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Bellil Z, Meyer S, Tilloy V, Mairi A, De Champs C, Barraud O, Touati A. Prevalence and Genomic Investigation of Salmonella Isolates Associated with Watermelons and Their Environmental Reservoirs in Bejaia, Algeria. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 38502796 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in Bejaia, Algeria, to determine the presence of Salmonella in fresh watermelon (n = 105), soil (n = 23), and irrigation water samples (n = 17) collected from two different farms. After isolation, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, serotype determination, multilocus sequence typing, antimicrobial resistance genes detection, and whole genome sequencing were performed. Twenty watermelon samples (19%) were contaminated with Salmonella, but none were found in the soil or irrigation water. Among the 20 Salmonella isolates, 2 serovars were identified (Salmonella Liverpool and Salmonella Anatum), belonging to sequence types ST1959 and ST64, respectively. Ten Salmonella isolates showed significant resistance to nalidixic acid, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin but were susceptible to all other antibiotics. The coexistence of point mutations (parC:p.T57S) in Quinolone Resistance-Determining Regions and the qnrB19 gene may contribute to quinolone resistance. The study identified 164 virulence genes in the Salmonella isolates. Our study found Salmonella in fresh watermelon during the preharvest season in Bejaia, Algeria. Our study indicates a relatively high prevalence of Salmonella on watermelon samples before harvest. Although we cannot directly compare our results with previous studies, it is crucial to recognize that the absence of comprehensive comparative data underscores the need for further research and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bellil
- Université de Bejaia, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Sylvain Meyer
- Université de Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, Limoges, France
| | - Valentin Tilloy
- CNR Herpesvirus, UF 9481 Bioinformatique, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Assia Mairi
- Université de Bejaia, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Christophe De Champs
- INSERM UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène Hospitalière-Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France
| | - Olivier Barraud
- Université de Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, Limoges, France
| | - Abdelaziz Touati
- Université de Bejaia, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Bejaia, Algérie
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Msimango T, Duvenage S, Du Plessis EM, Korsten L. Microbiological quality assessment of fresh produce: Potential health risk to children and urgent need for improved food safety in school feeding schemes. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5501-5511. [PMID: 37701226 PMCID: PMC10494634 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
About 388 million school-going children worldwide benefit from school feeding schemes, which make use of fresh produce to prepare meals. Fresh produce including leafy greens and other vegetables were served at 37% and 31% of school feeding programs, respectively, in Africa. This study aimed at assessing the microbiological quality of fresh produce grown onsite or supplied to South African schools that are part of the national school feeding programs that benefit over 9 million school-going children. Coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcus aureus were enumerated from fresh produce (n = 321) samples. The occurrence of E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae was determined. Presumptive pathogens were tested for antimicrobial resistance. E. coli was further tested for diarrheagenic virulence genes. Enterobacteriaceae on 62.5% of fresh produce samples (200/321) exceeded previous microbiological guidelines for ready-to-eat food, while 86% (276/321 samples) and 31.6% (101/321 samples) exceeded coliform and E. coli criteria, respectively. A total of 76 Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from fresh produce including E. coli (n = 43), Enterobacter spp. (n = 15), and Klebsiella spp. (n = 18). Extended-spectrum β-lactamase production was confirmed in 11 E. coli, 13 Enterobacter spp., and 17 Klebsiella spp. isolates. No diarrheagenic virulence genes were detected in E. coli isolates. However, multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 60.5% (26/43) of the E. coli isolates, while all (100%; n = 41) of the confirmed ESBL and AmpC Enterobacteriaceae showed MDR. Our study indicates the reality of the potential health risk that contaminated fresh produce may pose to school-going children, especially with the growing food safety challenges and antimicrobial resistance crisis globally. This also shows that improved food safety approaches to prevent foodborne illness and the spread of foodborne pathogens through the food served by school feeding schemes are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabang Msimango
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation‐National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food SecurityPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Stacey Duvenage
- Natural Resources Institute, Faculty of Engineering and ScienceUniversity of GreenwichLondonUK
| | - Erika M. Du Plessis
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation‐National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food SecurityPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation‐National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food SecurityPretoriaSouth Africa
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Huang E, Yang X, Leighton E, Li X. Carbapenem resistance in the food supply chain. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100108. [PMID: 37244353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbapenems are critically important antibiotic agents because they are considered the "last-resort" antibiotics for treating serious infections. However, resistance to carbapenems is increasing throughout the world and has become an urgent problem. Some carbapenem-resistant bacteria are considered urgent threats by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this review, we searched and summarized studies published mostly in the recent five years related to carbapenem resistance in three main areas in the food supply chain: livestock, aquaculture, and fresh produce. We have found that many studies have shown a direct or indirect correlation between carbapenem resistance in the food supply chain and human infections. Our review also revealed the worrisome incidences of the cooccurrence of resistance to carbapenem and other "last-resort" antibiotics, such as colistin and/or tigecycline, in the food supply chain. Antibiotic resistance is a global public health challenge, and more effort related to carbapenem resistance in the food supply chain for different food commodities is still needed in some countries and regions, including the United States. In addition, antibiotic resistance in the food supply chain is a complicated issue. Based on the knowledge from current studies, only restricting the use of antibiotics in food animal production might not be enough. Additional research is needed to determine factors contributing to the introduction and persistence of carbapenem resistance in the food supply chain. Through this review, we hope to provide a better understanding of the current state of carbapenem resistance, and the niches of knowledge that are needed for developing strategies to mitigate antibiotic resistance, especially carbapenem resistance in the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, 3801 West Temple Ave, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
| | - Elizabeth Leighton
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Xinhui Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA.
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Ekundayo TC, Adewoyin MA, Ijabadeniyi OA, Igbinosa EO, Okoh AI. Machine learning-guided determination of Acinetobacter density in waterbodies receiving municipal and hospital wastewater effluents. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7749. [PMID: 37173379 PMCID: PMC10177717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A smart artificial intelligent system (SAIS) for Acinetobacter density (AD) enumeration in waterbodies represents an invaluable strategy for avoidance of repetitive, laborious, and time-consuming routines associated with its determination. This study aimed to predict AD in waterbodies using machine learning (ML). AD and physicochemical variables (PVs) data from three rivers monitored via standard protocols in a year-long study were fitted to 18 ML algorithms. The models' performance was assayed using regression metrics. The average pH, EC, TDS, salinity, temperature, TSS, TBS, DO, BOD, and AD was 7.76 ± 0.02, 218.66 ± 4.76 µS/cm, 110.53 ± 2.36 mg/L, 0.10 ± 0.00 PSU, 17.29 ± 0.21 °C, 80.17 ± 5.09 mg/L, 87.51 ± 5.41 NTU, 8.82 ± 0.04 mg/L, 4.00 ± 0.10 mg/L, and 3.19 ± 0.03 log CFU/100 mL respectively. While the contributions of PVs differed in values, AD predicted value by XGB [3.1792 (1.1040-4.5828)] and Cubist [3.1736 (1.1012-4.5300)] outshined other algorithms. Also, XGB (MSE = 0.0059, RMSE = 0.0770; R2 = 0.9912; MAD = 0.0440) and Cubist (MSE = 0.0117, RMSE = 0.1081, R2 = 0.9827; MAD = 0.0437) ranked first and second respectively, in predicting AD. Temperature was the most important feature in predicting AD and ranked first by 10/18 ML-algorithms accounting for 43.00-83.30% mean dropout RMSE loss after 1000 permutations. The two models' partial dependence and residual diagnostics sensitivity revealed their efficient AD prognosticating accuracies in waterbodies. In conclusion, a fully developed XGB/Cubist/XGB-Cubist ensemble/web SAIS app for AD monitoring in waterbodies could be deployed to shorten turnaround time in deciding microbiological quality of waterbodies for irrigation and other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope C Ekundayo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, 4001, Durban, South Africa.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.
| | - Mary A Adewoyin
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences, Anchor University, Ayobo Road, Ipaja, P. M. B. 001, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin A Ijabadeniyi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, 4001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Etinosa O Igbinosa
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Private Mail Bag 1154, Benin City, 300283, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Tseng CH, Liu CW, Liu PY. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL) Producing Bacteria in Animals. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040661. [PMID: 37107023 PMCID: PMC10135299 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals have been identified as potential reservoirs and vectors of resistance genes, with studies showing that Gram-negative bacteria can acquire resistance through the horizontal transmission of resistance genes on plasmids. It is important to understand the distribution of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and their drug-resistant genes in animals. Previous review articles mostly focused on a single bacterium or a single animal. Our objective is to compile all ESBL-producing bacteria isolated from various animals in recent years and provide a comprehensive viewpoint. Using a thorough PubMed literature search spanning from 1 January 2020 to 30 June 2022, studies exploring extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in animals were included. ESBL-producing bacteria are present in animals from various countries around the world. The most common sources of these bacteria were farm animals, and the most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The most detected ESBL genes were blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M. The presence of ESBL-producing bacteria in animals highlights the importance of the One Health approach to address the issue of antibiotic resistance. Further research is needed to better understand the epidemiology and mechanisms of the spread of ESBL-producing bacteria in animal populations and their potential impact on human and animal health.
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Characterization of Escherichia coli and Other Enterobacterales Resistant to Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins Isolated from Dairy Manure in Ontario, Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0186922. [PMID: 36695602 PMCID: PMC9972979 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01869-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) resistance genes, such as blaCTX-M, blaCMY, and blaSHV, have been found regularly in bacteria from livestock. However, information on their distribution in dairy cattle in Canada and on the associated genome sequences of ESC-resistant Enterobacterales is sparse. In this study, the diversity and distribution of ESC-resistant Escherichia coli throughout manure treatments in six farms in Southern Ontario were assessed over a one-year period, and their ESC-resistance plasmids were characterized. The manure samples were enriched using selective media. The resulting isolates were screened via polymerase chain reaction for blaCTX-M, blaCMY, and blaSHV. No E. coli carrying blaSHV were detected. Escherichia coli (n = 248) carrying blaCTX-M or blaCMY underwent whole-genome sequencing using an Illumina MiSeq/NextSeq. These isolates were typed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and their resistance gene profiles. A subset of E. coli (n = 28) were sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technologies. Plasmids were assembled using Unicycler and characterized via the resistance genes pattern, replicon type, plasmid MLST, phylogenetic analysis, and Mauve alignments. The recovery of ESC-resistant Enterobacterales (18 species, 8 genera) was drastically reduced in manure outputs. However, multiple treatment stages were needed to attain a significant reduction. 62 sequence types were identified, with ST10, ST46, ST58, ST155, ST190, ST398, ST685, and ST8761 being detected throughout the treatment pipeline. These STs overlapped with those found on multiple farms. The ESC-resistance determinants included CTX-M-1, -14, -15, -17, -24, -32, -55, and CMY-2. The plasmids carrying blaCTX-M were more diverse than were the plasmids carrying blaCMY. Known "epidemic plasmids" were detected for both blaCTX-M and blaCMY. IMPORTANCE The increase in antimicrobial resistance is of concern for human and animal health, especially when resistance is conferred to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, which are used to treat serious infections in both human and veterinary medicine. Bacteria carrying extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance genes, including blaCTX-M and blaCMY, are frequently found in dairy manure. Manure treatment influences the loads and diversity of bacteria, including those carrying antimicrobial resistance genes, such as Enterobacterales and Escherichia coli. Any bacteria that survive the treatment process are subsequently applied to the environment. Enterobacterales carrying blaCTX-M or blaCMY can contaminate soil and crops consumed by humans and animals, thereby increasing the potential for antimicrobial resistance genes to integrate into the human gut microflora through horizontal gene transfer. This furthers the dissemination of resistance. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the effects manure treatments have on ESC-resistance in environmentally applied manure.
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Hickman RA, Agarwal V, Sjöström K, Emanuelson U, Fall N, Sternberg-Lewerin S, Järhult JD. Dissemination of Resistant Escherichia coli Among Wild Birds, Rodents, Flies, and Calves on Dairy Farms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:838339. [PMID: 35432261 PMCID: PMC9010975 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.838339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria in the livestock is a growing problem, partly due to inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial use (AMU) occurs in Swedish dairy farming but is restricted to the treatment of sick animals based on prescription by a veterinary practitioner. Despite these strict rules, calves shedding antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae have been recorded both in dairy farms and in slaughterhouses. Yet, not much is known how these bacteria disseminate into the local environment around dairy farms. In this study, we collected samples from four animal sources (fecal samples from calves, birds and rodents, and whole flies) and two environmental sources (cow manure drains and manure pits). From the samples, Escherichia coli was isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed. A subset of isolates was whole genome sequenced to evaluate relatedness between sources and genomic determinants such as antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and the presence of plasmids were assessed. We detected both ARGs, mobile genetic elements and low rates of AMR. In particular, we observed four potential instances of bacterial clonal sharing in two different animal sources. This demonstrates resistant E. coli dissemination potential within the dairy farm, between calves and scavenger animals (rodents and flies). AMR dissemination and the zoonotic AMR risk is generally low in countries with low and restricted AMU. However, we show that interspecies dissemination does occur, and in countries that have little to no AMU restrictions this risk could be under-estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Hickman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Rachel A. Hickman,
| | - Viktoria Agarwal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Sjöström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Emanuelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nils Fall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanna Sternberg-Lewerin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Rachel A. Hickman,
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Rahman M, Alam MU, Luies SK, Kamal A, Ferdous S, Lin A, Sharior F, Khan R, Rahman Z, Parvez SM, Amin N, Hasan R, Tadesse BT, Taneja N, Islam MA, Ercumen A. Contamination of Fresh Produce with Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Associated Risks to Human Health: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:360. [PMID: 35010620 PMCID: PMC8744955 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fresh produce, when consumed raw, can be a source of exposure to antimicrobial residues, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) of clinical importance. This review aims to determine: (1) the presence and abundance of antimicrobial residues, ARB and ARGs in fresh agricultural products sold in retail markets and consumed raw; (2) associated health risks in humans; and (3) pathways through which fresh produce becomes contaminated with ARB/ARGs. We searched the Ovid Medline, Web of Science and Hinari databases as well as grey literature, and identified 40 articles for inclusion. All studies investigated the occurrence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, and ten studies focused on ARGs in fresh produce, while none investigated antimicrobial residues. The most commonly observed ARB were E. coli (42.5%) followed by Klebsiella spp. (22.5%), and Salmonella spp. (20%), mainly detected on lettuce. Twenty-five articles mentioned health risks from consuming fresh produce but none quantified the risk. About half of the articles stated produce contamination occurred during pre- and post-harvest processes. Our review indicates that good agricultural and manufacturing practices, behavioural change communication and awareness-raising programs are required for all stakeholders along the food production and consumption supply chain to prevent ARB/ARG exposure through produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbubur Rahman
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.-U.A.); (S.K.L.); (A.K.); (S.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.); (Z.R.); (S.M.P.); (N.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Mahbub-Ul Alam
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.-U.A.); (S.K.L.); (A.K.); (S.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.); (Z.R.); (S.M.P.); (N.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Sharmin Khan Luies
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.-U.A.); (S.K.L.); (A.K.); (S.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.); (Z.R.); (S.M.P.); (N.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Abul Kamal
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.-U.A.); (S.K.L.); (A.K.); (S.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.); (Z.R.); (S.M.P.); (N.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Sharika Ferdous
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.-U.A.); (S.K.L.); (A.K.); (S.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.); (Z.R.); (S.M.P.); (N.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Audrie Lin
- Berkeley’s School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Fazle Sharior
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.-U.A.); (S.K.L.); (A.K.); (S.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.); (Z.R.); (S.M.P.); (N.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Rizwana Khan
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.-U.A.); (S.K.L.); (A.K.); (S.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.); (Z.R.); (S.M.P.); (N.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Ziaur Rahman
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.-U.A.); (S.K.L.); (A.K.); (S.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.); (Z.R.); (S.M.P.); (N.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Sarker Masud Parvez
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.-U.A.); (S.K.L.); (A.K.); (S.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.); (Z.R.); (S.M.P.); (N.A.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nuhu Amin
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.-U.A.); (S.K.L.); (A.K.); (S.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.); (Z.R.); (S.M.P.); (N.A.); (R.H.)
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, 235 Jones St., Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Rezaul Hasan
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.-U.A.); (S.K.L.); (A.K.); (S.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.); (Z.R.); (S.M.P.); (N.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
- School of Medicine, Hawassa University, Shashemene, Awassa P.O. Box 5, Ethiopia;
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Neelam Taneja
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India;
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Allen Center, Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, 240 SE Ott Road, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Ayse Ercumen
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2800 Faucette Drive, 3120 Jordan Hall, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
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Mola I, Onibokun A, Oranusi S. Prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria associated with foods and drinks in Nigeria (2015-2020): A systematic review. Ital J Food Saf 2021; 10:9417. [PMID: 35018289 PMCID: PMC8672312 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2021.9417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods are essential vehicles in human exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria which serve as reservoirs for resistance genes and a rising food safety concern. Antimicrobial resistance, including multidrug resistance (MDR), is an increasing problem globally and poses a serious concern to human health. This study was designed to synthesize data regarding the prevalence of MDR bacteria associated with foods and drinks sold within Nigeria in order to contribute to the existing findings in this area. A comprehensive literature search on the prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria associated with foods and drinks in Nigeria from 2015 to 2020 was conducted using three databases; PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. After screening and selection, 26 out of 82 articles were used for the qualitative data synthesis. Of the total of one thousand three hundred and twenty-six MDR bacteria reportedly isolated in all twenty-six articles, the highest prevalence (660) was observed in drinks, including water, while the lowest (20) was observed in the article which combined results for both protein and vegetable-based foods. Escherichia sp. had the most frequency of occurrence, appearing as MDR bacteria in ten out of the twenty-six articles. Salmonella sp. appeared as MDR in seven out of the twenty-six articles included in this study, in all seven articles where it was reported, it had the highest percentage (85.4%) prevalence as MDR bacteria. Public health personnel need to ensure critical control during the production and handling of foods and drinks, as well as create more awareness on proper hygienic practices to combat the spread of MDR bacteria becoming a growing food safety issue (Zurfluh et al., 2019; Mesbah et al., 2017; Campos et al., 2019). Foods can be contaminated by different means, including exposure to irrigation water, manure, feces or soil with pathogenic bacteria. Foods can also become contaminated as they are harvested, handled after harvest or during processing if food safety standards are not correctly applied (Meshbah et al., 2017). Food-borne diseases caused by resistant organisms are one of the most important public health problems as they contribute to the risk of development of antibiotic resistance in the food production chain (Hehempour-Baltork et al., 2019). Apart from pathogenic bacteria causing foodborne diseases, foods that are raw or not processed following standard procedures can introduce several antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) to consumers (Gekemidis et al., 2018). Antibiotic resistance, though harbored in non-pathogenic bacteria, can potentially be spread through horizontal gene transfer to other species including opportunistic pathogens that are present in the environment or after consumption of ARB-contaminated foods. When ARB-contaminated foods are consumed, the spread of antibiotic resistant genes may affect the gut microbiome thereby contributing to the pool of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARG) in the human gut (Gekemidis et al, 2018). MDR bacteria have been defined as bacteria that are resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent present in three or more antimicrobial classes (Sweeny et al., 2018). There has been an increase in drug resistance in pathogens isolated from food for human consumption with species of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica being considered among the most important pathogens due to their ability to effect zoonotic transfer of resistant genes (Canton et al., 2018; Maneilla-Becerra et al., 2019). However, other pathogens, such as Vibrio spp., some species of Aeromonas, spores of Clostridium botulinum type F, and Campylobacter, have been linked to food-borne diseases in humans who have consumed seafood or other animal foods (Maneilla-Becerra et al., 2019). Some other resistant bacteria associated with foods include Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria spp., and Shigella spp. (Maneilla-Becerra et al., 2019) This study was therefore designed to synthesize data (2015-2020) regarding the prevalence of MDR bacteria associated with foods and drinks sold within Nigeria in order to contribute to the existing findings in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyanuoluwa Mola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota. Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Adeola Onibokun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota. Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Oranusi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota. Ogun State, Nigeria
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10
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Culture dependent and independent detection of multiple extended beta-lactamase producing and biofilm forming Salmonella species from leafy vegetables. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Habib I, Mohamed MYI, Khan M. Current State of Salmonella, Campylobacter and Listeria in the Food Chain across the Arab Countries: A Descriptive Review. Foods 2021; 10:2369. [PMID: 34681418 PMCID: PMC8535026 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne infections caused by bacterial pathogens are a common cause of human illness in the Middle East, with a substantial burden of economic loss and public health consequences. This review aims at elucidating recent literature on the prevalence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), Campylobacter and Listeria monocytogens in the food chain in the Arab countries, and to consolidate available evidence on the public health burden and the status of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among the concerned three pathogens. The reviewed evidence points to a scarcity of understanding of the magnitude of NTS in the food chain in the Arab countries. Additionally, not much work has been done at the molecular characterization level to address the source-attribution of NTS in the Arab World. Very few surveys have been done on Campylobacter in the food chain in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. There is a gap in quantitative (counts/numbers) surveillance efforts for Campylobacter in the chicken meat supply across all Arab countries, despite the availability of some qualitative (presence/absence) surveillance data. While there are several reports on L. monocytogenes in animal-sourced foods, notably in North African Arab countries, fewer are published on L. monocytogenes in plant-sourced foods. Information on the L. monocytogenes serotypes and strain diversity circulating in the Arab region is widely lacking. Antibiotic resistance in the three pathogens is not fully understood across the Arab region, despite some reports indicating varying trends at the human-food interface. The literature evidence presented in this review stresses that Salmonella, Campylobacter and L. monocytogenes continue to challenge food safety and public health in the Arab countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Habib
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria P.O. Box 21221, Egypt
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Mohamed-Yousif Ibrahim Mohamed
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mushtaq Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
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12
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Díaz-Gavidia C, Barría C, Rivas L, García P, Alvarez FP, González-Rocha G, Opazo-Capurro A, Araos R, Munita JM, Cortes S, Olivares-Pacheco J, Adell AD, Moreno-Switt AI. Isolation of Ciprofloxacin and Ceftazidime-Resistant Enterobacterales From Vegetables and River Water Is Strongly Associated With the Season and the Sample Type. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:604567. [PMID: 34594307 PMCID: PMC8477802 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.604567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) from water used for crop irrigation to vegetables is poorly studied. During a year, five farmer markets in a city in Central Chile were visited, and 478 vegetable samples (parsleys, corianders, celeries, lettuces, chards, and beets) were collected. Simultaneously, 32 water samples were collected from two rivers which are used to irrigate the vegetables produced in the area. Resistant Enterobacterales were isolated and identified. Colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) were molecularly detected. The association of environmental factors was evaluated, with the outcomes being the presence of Enterobacterales resistant to four antibiotic families and the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Parsley, coriander, and celery showed the highest prevalence of resistant Enterobacterales (41.9% for ciprofloxacin and 18.5% for ceftazidime). A total of 155 isolates were obtained, including Escherichia coli (n=109), Citrobacter sp. (n=20), Enterobacter cloacae complex (n=8), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=8), and Klebsiella aerogenes (n=1). Resistance to ampicillin (63.2%) and ciprofloxacin (74.2%) was most frequently found; 34.5% of the isolates showed resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, and the MDR phenotype represented 51.6% of the isolates. In two E. coli isolates (1.29%), the gene mcr-1 was found and ESBL genes were found in 23/62 isolates (37%), with blaCTX-M being the most frequently found in 20 isolates (32%). Resistant Enterobacterales isolated during the rainy season were less likely to be MDR as compared to the dry season. Understanding environmental associations represent the first step toward an improved understanding of the public health impact of ARB in vegetables and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Díaz-Gavidia
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Barría
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Lina Rivas
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile.,Genomics and Resistant Microbes Group, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia García
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca P Alvarez
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Gerardo González-Rocha
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrés Opazo-Capurro
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rafael Araos
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile.,Genomics and Resistant Microbes Group, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - José M Munita
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile.,Genomics and Resistant Microbes Group, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Cortes
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advance Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Olivares-Pacheco
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile.,Grupo de Resistencia Antimicrobiana en Bacterias Patógenas y Ambientales (GRABPA), Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Aiko D Adell
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea I Moreno-Switt
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Mshana SE, Sindato C, Matee MI, Mboera LEG. Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Agriculture and Food Production Systems in Africa: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:976. [PMID: 34439026 PMCID: PMC8389036 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In Africa, there is dearth of information on antimicrobial use (AMU) in agriculture and food production systems and its consequential resistance in pathogens that affect animal, human and environmental health. Data published between 1980 and 2021 on the magnitude of AMU and AMR in agriculture and food productions systems in Africa were reviewed. Data from 13-27 countries in Africa indicate that 3558-4279 tonnes of antimicrobials were used in animals from 2015 to 2019. Tetracyclines and polypeptides contributed the largest proportion of antimicrobials used. Cattle and poultry production account for the largest consumption of antimicrobials in Africa. Although limited studies have reported AMR in crops, fish and beekeeping, AMR from a variety of farm animals has been substantially documented in Africa. Some countries in Africa have developed policies/plans to address AMU and AMR in agriculture and food production systems; however, their enforcement is challenged by weak regulations. In conclusion, although there is limited information on the quantities of antimicrobials used in agriculture and food production system, the levels of AMR are high. There is a need to strengthen regulatory authorities with a capacity to monitor AMU in agriculture and food production systems in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Mshana
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 65125, Tanzania; (S.E.M.); (C.S.); (M.I.M.)
- Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1424, Mwanza 33109, Tanzania
| | - Calvin Sindato
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 65125, Tanzania; (S.E.M.); (C.S.); (M.I.M.)
- National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 482, Tabora 45026, Tanzania
| | - Mecky I. Matee
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 65125, Tanzania; (S.E.M.); (C.S.); (M.I.M.)
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
| | - Leonard E. G. Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 65125, Tanzania; (S.E.M.); (C.S.); (M.I.M.)
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14
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Zhang WG, Wen T, Liu LZ, Li JY, Gao Y, Zhu D, He JZ, Zhu YG. Agricultural land-use change and rotation system exert considerable influences on the soil antibiotic resistome in Lake Tai Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144848. [PMID: 33736163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we use high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction approaches to comprehensively assess the effects of agricultural land-use change on the antibiotic resistome of agricultural runoffs after rainfalls in Lake Tai Basin. For the first time in this region, our findings show that orchard runoffs harbored more diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) than traditional cropland runoffs. Network analysis demonstrated that orchard runoffs possessed a strong ability for ARG dissemination via horizontal gene transfer. These results suggest that residents might be exposed to a higher public health threat than before. Moreover, the present study confirmed that the rice-wheat rotation system plays a key role in regulating the soil antibiotic resistome profile. Using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology, this study clarified the relationships between the antibiotic resistome and soil microbiome composition. Finally, we discuss the key environmental factors driving changes in the soil antibiotic resistome. In summary, this study gives insight into the dissemination of environmental ARGs to the people living in the Lake Tai Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guo Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Tao Wen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Li-Zhu Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jiang-Ye Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Dong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ji-Zheng He
- Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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15
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Junaid K, Ejaz H, Asim I, Younas S, Yasmeen H, Abdalla AE, Abosalif KOA, Alameen AAM, Ahmad N, Bukhari SNA, Rehman A. Heavy Metal Tolerance Trend in Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Encoding Strains Recovered from Food Samples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094718. [PMID: 33925201 PMCID: PMC8124721 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates bacteriological profiles in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods and assesses antibiotic resistance, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production by gram-negative bacteria, and heavy metal tolerance. In total, 436 retail food samples were collected and cultured. The isolates were screened for ESBL production and molecular detection of ESBL-encoding genes. Furthermore, all isolates were evaluated for heavy metal tolerance. From 352 culture-positive samples, 406 g-negative bacteria were identified. Raw food samples were more often contaminated than refined food (84.71% vs. 76.32%). The predominant isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 76), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 58), and Escherichia coli (n = 56). Overall, the percentage of ESBL producers was higher in raw food samples, although higher occurrences of ESBL-producing E. coli (p = 0.01) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p = 0.02) were observed in processed food samples. However, the prevalence of ESBL-producing Citrobacter freundii in raw food samples was high (p = 0.03). Among the isolates, 55% were blaCTX-M, 26% were blaSHV, and 19% were blaTEM. Notably, heavy metal resistance was highly prevalent in ESBL producers. These findings demonstrate that retail food samples are exposed to contaminants including antibiotics and heavy metals, endangering consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashaf Junaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Skaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (A.A.M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-55-237-8576
| | - Hasan Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Skaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (A.A.M.A.)
| | - Iram Asim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan; (I.A.); (H.Y.)
| | - Sonia Younas
- Department of Pathology, Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Kamoke, Kamoke 50661, Pakistan;
| | - Humaira Yasmeen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan; (I.A.); (H.Y.)
| | - Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Skaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (A.A.M.A.)
| | - Khalid Omer Abdalla Abosalif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Skaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (A.A.M.A.)
| | - Ayman Ali Mohammed Alameen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Skaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (A.A.M.A.)
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
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16
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Obafemi YD, Akinduti PA, Ajayi AA, Isibor PO, Adagunodo PhD TA. Characterization and Phylodiversity of Implicated Enteric Bacteria Strains in Retailed Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Fruits in Southwest Nigeria. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.5657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) have very huge health-promoting benefits due to high nutritional composition; however, these fruits are potential reservoir of enteric food-borne pathogens causing major public health concerns.
AIM: Characterization and phylo-analysis of implicated enteric bacteria strains in retailed Tomato fruits in southwest Nigeria were studied.
METHODS: Ready to be retailed fresh tomato fruits were purchased from common food markets in southwest, Nigeria, which lies between latitudes 6° 21′ to 8° 30′ N and longitudes 2° 30′ to 5° 30′ E. Observation of sample storage potentials at different conditions and bio-typing of associated bacterial strains were carried out for consecutive 14 days. Enteric bacteria strains were genotyped with 16S rRNA assay and further profiled for antibiotic susceptibility to common antibiotics. High population rate frequently consume tomatoes.
RESULTS: Early spoilage characterized with yellow fluid, fungal growth and visible lesions were observed at 25°C storage compare to few patches of lesion at 4°C after 14 days. Higher bacterial count of 4.0–7.18 Log CFU/g was recorded at ambient storage compare to refrigerated samples with more than 10% occurrence rate of Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. Identified Citrobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. showed 100% resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cefixime, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid). Two-resistant enteric bacteria strains, Klebsiella aerogenes B18 and Citrobacter freundii B27 obtained from Nigerian tomato clustered with Citrobacter strains in food (China), water strains (India, Poland, Malaysia), milk (Germany), and human fecal (China).
CONCLUSION: Implicated multidrug-resistant enteric bacilli in retailed tomatoes can cause severe food-borne diseases which public oriented awareness, strategic farm to market surveillance are needed to be intensified.
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Krahulcová M, Micajová B, Olejníková P, Cverenkárová K, Bírošová L. Microbial Safety of Smoothie Drinks from Fresh Bars Collected in Slovakia. Foods 2021; 10:551. [PMID: 33799940 PMCID: PMC8000542 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the many consumers in Slovakia, smoothies are nowadays gaining popularity. Smoothie drinks are prepared from raw fruits and vegetables. Therefore, their microbiological safety depends on hygiene standards. The aim of this work was to monitor and quantify selected sensitive and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms present in collected smoothies. Twenty analyzed smoothie samples were collected from six food service establishments (fresh bars) in the capital city of Slovakia, Bratislava. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were found in at least one of each fresh bar. Antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria prevailed, especially in green smoothies or juices containing more vegetable ingredients. Resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin was observed in the case of coliform bacteria. More than half of the smoothie drink samples did not contain resistant enterococci. On the other hand, vancomycin-resistant enterococci were detected in 20% of samples. The most frequently isolated antibiotic-resistant strains belonged to the Enterobacter spp. or Klebsiella spp. genus. In the last part of the work, the pretreatment effect of smoothie components on the selected microorganisms' counts in the final product was investigated. Washing ingredients with an aqueous solution of a biocide agent containing silver and hydrogen peroxide proved to be the most effective way to decrease bacterial counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krahulcová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Department of Nutrition and Food Quality Assessment, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.M.); (K.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Barbora Micajová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Department of Nutrition and Food Quality Assessment, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.M.); (K.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Petra Olejníková
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Klára Cverenkárová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Department of Nutrition and Food Quality Assessment, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.M.); (K.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Lucia Bírošová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Department of Nutrition and Food Quality Assessment, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.M.); (K.C.); (L.B.)
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18
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Hadi J, Wu S, Brightwell G. Antimicrobial Blue Light versus Pathogenic Bacteria: Mechanism, Application in the Food Industry, Hurdle Technologies and Potential Resistance. Foods 2020; 9:E1895. [PMID: 33353056 PMCID: PMC7767196 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue light primarily exhibits antimicrobial activity through the activation of endogenous photosensitizers, which leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that attack components of bacterial cells. Current data show that blue light is innocuous on the skin, but may inflict photo-damage to the eyes. Laboratory measurements indicate that antimicrobial blue light has minimal effects on the sensorial and nutritional properties of foods, although future research using human panels is required to ascertain these findings. Food properties also affect the efficacy of antimicrobial blue light, with attenuation or enhancement of the bactericidal activity observed in the presence of absorptive materials (for example, proteins on meats) or photosensitizers (for example, riboflavin in milk), respectively. Blue light can also be coupled with other treatments, such as polyphenols, essential oils and organic acids. While complete resistance to blue light has not been reported, isolated evidence suggests that bacterial tolerance to blue light may occur over time, especially through gene mutations, although at a slower rate than antibiotic resistance. Future studies can aim at characterizing the amount and type of intracellular photosensitizers across bacterial species and at assessing the oxygen-independent mechanism of blue light-for example, the inactivation of spoilage bacteria in vacuum-packed meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hadi
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Shuyan Wu
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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19
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Cho GS, Stein M, Fiedler G, Igbinosa EO, Koll LP, Brinks E, Rathje J, Neve H, Franz CMAP. Polyphasic study of antibiotic-resistant enterobacteria isolated from fresh produce in Germany and description of Enterobacter vonholyi sp. nov. isolated from marjoram and Enterobacter dykesii sp. nov. isolated from mung bean sprout. Syst Appl Microbiol 2020; 44:126174. [PMID: 33370657 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Forty-two antibiotic-resistant enterobacteria strains were isolated from fresh produce obtained from the northern German retail market. A polyphasic characterization based on both phenotypic and genotypic methods was used to identify predominant strains as Citrobacter (C.) gillenii, C. portucalensis, Enterobacter (En.) ludwigii, Escherichia (E.) coli and Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae. 38.1% of the enterobacteria strains were resistant to tetracycline, while 23.8% and 9.5% of strains were resistant to streptomycin and chloramphenicol, respectively. A high percentage of Klebsiella (100%), Enterobacter (57.1%) and Citrobacter (42.9%) strains were also resistant to ampicillin, with some strains showing multiple resistances. For unequivocal species identification, the genomes of thirty strains were sequenced. Multilocus sequence analysis, average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization showed that Enterobacter strains E1 and E13 were clearly clustered apart from Enterobacter species type strains below the species delineation cutoff values. Thus, strains E1T (=DSM 111347T, LMG 31875T) represents a novel species proposed as Enterobacter dykesii sp. nov., while strain E13T (=DSM 110788T, LMG 31764T) represent a novel species proposed as Enterobacter vonholyi sp. nov. Strains often possessed different serine β-lactamase genes, tet(A) and tet(D) tetracycline resistance genes and other acquired antibiotic resistance genes. Typical plasmid replicon types were determined. This study thus accurately identified the enterobacteria from fresh produce as species belonging to the genera Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia and Klebsiella, but also showed that these can carry potentially transferable antibiotic resistance genes and may thus contribute to the spread of these via the food route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria Stein
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gregor Fiedler
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Etinosa O Igbinosa
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Linnéa Philine Koll
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Erik Brinks
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jana Rathje
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut Kiel, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany.
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20
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Carvalheira A, Silva J, Teixeira P. Acinetobacter spp. in food and drinking water - A review. Food Microbiol 2020; 95:103675. [PMID: 33397609 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acinetobacter spp. has emerged as a pathogen of major public health concern due to their increased resistance to antibiotics and their association with a wide range of nosocomial infections, community-acquired infections and war and natural disaster-related infections. It is recognized as a ubiquitous organism however, information about the prevalence of different pathogenic species of this genus in food sources and drinking water is scarce. Since the implementation of molecular techniques, the role of foods as a source of several species, including the Acinetobacter baumannii group, has been elucidated. Multidrug resistance was also detected among Acinetobacter spp. isolated from food products. This highlights the importance of foods as potential sources of dissemination of Acinetobacter spp. between the community and clinical environments and reinforces the need for further investigations on the potential health risks of Acinetobacter spp. as foodborne pathogens. The aim of this review was to summarize the published data on the occurrence of Acinetobacter spp. in different food sources and drinking water. This information should be taken into consideration by those responsible for infection control in hospitals and other healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carvalheira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Silva
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Teixeira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal.
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21
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Iwu CD, du Plessis EM, Korsten L, Nontongana N, Okoh AI. Antibiogram Signatures of Some Enterobacteria Recovered from Irrigation Water and Agricultural Soil in two District Municipalities of South Africa. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081206. [PMID: 32784678 PMCID: PMC7463487 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the antibiogram fingerprints of some Enterobacteria recovered from irrigation water and agricultural soil in two District Municipalities of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa using standard culture-based and molecular methods. The prevalent resistance patterns in the isolates follow the order: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium [tetracycline (92.3%), ampicillin (69.2%)]; Enterobacter cloacae [amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (77.6%), ampicillin (84.5%), cefuroxime (81.0%), nitrofurantoin (81%), and tetracycline (80.3%)]; Klebsiella pneumoniae [amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (80.6%), ampicillin (88.9%), and cefuroxime (61.1%)]; and Klebsiella oxytoca [chloramphenicol (52.4%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (61.9%), ampicillin (61.9%), and nitrofurantoin (61.9%)]. Antibiotic resistance genes detected include tetC (86%), sulII (86%), and blaAmpC (29%) in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium., tetA (23%), tetB (23%), tetC (12%), sulI (54%), sulII (54%), catII (71%), blaAmpC (86%), blaTEM (43%), and blaPER (17%) in Enterobacter cloacae., tetA (20%), tetC (20%), tetD (10%), sulI (9%), sulII (18%), FOX (11%) and CIT (11%)-type plasmid-mediated AmpC, blaTEM (11%), and blaSHV (5%) in Klebsiella pneumoniae and blaAmpC (18%) in Klebsiella oxytoca. Our findings document the occurrence of some antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteria in irrigation water and agricultural soil in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, thus serving as a potential threat to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidozie Declan Iwu
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; (N.N.); (A.I.O.)
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Erika M du Plessis
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (E.M.d.P.); (L.K.)
| | - Lise Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (E.M.d.P.); (L.K.)
| | - Nolonwabo Nontongana
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; (N.N.); (A.I.O.)
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; (N.N.); (A.I.O.)
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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22
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Country Income Is Only One of the Tiles: The Global Journey of Antimicrobial Resistance among Humans, Animals, and Environment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080473. [PMID: 32752276 PMCID: PMC7460298 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most complex global health challenges today: decades of overuse and misuse in human medicine, animal health, agriculture, and dispersion into the environment have produced the dire consequence of infections to become progressively untreatable. Infection control and prevention (IPC) procedures, the reduction of overuse, and the misuse of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine are the cornerstones required to prevent the spreading of resistant bacteria. Purified drinking water and strongly improved sanitation even in remote areas would prevent the pollution from inadequate treatment of industrial, residential, and farm waste, as all these situations are expanding the resistome in the environment. The One Health concept addresses the interconnected relationships between human, animal, and environmental health as a whole: several countries and international agencies have now included a One Health Approach within their action plans to address AMR. Improved antimicrobial usage, coupled with regulation and policy, as well as integrated surveillance, infection control and prevention, along with antimicrobial stewardship, sanitation, and animal husbandry should all be integrated parts of any new action plan targeted to tackle AMR on the Earth. Since AMR is found in bacteria from humans, animals, and in the environment, we briefly summarize herein the current concepts of One Health as a global challenge to enable the continued use of antibiotics.
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23
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Richter L, du Plessis EM, Duvenage S, Korsten L. Occurrence, Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum- and AmpC- β-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated From Selected Commercial Spinach Supply Chains in South Africa. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:638. [PMID: 32351477 PMCID: PMC7176360 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL) and/or AmpC β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in health care systems, the environment and fresh produce is a serious concern globally. Production practices, processing and subsequent consumption of contaminated raw fruit and vegetables represent a possible human transmission route. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in complete spinach supply chains and to characterize the isolated strains phenotypically (antimicrobial resistance profiles) and genotypically (ESBL/AmpC genetic determinants, detection of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons). Water, soil, fresh produce, and contact surface samples (n = 288) from two commercial spinach production systems were screened for ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae. In total, 14.58% (42/288) of the samples were found to be contaminated after selective enrichment, plating onto chromogenic media and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry identity confirmation of presumptive ESBL/AmpC isolates. This included 15.28% (11/72) water and 12.12% (16/132) harvested- and processed spinach, while 25% (15/60) retail spinach samples were found to be contaminated with an increase in isolate abundance and diversity in both scenarios. Dominant species identified included Serratia fonticola (45.86%), Escherichia coli (20.83%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.75%). In total, 48 (81.36%) isolates were phenotypically confirmed as ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae of which 98% showed a MDR phenotype. Genotypic characterization (PCR of ESBL/AmpC resistance genes and integrons) further revealed the domination of the CTX-M Group 1 ESBL type, followed by TEM and SHV; whilst the CIT-type was the only plasmid-mediated AmpC genetic determinant detected. Integrons were detected in 79.17% (n = 38) of the confirmed ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates, of which we highlight the high prevalence of class 3 integrons, detected in 72.92% (n = 35) of the isolates, mostly in S. fonticola. Class 2 integrons were not detected in this study. This is the first report on the prevalence of ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated throughout commercial spinach production systems harboring class 1 and/or class 3 integrons in Gauteng Province, South Africa. The results add to the global knowledge base regarding the prevalence and characteristics of ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in fresh vegetables and the agricultural environment required for future risk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loandi Richter
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Erika M du Plessis
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Stacey Duvenage
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, Bellville, South Africa
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24
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Prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica in food products in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of antimicrobial-resistant opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients. The species is naturally resistant to penicillins, and members of the population often carry acquired resistance to multiple antimicrobials. However, knowledge of K. pneumoniae ecology, population structure or pathogenicity is relatively limited. Over the past decade, K. pneumoniae has emerged as a major clinical and public health threat owing to increasing prevalence of healthcare-associated infections caused by multidrug-resistant strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or carbapenemases. A parallel phenomenon of severe community-acquired infections caused by 'hypervirulent' K. pneumoniae has also emerged, associated with strains expressing acquired virulence factors. These distinct clinical concerns have stimulated renewed interest in K. pneumoniae research and particularly the application of genomics. In this Review, we discuss how genomics approaches have advanced our understanding of K. pneumoniae taxonomy, ecology and evolution as well as the diversity and distribution of clinically relevant determinants of pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance. A deeper understanding of K. pneumoniae population structure and diversity will be important for the proper design and interpretation of experimental studies, for interpreting clinical and public health surveillance data and for the design and implementation of novel control strategies against this important pathogen.
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26
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Saksena R, Malik M, Gaind R. Bacterial contamination and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in raw fruits and vegetables sold in Delhi, India. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rushika Saksena
- Department of MicrobiologyVardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital New Delhi India
| | - Manika Malik
- Department of MicrobiologyVardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital New Delhi India
| | - Rajni Gaind
- Department of MicrobiologyVardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital New Delhi India
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27
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Mesbah Zekar F, Granier SA, Touati A, Millemann Y. Occurrence of Third-Generation Cephalosporins-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Purchased at Markets in Algeria. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 26:353-359. [PMID: 31603740 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from fresh fruits and vegetables purchased at Bejaia city, Algeria. K. pneumoniae isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested by the disk diffusion method. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was carried out to determine sequence type (ST), plasmid incompatibility group (Inc.), and acquired antimicrobial resistance gene presence. A total of 13 3GC-resistant K. pneumoniae strains were isolated. WGS identified blaCTX-M-15 in 11 extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases (ESBL)-K. pneumoniae and blaDHA-1 in 2 AmpC-K. pneumoniae. The aac(6')lb-cr gene was identified in 8 out of 13 isolates. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) evidenced five different STs, namely ST14, ST45, ST219, ST236, and ST882. MDR K. pneumoniae contaminated fresh fruits and vegetables, often eaten raw and inappropriately washed, may represent an underestimated public health threat. This study highlights that hygiene measures during harvesting and retail process are of utmost importance to limit further ESBL/AmpC spread to the consumer households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferielle Mesbah Zekar
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria.,Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Université PARIS-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie A Granier
- Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Université PARIS-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Laboratoire de Fougères, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Fougères, France
| | - Abdelaziz Touati
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Yves Millemann
- Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Université PARIS-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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28
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Aristizábal-Hoyos AM, Rodríguez EA, Arias L, Jiménez JN. High clonal diversity of multidrug-resistant and extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in a wastewater treatment plant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 245:37-47. [PMID: 31150908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Increasing beta-lactam resistance has led to the exploration of different places, such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) which have been considered to be reservoirs and sources of bacterial resistance. This work aims to determine the presence of beta-lactamase-producing-Enterobacteriaceae in different points of a WWTP in Colombia. Six samplings were carried out in 2017 in the raw influent, aeration tanks, recycled sludge and final effluent of a WWTP. The beta-lactamase-producing-Enterobacteriaceae were detected and identified using phenotypic and molecular methods. Of the 353 isolates included, 28.3% corresponded to enterobacteria. The most frequent microorganisms were Escherichia coli (83%), Citrobacter freundii (11%) and Enterobacter cloacae complex (4%). The 97% of enterobacteriaceae had at least one beta-lactamase, and the most prevalent were the blaTEM (43.8%) and blaCTX-M-1group (35.8%) which were detected specially in recycled sludge and final effluent sample points. High percentage of multidrug resistance (to beta-lactams and non-beta-lactam antibiotics) was detected in E. coli (63.2%). Additionally, the typing by PFGE and MLST showed high genotypic diversity and the presence of the successful ST131 clone, globally spread. This work highlights the strong role of E. coli as a vector for the dissemination of resistance and the beta-lactamases in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Aristizábal-Hoyos
- Línea de Epidemiología Molecular Bacteriana. Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (MICROBA), Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo de Bioprocesos Microbianos, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - E A Rodríguez
- Línea de Epidemiología Molecular Bacteriana. Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (MICROBA), Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - L Arias
- Grupo de Bioprocesos Microbianos, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - J N Jiménez
- Línea de Epidemiología Molecular Bacteriana. Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (MICROBA), Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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29
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Hölzel CS, Tetens JL, Schwaiger K. Unraveling the Role of Vegetables in Spreading Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria: A Need for Quantitative Risk Assessment. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 15:671-688. [PMID: 30444697 PMCID: PMC6247988 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, vegetables gain consumer attraction due to their reputation of being healthy in combination with low energy density. However, since fresh produce is often eaten raw, it may also be a source for foodborne illness. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria might pose a particular risk to the consumer. Therefore, this review aims to present the current state of knowledge concerning the exposure of humans to antibiotic-resistant bacteria via food of plant origin for quantitative risk assessment purposes. The review provides a critical overview of available information on hazard identification and characterization, exposure assessment, and risk prevention with special respect to potential sources of contamination and infection chains. Several comprehensive studies are accessible regarding major antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens (e.g., Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli) and other bacteria (e.g., further Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., Gram-positive cocci). These studies revealed vegetables to be a potential—although rare—vector for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, mcr1-positive E. coli, colistin- and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, linezolid-resistant enterococci and staphylococci, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Even if this provides first clues for assessing the risk related to vegetable-borne antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, the literature research reveals important knowledge gaps affecting almost every part of risk assessment and management. Especially, the need for (comparable) quantitative data as well as data on possible contamination sources other than irrigation water, organic fertilizer, and soil becomes obvious. Most crucially, dose–response studies would be needed to convert a theoretical “risk” (e.g., related to antimicrobial-resistant commensals and opportunistic pathogens) into a quantitative risk estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Susanne Hölzel
- 1 Animal Hygiene and Animal Health Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel (CAU) , Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Louisa Tetens
- 1 Animal Hygiene and Animal Health Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel (CAU) , Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- 2 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Food Safety, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU) , Munich, Germany
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30
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Isolation of Polygalacturonase-Producing Bacterial Strain from Tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Int J Microbiol 2019; 2019:7505606. [PMID: 30766603 PMCID: PMC6350578 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7505606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) enzyme aids in microbial spoilage of fruits and vegetables. It is very important to find economical ways to producing the enzyme so as to achieve maximum yield in industries due to its use at different areas of production process. Methods Isolation of polygalacturonase-producing bacterial strain from tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was studied. Polygalacturonase-producing bacterial strains were isolated and screened from tomatoes stored at normal laboratory temperature (25 ± 2°C). They were identified based on their morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics. The enzyme produced was partially purified by the ammonium sulphate precipitation method. Molecular weights and optimum conditions for best enzyme activity were obtained by SDS PAGE technique. Results Five bacterial isolates resulted after screening. Bacterial strain code B5 showed highest polygalacturonase activity. Optimum conditions for polygalacturonase PEC B5 were maintained at pH 4.5; temperature 35°C; substrate concentration 0.3 mg/ml, and best activity at less than 5 min of heating. The enzyme PEC B5 was found to weigh 65 kDa and 50 kDa for crude and partially purified aliquots, respectively. The result of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed bacterial strain code B5 as Enterobacter tabaci NR146667 having 79% similarity with the NCBI GenBank. Conclusion Microorganisms should be developed for large-scale production of enzymes in developing countries.
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Liu BT, Zhang XY, Wan SW, Hao JJ, Jiang RD, Song FJ. Characteristics of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Ready-to-Eat Vegetables in China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1147. [PMID: 29910786 PMCID: PMC5992273 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vegetables harboring bacteria resistant to antibiotics are a growing food safety issue. However, data concerning carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in ready-to-eat fresh vegetables is still rare. In this study, 411 vegetable samples from 36 supermarkets or farmer's markets in 18 cities in China, were analyzed for CRE. Carbapenemase-encoding genes and other resistance genes were analyzed among the CRE isolates. Plasmids carrying carbapenemase genes were studied by conjugation, replicon typing, S1-PFGE southern blot, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and sequencing. CRE isolates were also analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Ten vegetable samples yielded one or more CRE isolates. The highest detection rate of CRE (14.3%, 4/28) was found in curly endive. Twelve CRE isolates were obtained and all showed multidrug resistance: Escherichia coli, 5; Citrobacter freundii, 5; and Klebsiella pneumoniae, 2. All E. coli and C. freundii carried blaNDM, while K. pneumoniae harbored blaKPC−2. Notably, E. coli with blaNDM and ST23 hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP) carrying blaKPC−2 were found in the same cucumber sample and clonal spread of E. coli, C. freundii, and K. pneumoniae isolates were all observed between vegetable types and/or cities. IncX3 plasmids carrying blaNDM from E. coli and C. freundii showed identical or highly similar RFLP patterns, and the sequenced IncX3 plasmid from cucumber was also identical or highly similar (99%) to the IncX3 plasmids from clinical patients reported in other countries, while blaKPC−2 in K. pneumoniae was mediated by similar F35:A-:B1 plasmids. Our results suggest that both clonal expansion and horizontal transmission of IncX3- or F35:A-:B1-type plasmids may mediate the spread of CRE in ready-to-eat vegetables in China. The presence of CRE in ready-to-eat vegetables is alarming and constitutes a food safety issue. To our knowledge, this is the first report of either the C. freundii carrying blaNDM, or K. pneumoniae harboring blaKPC−2 in vegetables. This is also the first report of ST23 carbapenem-resistant hvKP strain in vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Tao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shu-Wei Wan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui-De Jiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng-Jing Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Iseppi R, de Niederhäusern S, Bondi M, Messi P, Sabia C. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase, AmpC, and MBL-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria on Fresh Vegetables and Ready-to-Eat Salads Sold in Local Markets. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1156-1164. [PMID: 29451428 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC, and carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria isolated from 160 samples of fresh vegetables (n = 80) and ready-to-eat (RTE) prepacked salads (n = 80). Phenotypic and genotypic analyses were carried out on the isolates in terms of the species present and relative resistance. Resistance to β-lactam antibiotics was found in only 44 (24 from fresh vegetables and 20 from RTE salads) of a total of 312 Gram-negative strains (14.1%). The prevalence of ESBL-producing strains from fresh vegetables was 83.3% (20/24) and 16.7% (4/24) for AmpC. Among the 20 bacterial isolates from RTE salads, 80% (16/20) were identified as ESBL-producing strains and the remaining 20% (4/20) as MBL-producing strains. PCR and sequencing confirmed the presence of blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-15, blaRHAN-1, blaACC-1, blaDHA-1, blaVIM-1, and blaIMP-1. Seven different replicons were identified, where IncHI1, FIA, and I1 were the most representative types; when compared with the Inc types, isolates from fresh vegetables and RTE salads were similar. The location of genes on a conjugative plasmid was confirmed by positive results obtained with conjugation assays. Our study has demonstrated the occurrence and distribution of ESBL/AmpC and MBL strains in fresh vegetables and RTE salads in Italy and possible public health risks associated with consumption of these fresh products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Iseppi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena, Italy
| | | | - Moreno Bondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Messi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena, Italy
| | - Carla Sabia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena, Italy
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