and cellular responses despite immunosuppressive therapy.
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Ganchiku Y, Riella LV. Pig-to-human kidney transplantation using brain-dead donors as recipients: One giant leap, or only one small step for transplantkind? Xenotransplantation 2022; 29:e12748. [PMID: 35616243 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pig kidney xenotransplantation is increasingly regarded as a realistic solution to the current shortage of human organ donors for patients with end-stage organ failure. Recently, the news of three pig-to-human transplantation cases has awakened public interest. Notably, the case by the Alabama team reported detailed and important findings for the xenotransplantation field. Using a genetically modified pig, two porcine kidneys were transplanted into a brain-dead recipient. They applied several approaches established in the preclinical NHP study, including gene-edited pig kidney graft and preoperative laboratory inspection such as crossmatching and infection screening. The pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation had no unexpected events during surgery or evidence of hyperacute rejection. Unfortunately, the grafts did not work appropriately, and the study had to be terminated due to the decompensation of the recipient. While this study demonstrated the outstanding achievement in this research area, it also revealed remaining gaps to move xenotransplantation to the clinic. While brain-dead human recipients could reinforce the compatibility achievements of gene-edited pigs in NHP, their pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant environment, in combination with short-duration of experiments will limit the assessment of kidney function, infection and rejection risk post-transplant, in particular antibody-mediated rejection. The use of successful immunosuppressive protocols of non-human primates xenotransplant experiments including anti-CD154 antibody will be critical to maximize the success in the first in-human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Ganchiku
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leonardo V Riella
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Gaikwad H, Li Y, Wang G, Li R, Dai S, Rester C, Kedl R, Saba L, Banda NK, Scheinman RI, Patrick C, Mallela KM, Moein Moghimi S, Simberg D. Antibody-Dependent Complement Responses toward SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain Immobilized on "Pseudovirus-like" Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2022; 16:acsnano.2c02794. [PMID: 35507641 PMCID: PMC9092195 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of innate immune responses to SARS viruses remain unclear. Of particular interest is the role of emerging neutralizing antibodies against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in complement activation and opsonization. To overcome challenges with purified virions, here we introduce "pseudovirus-like" nanoparticles with ∼70 copies of functional recombinant RBD to map complement responses. Nanoparticles fix complement in an RBD-dependent manner in sera of all vaccinated, convalescent, and naı̈ve donors, but vaccinated and convalescent donors with the highest levels of anti-RBD antibodies show significantly higher IgG binding and higher deposition of the third complement protein (C3). The opsonization via anti-RBD antibodies is not an efficient process: on average, each bound antibody promotes binding of less than one C3 molecule. C3 deposition is exclusively through the alternative pathway. C3 molecules bind to protein deposits, but not IgG, on the nanoparticle surface. Lastly, "pseudovirus-like" nanoparticles promote complement-dependent uptake by granulocytes and monocytes in the blood of vaccinated donors with high anti-RBD titers. Using nanoparticles displaying SARS-CoV-2 proteins, we demonstrate subject-dependent differences in complement opsonization and immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanmant Gaikwad
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Yue Li
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Guankui Wang
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ronghui Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Shaodong Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Cody Rester
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ross Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Laura Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Nirmal K. Banda
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Robert I. Scheinman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Casey Patrick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Krishna M.G. Mallela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - S. Moein Moghimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- School of Pharmacy, King George VI Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Krishna NK, Cunnion KM, Parker GA. The EPICC Family of Anti-Inflammatory Peptides: Next Generation Peptides, Additional Mechanisms of Action, and In Vivo and Ex Vivo Efficacy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:752315. [PMID: 35222367 PMCID: PMC8863753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.752315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The EPICC peptides are a family of peptides that have been developed from the sequence of the capsid protein of human astrovirus type 1 and previously shown to inhibit the classical and lectin pathways of complement. The EPICC peptides have been further optimized to increase aqueous solubility and identify additional mechanisms of action. Our laboratory has developed the lead EPICC molecule, PA-dPEG24 (also known as RLS-0071), which is composed of a 15 amino acid peptide with a C-terminal monodisperse 24-mer PEGylated moiety. RLS-0071 has been demonstrated to possess other mechanisms of action in addition to complement blockade that include the inhibition of neutrophil-driven myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, inhibition of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation as well as intrinsic antioxidant activity mediated by vicinal cysteine residues contained within the peptide sequence. RLS-0071 has been tested in various ex vivo and in vivo systems and has shown promise for the treatment of both immune-mediated hematological diseases where alterations in the classical complement pathway plays an important pathogenic role as well as in models of tissue-based diseases such as acute lung injury and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy driven by both complement and neutrophil-mediated pathways (i.e., MPO activity and NET formation). Next generation EPICC peptides containing a sarcosine residue substitution in various positions within the peptide sequence possess aqueous solubility in the absence of PEGylation and demonstrate enhanced complement and neutrophil inhibitory activity compared to RLS-0071. This review details the development of the EPICC peptides, elucidation of their dual-acting complement and neutrophil inhibitory activities and efficacy in ex vivo systems using human clinical specimens and in vivo efficacy in animal disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel K Krishna
- Division of Research, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Kenji M Cunnion
- Division of Research, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Children's Specialty Group, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Grace A Parker
- Division of Research, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, United States
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32
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Saad AA. Targeting cancer-associated glycans as a therapeutic strategy in leukemia. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2049901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Abdullah Saad
- Unit of Pediatric Hematologic Oncology and BMT, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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33
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Lama R, Pereiro P, Figueras A, Novoa B. Zebrafish as a Vertebrate Model for Studying Nodavirus Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863096. [PMID: 35401537 PMCID: PMC8987509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a neurotropic pathogenic virus affecting a multitude of marine and freshwater fish species that has a high economic impact on aquaculture farms worldwide. Therefore, the development of new tools and strategies aimed at reducing the mortality caused by this virus is a pivotal need. Although zebrafish is not considered a natural host for NNV, the numerous experimental advantages of this species make zebrafish an attractive model for studying different aspects of the disease caused by NNV, viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER). In this work, we established the best way and age to infect zebrafish larvae with NNV, obtaining significant mortalities in 3-day-postfertilization larvae when the virus was inoculated directly into the brain or by intramuscular microinjection. As occurs in naturally susceptible fish species, we confirmed that after intramuscular injection the virus was able to migrate to the central nervous system (CNS). As expected, due to the severe damage that this virus causes to the CNS, alterations in the swimming behavior of the zebrafish larvae were also observed. Taking advantage of the existence of transgenic fluorescent zebrafish lines, we were able to track the migration of different innate immune cells, mainly neutrophils, to the site of infection with NNV via the brain. However, we did not observe colocalization between the viral particles and neutrophils. RNA-Seq analysis of NNV-infected and uninfected larvae at 1, 3 and 5 days postinfection (dpi) revealed a powerful modulation of the antiviral immune response, especially at 5 dpi. We found that this response was dominated by, though not restricted to, the type I interferon system, the major defence mechanism in the innate immune response against viral pathogens. Therefore, as zebrafish larvae are able to develop the main characteristic of NNV infection and respond with an efficient immune arsenal, we confirmed the suitability of zebrafish larvae for modelling VER disease and studying different aspects of NNV pathogenesis, immune response and screening of antiviral drugs.
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Prescott L. SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro whole human proteome cleavage prediction and enrichment/depletion analysis. Comput Biol Chem 2022; 98:107671. [PMID: 35429835 PMCID: PMC8958254 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has devastated the globe as a pandemic that has killed millions of people. Widespread vaccination is still uncertain, so many scientific efforts have been directed toward discovering antiviral treatments. Many drugs are being investigated to inhibit the coronavirus main protease, 3CLpro, from cleaving its viral polyprotein, but few publications have addressed this protease’s interactions with the host proteome or their probable contribution to virulence. Too few host protein cleavages have been experimentally verified to fully understand 3CLpro’s global effects on relevant cellular pathways and tissues. Here, I set out to determine this protease’s targets and corresponding potential drug targets. Using a neural network trained on cleavages from 392 coronavirus proteomes with a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.985, I predict that a large proportion of the human proteome is vulnerable to 3CLpro, with 4898 out of approximately 20,000 human proteins containing at least one putative cleavage site. These cleavages are nonrandomly distributed and are enriched in the epithelium along the respiratory tract, brain, testis, plasma, and immune tissues and depleted in olfactory and gustatory receptors despite the prevalence of anosmia and ageusia in COVID-19 patients. Affected cellular pathways include cytoskeleton/motor/cell adhesion proteins, nuclear condensation and other epigenetics, host transcription and RNAi, ribosomal stoichiometry and nascent-chain detection and degradation, ubiquitination, pattern recognition receptors, coagulation, lipoproteins, redox, and apoptosis. This whole proteome cleavage prediction demonstrates the importance of 3CLpro in expected and nontrivial pathways affecting virulence, lead me to propose more than a dozen potential therapeutic targets against coronaviruses, and should therefore be applied to all viral proteases and subsequently experimentally verified.
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Fish Hosts Responses to Nervous Necrosis Virus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020201. [PMID: 35215144 PMCID: PMC8875540 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) has been responsible for mass mortalities in the aquaculture industry worldwide, with great economic and environmental impact. The present review aims to summarize the current knowledge of gene expression responses to nervous necrosis virus infection in different fish species based on transcriptomic analysis data. Four electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS were searched, and more than 500 publications on the subject were identified. Following the application of the appropriate testing, a total of 24 articles proved eligible for this review. NNV infection of different host species, in different developmental stages and tissues, presented in the eligible publications, are described in detail, revealing and highlighting genes and pathways that are most affected by the viral infection. Those transcriptome studies of NNV infected fish are oriented in elucidating the roles of genes/biomarkers for functions of special interest, depending on each study’s specific emphasis. This review presents a first attempt to provide an overview of universal host reaction mechanisms to viral infections, which will provide us with new perspectives to overcome NNV infection to build healthier and sustainable aquaculture systems.
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Leatherdale A, Stukas S, Lei V, West HE, Campbell CJ, Hoiland RL, Cooper J, Wellington CL, Sekhon MS, Pryzdial ELG, Conway EM. Persistently elevated complement alternative pathway biomarkers in COVID-19 correlate with hypoxemia and predict in-hospital mortality. Med Microbiol Immunol 2022; 211:37-48. [PMID: 35034207 PMCID: PMC8761108 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the SARS-CoV-2-triggered hyperacute thrombo-inflammatory response that causes multi-organ damage in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are poorly understood. Several lines of evidence implicate overactivation of complement. To delineate the involvement of complement in COVID-19, we prospectively studied 25 ICU-hospitalized patients for up to 21 days. Complement biomarkers in patient sera and healthy controls were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Correlations with respiratory function and mortality were analyzed. Activation of complement via the classical/lectin pathways was variably increased. Strikingly, all patients had increased activation of the alternative pathway (AP) with elevated levels of activation fragments, Ba and Bb. This was associated with a reduction of the AP negative regulator, factor (F) H. Correspondingly, terminal pathway biomarkers of complement activation, C5a and sC5b-9, were significantly elevated in all COVID-19 patient sera. C5a and AP constituents Ba and Bb, were significantly associated with hypoxemia. Ba and FD at the time of ICU admission were strong independent predictors of mortality in the following 30 days. Levels of all complement activation markers were sustained throughout the patients' ICU stays, contrasting with the varying serum levels of IL-6, C-reactive protein, and ferritin. Severely ill COVID-19 patients have increased and persistent activation of complement, mediated strongly via the AP. Complement activation biomarkers may be valuable measures of severity of lung disease and the risk of mortality. Large-scale studies will reveal the relevance of these findings to thrombo-inflammation in acute and post-acute COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Leatherdale
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victor Lei
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Henry E West
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer Cooper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mypinder S Sekhon
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Edward L G Pryzdial
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Edward M Conway
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Chang JC. Pathogenesis of Two Faces of DVT: New Identity of Venous Thromboembolism as Combined Micro-Macrothrombosis via Unifying Mechanism Based on "Two-Path Unifying Theory" of Hemostasis and "Two-Activation Theory of the Endothelium". Life (Basel) 2022; 12:220. [PMID: 35207507 PMCID: PMC8874373 DOI: 10.3390/life12020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thrombosis includes deep venous thrombosis (DVT), venous thromboembolism (VTE), venous microthrombosis and others. Still, the pathogenesis of each venous thrombosis is not clearly established. Currently, isolated distal DVT and multiple proximal/central DVT are considered to be the same macrothrombotic disease affecting the venous system but with varying degree of clinical expression related to its localization and severity. The genesis of two phenotypes of DVT differing in clinical features and prognostic outcome can be identified by their unique hemostatic mechanisms. Two recently proposed hemostatic theories in vivo have clearly defined the character between "microthrombi" and "macrothrombus" in the vascular system. Phenotypic expression of thrombosis depends upon two major variables: (1) depth of vascular wall damage and (2) extent of the injury affecting the vascular tree system. Vascular wall injury limited to endothelial cells (ECs) in sepsis produces "disseminated" microthrombi, but intravascular injury due to trauma extending from ECs to subendothelial tissue (SET) produces "local" macrothrombus. Pathogen-induced sepsis activates the complement system leading to generalized endotheliopathy, which releases ultra large von Willebrand factor (ULVWF) multimers from ECs and promotes ULVWF path of hemostasis. In the venous system, the activated ULVWF path initiates microthrombogenesis to form platelet-ULVWF complexes, which become "microthrombi strings" that produce venous endotheliopathy-associated vascular microthrombotic disease (vEA-VMTD) and immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)-like syndrome. In the arterial system, endotheliopathy produces arterial EA-VMTD (aEA-VMTD) with "life-threatening" thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)-like syndrome. Typically, vEA-VMTD is "silent" unless complicated by additional local venous vascular injury. A local venous vessel trauma without sepsis produces localized macrothrombosis due to activated ULVWF and tissue factor (TF) paths from damaged ECs and SET, which causes distal DVT with good prognosis. However, if a septic patient with "silent" vEA-VMTD is complicated by additional vascular injury from in-hospital vascular accesses, "venous combined micro-macrothrombosis" may develop as VTE via the unifying mechanism of the "two-path unifying theory" of hemostasis. This paradigm shifting pathogenetic difference between distal DVT and proximal/central DVT calls for a reassessment of current therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae C Chang
- Department of Medicine, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
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38
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Huerta V, Ramos Y. Isolation and Identification of Dengue Virus Interactome with Human Plasma Proteins by Affinity Purification-Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2409:133-153. [PMID: 34709640 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1879-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Viral proteins evolve to benefit the interaction with host proteins during the infection and replication processes. A comprehensive understanding of virus interactome with host proteins may thus lead to the identification of molecular targets for infection inhibition. We present a procedure for isolating and identifying the dengue virus interactome with human plasma proteins. It comprises the fractionation of human plasma by anion exchange chromatography, followed by affinity purification and mass spectrometry identification of the captured proteins. This procedure was applied to the characterization of the interactions of the four serotypes of dengue virus with human plasma proteins, mediated by the domain III of the envelope protein of the virus. The resulting interactome comprises 62 proteins, six of which were validated as new direct interactions of the virus with its human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Huerta
- Division of System Biology, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Yassel Ramos
- Division of System Biology, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
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39
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Varghese PM, Mukherjee S, Al-Mohanna FA, Saleh SM, Almajhdi FN, Beirag N, Alkahtani SH, Rajkumari R, Nal Rogier B, Sim RB, Idicula-Thomas S, Madan T, Murugaiah V, Kishore U. Human Properdin Released By Infiltrating Neutrophils Can Modulate Influenza A Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747654. [PMID: 34956182 PMCID: PMC8695448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is designed to recognise and eliminate invading pathogens via activation of classical, alternative and lectin pathways. Human properdin stabilises the alternative pathway C3 convertase, resulting in an amplification loop that leads to the formation of C5 convertase, thereby acting as a positive regulator of the alternative pathway. It has been noted that human properdin on its own can operate as a pattern recognition receptor and exert immune functions outside its involvement in complement activation. Properdin can bind directly to microbial targets via DNA, sulfatides and glycosaminoglycans, apoptotic cells, nanoparticles, and well-known viral virulence factors. This study was aimed at investigating the complement-independent role of properdin against Influenza A virus infection. As one of the first immune cells to arrive at the site of IAV infection, we show here that IAV challenged neutrophils released properdin in a time-dependent manner. Properdin was found to directly interact with haemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix 1 protein Influenza A virus proteins in ELISA and western blot. Furthermore, modelling studies revealed that properdin could bind HA and NA of the H1N1 subtype with higher affinity compared to that of H3N2 due to the presence of an HA cleavage site in H1N1. In an infection assay using A549 cells, properdin suppressed viral replication in pH1N1 subtype while promoting replication of H3N2 subtype, as revealed by qPCR analysis of M1 transcripts. Properdin treatment triggered an anti-inflammatory response in H1N1-challenged A549 cells and a pro-inflammatory response in H3N2-infected cells, as evident from differential mRNA expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-6, IL-12 and RANTES. Properdin treatment also reduced luciferase reporter activity in MDCK cells transduced with H1N1 pseudotyped lentiviral particles; however, it was increased in the case of pseudotyped H3N2 particles. Collectively, we conclude that infiltrating neutrophils at the site of IAV infection can release properdin, which then acts as an entry inhibitor for pandemic H1N1 subtype while suppressing viral replication and inducing an anti-inflammatory response. H3N2 subtype can escape this immune restriction due to altered haemagglutinin and neuraminindase, leading to enhanced viral entry, replication and pro-inflammatory response. Thus, depending on the subtype, properdin can either limit or aggravate IAV infection in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen M Varghese
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Shuvechha Mukherjee
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Futwan A Al-Mohanna
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Souad M Saleh
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad N Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazar Beirag
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Saad H Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reena Rajkumari
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Beatrice Nal Rogier
- INSERM U1104 Centre d'immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Robert B Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Idicula-Thomas
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Taruna Madan
- Department of Innate Immunity, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Valarmathy Murugaiah
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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40
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Agostinis C, Mangogna A, Balduit A, Aghamajidi A, Ricci G, Kishore U, Bulla R. COVID-19, Pre-Eclampsia, and Complement System. Front Immunol 2021; 12:775168. [PMID: 34868042 PMCID: PMC8635918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.775168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is characterized by virus-induced injury leading to multi-organ failure, together with inflammatory reaction, endothelial cell (EC) injury, and prothrombotic coagulopathy with thrombotic events. Complement system (C) via its cross-talk with the contact and coagulation systems contributes significantly to the severity and pathological consequences due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These immunopathological mechanisms overlap in COVID-19 and pre-eclampsia (PE). Thus, mothers contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy are more vulnerable to developing PE. SARS-CoV-2 infection of ECs, via its receptor ACE2 and co-receptor TMPRSS2, can provoke endothelial dysfunction and disruption of vascular integrity, causing hyperinflammation and hypercoagulability. This is aggravated by bradykinin increase due to inhibition of ACE2 activity by the virus. C is important for the progression of normal pregnancy, and its dysregulation can impact in the form of PE-like syndrome as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, there is also an overlap between treatment regimens of COVID-19 and PE. C inhibitors, especially those targeting C3 or MASP-2, are exciting options for treating COVID-19 and consequent PE. In this review, we examine the role of C, contact and coagulation systems as well as endothelial hyperactivation with respect to SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and likely development of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Agostinis
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mangogna
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Balduit
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Azin Aghamajidi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Giuseppe Ricci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta Bulla
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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41
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Deravi N, Ahsan E, Fathi M, Hosseini P, Yaghoobpoor S, Lotfi R, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D. Complement inhibition: A possible therapeutic approach in the fight against Covid-19. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2316. [PMID: 34873779 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The complement system, as a vital part of innate immunity, has an important role in the clearance of pathogens; however, unregulated activation of this system probably has a key role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury, which is induced by highly pathogenic viruses (i.e. influenza A viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] coronavirus). The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which is the causal agent for the ongoing global pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), has recently been spread to almost all countries around the world. Although most people are immunocompetent to SARS-CoV-2, a small group develops hyper-inflammation that leads to complications like acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multi-organ failure. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the complement system exerts a crucial role in this inflammatory reaction. Additionally, patients with the severe form of Covid-19 show over-activation of the complement in their skin, sera, and lungs. This study aims to summarise current knowledge concerning the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the complement system and to critically appraise complement inhibition as a potential new approach for Covid-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Ahsan
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Hosseini
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Lotfi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Tohid Hospital, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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42
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Gallo CG, Fiorino S, Posabella G, Antonacci D, Tropeano A, Pausini E, Pausini C, Guarniero T, Hong W, Giampieri E, Corazza I, Federico L, de Biase D, Zippi M, Zancanaro M. COVID-19, what could sepsis, severe acute pancreatitis, gender differences, and aging teach us? Cytokine 2021; 148:155628. [PMID: 34411989 PMCID: PMC8343368 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a potentially life-threatening disease, defined as Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). The most common signs and symptoms of this pathological condition include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and sudden onset of anosmia, ageusia, or dysgeusia. The course of COVID-19 is mild or moderate in more than 80% of cases, but it is severe or critical in about 14% and 5% of infected subjects respectively, with a significant risk of mortality. SARS-CoV-2 related infection is characterized by some pathogenetic events, resembling those detectable in other pathological conditions, such as sepsis and severe acute pancreatitis. All these syndromes are characterized by some similar features, including the coexistence of an exuberant inflammatory- as well as an anti-inflammatory-response with immune depression. Based on current knowledge concerning the onset and the development of acute pancreatitis and sepsis, we have considered these syndromes as a very interesting paradigm for improving our understanding of pathogenetic events detectable in patients with COVID-19. The aim of our review is: 1)to examine the pathogenetic mechanisms acting during the emergence of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes in human pathology; 2)to examine inflammatory and anti-inflammatory events in sepsis, acute pancreatitis, and SARS-CoV-2 infection and clinical manifestations detectable in patients suffering from these syndromes also according to the age and gender of these individuals; as well as to analyze the possible common and different features among these pathological conditions; 3)to obtain insights into our knowledge concerning COVID-19 pathogenesis. This approach may improve the management of patients suffering from this disease and it may suggest more effective diagnostic approaches and schedules of therapy, depending on the different phases and/or on the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio G Gallo
- Emilian Physiolaser Therapy Center, Castel S. Pietro Terme, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sirio Fiorino
- Internal Medicine Unit, Budrio Hospital Azienda USL, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Donato Antonacci
- Medical Science Department, "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Wandong Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Enrico Giampieri
- Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivan Corazza
- Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lari Federico
- Internal Medicine Unit, Budrio Hospital Azienda USL, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maddalena Zippi
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Rome, Italy
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43
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Delphin M, Desmares M, Schuehle S, Heikenwalder M, Durantel D, Faure-Dupuy S. How to get away with liver innate immunity? A viruses' tale. Liver Int 2021; 41:2547-2559. [PMID: 34520597 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In their never-ending quest towards persistence within their host, hepatitis viruses have developed numerous ways to counteract the liver innate immunity. This review highlights the different and common mechanisms employed by these viruses to (i) establish in the liver (passive entry or active evasion from immune recognition) and (ii) actively inhibit the innate immune response (ie modulation of pattern recognition receptor expression and/or signalling pathways, modulation of interferon response and modulation of immune cells count or phenotype).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Delphin
- International Center for Infectiology Research (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon (UCBL1), Lyon, France
| | - Manon Desmares
- International Center for Infectiology Research (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon (UCBL1), Lyon, France
| | - Svenja Schuehle
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Durantel
- International Center for Infectiology Research (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon (UCBL1), Lyon, France.,DEVweCAN Laboratory of Excellence, Lyon, France
| | - Suzanne Faure-Dupuy
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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44
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Felsenstein S, Reiff AO. A hitchhiker's guide through the COVID-19 galaxy. Clin Immunol 2021; 232:108849. [PMID: 34563684 PMCID: PMC8461017 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous reviews have summarized the epidemiology, pathophysiology and the various therapeutic aspects of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but a practical guide on "how to treat whom with what and when" based on an understanding of the immunological background of the disease stages remains missing. This review attempts to combine the current knowledge about the immunopathology of COVID-19 with published evidence of available and emerging treatment options. We recognize that the information about COVID-19 and its treatment is rapidly changing, but hope that this guide offers those on the frontline of this pandemic an understanding of the host response in COVID-19 patients and supports their ongoing efforts to select the best treatments tailored to their patient's clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Felsenstein
- University of Liverpool, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GB, United Kingdom.
| | - Andreas Otto Reiff
- Arthritis & Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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45
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Liszewski MK, Atkinson JP. Membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46): deficiency states and pathogen connections. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:126-134. [PMID: 34004375 PMCID: PMC8123722 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46), a ubiquitously expressed complement regulatory protein, serves as a cofactor for serine protease factor I to cleave and inactivate C3b and C4b deposited on host cells. However, CD46 also plays roles in human reproduction, autophagy, modulating T cell activation and effector functions and is a member of the newly identified intracellular complement system (complosome). CD46 also is a receptor for 11 pathogens ('pathogen magnet'). While CD46 deficiencies contribute to inflammatory disorders, its overexpression in cancers and role as a receptor for some adenoviruses has led to its targeting by oncolytic agents and adenoviral-based therapeutic vectors, including coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. This review focuses on recent advances in identifying disease-causing CD46 variants and its pathogen connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kathryn Liszewski
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - John P Atkinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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46
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Mba IE, Sharndama HC, Osondu-chuka GO, Okeke OP. Immunobiology and nanotherapeutics of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a current update. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021; 53:559-580. [PMID: 33905282 PMCID: PMC8095391 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2021.1916071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitutes the most significant global public health challenge in a century. It has reignited research interest in coronavirus. While little information is available, research is currently in progress to comprehensively understand the general biology and immune response mechanism against SARS-CoV-2. The spike proteins (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2 perform a crucial function in viral infection establishment. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 play a pivotal role in viral entry. Upon viral entry, the released pro-inflammatory proteins (cytokines and chemokines) cause the migration of the T cells, monocytes, and macrophages to the infection site. IFNϒ released by T cells initiates a loop of pro-inflammatory feedback. The inflammatory state may further enhance with an increase in immune dysfunction responsible for the infection's progression. A treatment approach that prevents ACE2-mediated viral entry and reduces inflammatory response is a crucial therapeutic intervention strategy, and nanomaterials and their conjugates are promising candidates. Nanoparticles can inhibit viral entry and replication. Nanomaterials have also found application in targeted drug delivery and also in developing a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we briefly summarize the origin, transmission, and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2. We then discussed the immune response mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we further discussed nanotechnology's potentials as an intervention strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection. All these understandings will be crucial in developing therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
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47
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Bhattacharya S, Agarwal S, Shrimali NM, Guchhait P. Interplay between hypoxia and inflammation contributes to the progression and severity of respiratory viral diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:101000. [PMID: 34294412 PMCID: PMC8287505 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
History of pandemics is dominated by viral infections and specifically respiratory viral diseases like influenza and COVID-19. Lower respiratory tract infection is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. Crosstalk between resultant inflammation and hypoxic microenvironment may impair ventilatory response of lungs. This reduces arterial partial pressure of oxygen, termed as hypoxemia, which is observed in a section of patients with respiratory virus infections including SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). In this review, we describe the interplay between inflammation and hypoxic microenvironment in respiratory viral infection and its contribution to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Bhattacharya
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India; School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Orissa, India
| | - Sakshi Agarwal
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Nishith M Shrimali
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Prasenjit Guchhait
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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48
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Wang H, Liu M. Complement C4, Infections, and Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:694928. [PMID: 34335607 PMCID: PMC8317844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement C4, a key molecule in the complement system that is one of chief constituents of innate immunity for immediate recognition and elimination of invading microbes, plays an essential role for the functions of both classical (CP) and lectin (LP) complement pathways. Complement C4 is the most polymorphic protein in complement system. A plethora of research data demonstrated that individuals with C4 deficiency are prone to microbial infections and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we will discuss the diversity of complement C4 proteins and its genetic structures. In addition, the current development of the regulation of complement C4 activation and its activation derivatives will be reviewed. Moreover, the review will provide the updates on the molecule interactions of complement C4 under the circumstances of bacterial and viral infections, as well as autoimmune diseases. Lastly, more evidence will be presented to support the paradigm that links microbial infections and autoimmune disorders under the condition of the deficiency of complement C4. We provide such an updated overview that would shed light on current research of complement C4. The newly identified targets of molecular interaction will not only lead to novel hypotheses on the study of complement C4 but also assist to propose new strategies for targeting microbial infections, as well as autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Wang
- Master Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Graduate Studies, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States.,Department of Basic Science College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States
| | - Mengyao Liu
- Master Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Graduate Studies, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States
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Elevated Expression Levels of Lung Complement Anaphylatoxin, Neutrophil Chemoattractant Chemokine IL-8, and RANTES in MERS-CoV-Infected Patients: Predictive Biomarkers for Disease Severity and Mortality. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1607-1620. [PMID: 34232441 PMCID: PMC8260346 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The complement system, a network of highly-regulated proteins, represents a vital part of the innate immune response. Over-activation of the complement system plays an important role in inflammation, tissue damage, and infectious disease severity. The prevalence of MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia remains significant and cases are still being reported. The role of complement in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) pathogenesis and complement-modulating treatment strategies has received limited attention, and studies involving MERS-CoV-infected patients have not been reported. This study offers the first insight into the pulmonary expression profile including seven complement proteins, complement regulatory factors, IL-8, and RANTES in MERS-CoV infected patients without underlying chronic medical conditions. Our results significantly indicate high expression levels of complement anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a), IL-8, and RANTES in the lungs of MERS-CoV-infected patients. The upregulation of lung complement anaphylatoxins, C5a, and C3a was positively correlated with IL-8, RANTES, and the fatality rate. Our results also showed upregulation of the positive regulatory complement factor P, suggesting positive regulation of the complement during MERS-CoV infection. High levels of lung C5a, C3a, factor P, IL-8, and RANTES may contribute to the immunopathology, disease severity, ARDS development, and a higher fatality rate in MERS-CoV-infected patients. These findings highlight the potential prognostic utility of C5a, C3a, IL-8, and RANTES as biomarkers for MERS-CoV disease severity and mortality. To further explore the prediction of functional partners (proteins) of highly expressed proteins (C5a, C3a, factor P, IL-8, and RANTES), the computational protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and six proteins (hub nodes) were identified.
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Awogbindin IO, Ben-Azu B, Olusola BA, Akinluyi ET, Adeniyi PA, Di Paolo T, Tremblay MÈ. Microglial Implications in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19: Lessons From Viral RNA Neurotropism and Possible Relevance to Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:670298. [PMID: 34211370 PMCID: PMC8240959 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.670298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, humankind has been experiencing a ravaging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, the second coronavirus pandemic in a decade after the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) disease in 2012. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is responsible for over 3.1 million deaths worldwide. With the emergence of a second and a third wave of infection across the globe, and the rising record of multiple reinfections and relapses, SARS-CoV-2 infection shows no sign of abating. In addition, it is now evident that SARS-CoV-2 infection presents with neurological symptoms that include early hyposmia, ischemic stroke, meningitis, delirium and falls, even after viral clearance. This may suggest chronic or permanent changes to the neurons, glial cells, and/or brain vasculature in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19. Within the central nervous system (CNS), microglia act as the central housekeepers against altered homeostatic states, including during viral neurotropic infections. In this review, we highlight microglial responses to viral neuroinfections, especially those with a similar genetic composition and route of entry as SARS-CoV-2. As the primary sensor of viral infection in the CNS, we describe the pathogenic and neuroinvasive mechanisms of RNA viruses and SARS-CoV-2 vis-à-vis the microglial means of viral recognition. Responses of microglia which may culminate in viral clearance or immunopathology are also covered. Lastly, we further discuss the implication of SARS-CoV-2 CNS invasion on microglial plasticity and associated long-term neurodegeneration. As such, this review provides insight into some of the mechanisms by which microglia could contribute to the pathophysiology of post-COVID-19 neurological sequelae and disorders, including Parkinson's disease, which could be pervasive in the coming years given the growing numbers of infected and re-infected individuals globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoluwa O. Awogbindin
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Neuroimmunology Group, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde A. Olusola
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth T. Akinluyi
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Philip A. Adeniyi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Therese Di Paolo
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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