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Brain Expression, Physiological Regulation and Role in Motivation and Associative Learning of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ. Neuroscience 2021; 479:91-106. [PMID: 34762981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Like other members of the superfamily of nuclear receptors, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), is a ligand-activated transcription factor known for its insulin-sensitizing actions in the periphery. Despite only sparse evidence for PPARγ in the CNS, many reports suggest direct PPARγ-mediated actions in the brain. This study aimed to (i) map PPARγ expression in rodent brain areas, involved in the regulation of cognitive, motivational, and emotional functions, (ii) examine the regulation of central PPARγ by physiological variables (age, sex, obesity); (iii) chemotypically identify PPARγ-expressing cells in the frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus (HP); (iv) study whether activation of PPARγ by pioglitazone (Pio) in FC and HP cells can induce target gene expression; and (v) demonstrate the impact of activated PPARγ on learning behavior and motivation. Immunoreactive PPARγ was detectable in specific sub-nuclei/subfields of the FC, HP, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, and granular layers of the cerebellum. PPARγ protein levels were upregulated during aging and in high fat diet-induced obesity. PPARγ mRNA expression was upregulated in the amygdala of females (but not males) that were made obese. Neural precursor cells, mature neurons, and astrocytes in primary FC and HP cultures were shown to express PPARγ. Pioglitazone dose-dependently upregulated PPARγ target genes in manner that was specific to the origin (FC or HP) of the cultures. Lastly, administration of Pio impaired motivation and associative learning. Collectively, we provide evidence for the presence of regulatable PPARγ in the brain and demonstrate their participation the regulation of key behaviors.
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Yaribeygi H, Ashrafizadeh M, Henney NC, Sathyapalan T, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Neuromodulatory effects of anti-diabetes medications: A mechanistic review. Pharmacol Res 2019; 152:104611. [PMID: 31863868 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a potent upstream event in the molecular pathophysiology which gives rise to various diabetes-related complications. There are several classes of anti-diabetic medications that have been developed to normalize blood glucose concentrations through a variety of molecular mechanisms. Beyond glucose-lowering effects, these agents may also provide further therapeutic potential. For instance, there is a high incidence of diabetes-induced neuronal disorders among patients with diabetes, who may also develop neurodegenerative and psychological complications. If anti-diabetic agents can modify the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of neuronal comorbidities, this could potentially be translated to reducing the risk of other neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, memory deficits and cognition impairments among patients with diabetes. This review aimed to shed light on some of the potentially beneficial aspects of anti-diabetic agents in lowering the risk or treating neuronal disorders by reviewing the molecular mechanisms by which these agents can potentially modulate neuronal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neil C Henney
- Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, UK
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Greer JB, Magnuson JT, Hester K, Giroux M, Pope C, Anderson T, Liu J, Dang V, Denslow ND, Schlenk D. Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Cholinesterase and Serine Lipase Activities and Lipid Metabolism in Brains of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:146-154. [PMID: 31359069 PMCID: PMC6813751 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus insecticide that elicits acute toxicity through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), leading to acetylcholine accumulation and prolonged stimulation of cholinergic receptors throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Previous studies have indicated that neurodevelopment may also be impaired through alternative pathways, including reduction of cAMP catalyzed downstream events. The upstream initiating events that underlie non-cholinergic neurological actions of chlorpyrifos and other organophosphorus compounds remain unclear. To investigate the potential role of disruption of fatty acid signaling as a mechanism of toxicity, lipid metabolism and fatty acid profiles were examined to identify alterations that may play a critical role in upstream signaling in the CNS. Juvenile rainbow trout were treated for 7 days with nominal chlorpyrifos concentrations previously reported to diminish olfactory responses (10, 20, and 40 μg/L). While lethality was noted higher doses, measured chlorpyrifos concentrations of 1.38 μg/L (nominal concentration 10 μg/L) significantly reduced the activity of AChE and two serine lipases, monoacylglycerol lipase and fatty acid amide hydrolase in the brain. Reductions in lysophosphatidylethanolamines (16:0; 18:0, 18:1, and 22:6) derived from the phosphatidylethanolamines and free fatty acids (Palmitic acid16:0; Linolenic acid18:3; Eicosadienoic acid 20:2; Arachidonic acid 20:4; and Docosahexaenoic acid 22:6) were also noted, suggesting that chlorpyrifos inhibited the metabolism of selected phospholipid signaling precursors at sublethal concentrations. These results indicate that in addition to AChE inhibition, environmentally relevant chlorpyrifos exposure alters serine lipase activity and lipid metabolites in the trout brain, which may compromise neuronal signaling and impact neurobehavioral responses in aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Greer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, 2460A Geology, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - J T Magnuson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, 2460A Geology, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - K Hester
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - M Giroux
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, 2460A Geology, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - C Pope
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - T Anderson
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - J Liu
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - V Dang
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, PO Box 110885, 2187 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - N D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, PO Box 110885, 2187 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - D Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, 2460A Geology, Riverside, CA, United States.,Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Godlevsky LS, Pervak MP. Peroxisomal Proliferator-Activated γ-Receptors: Participation in the Anti-Seizure Effects of Transcranial DC Stimulation of the Cerebellum. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-019-09786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Iancu OD, Boutros SW, Olsen RHJ, Davis MJ, Stewart B, Eiwaz M, Marzulla T, Belknap J, Fallgren CM, Edmondson EF, Weil MM, Raber J. Space Radiation Alters Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Fear Learning and Memory Tests. Front Genet 2018; 9:404. [PMID: 30356920 PMCID: PMC6190902 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral and cognitive traits have a genetic component even though contributions from individual genes and genomic loci are in many cases modest. Changes in the environment can alter genotype–phenotype relationships. Space travel, which includes exposure to ionizing radiation, constitutes environmental challenges and is expected to induce not only dramatic behavioral and cognitive changes but also has the potential to induce physical DNA damage. In this study, we utilized a genetically heterogeneous mouse model, dense genotype data, and shifting environmental challenges, including ionizing radiation exposure, to explore and quantify the size and stability of the genetic component of fear learning and memory-related measures. Exposure to ionizing radiation and other external stressors altered the genotype–phenotype correlations, although different behavioral and cognitive measures were affected to different extents. Utilizing an integrative genomic approach, we identified pathways and functional ontology categories associated with these behavioral and cognitive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Dan Iancu
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sydney Weber Boutros
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Reid H J Olsen
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Matthew J Davis
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Blair Stewart
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Massarra Eiwaz
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tessa Marzulla
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - John Belknap
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Christina M Fallgren
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Michael M Weil
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Yuan X, Caron A, Wu H, Gautron L. Leptin Receptor Expression in Mouse Intracranial Perivascular Cells. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:4. [PMID: 29410615 PMCID: PMC5787097 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Past studies have suggested that non-neuronal brain cells express the leptin receptor. However, the identity and distribution of these leptin receptor-expressing non-neuronal brain cells remain debated. This study assessed the distribution of the long form of the leptin receptor (LepRb) in non-neuronal brain cells using a reporter mouse model in which LepRb-expressing cells are permanently marked by tdTomato fluorescent protein (LepRb-CretdTomato). Double immunohistochemistry revealed that, in agreement with the literature, the vast majority of tdTomato-tagged cells across the mouse brain were neurons (i.e., based on immunoreactivity for NeuN). Non-neuronal structures also contained tdTomato-positive cells, including the choroid plexus and the perivascular space of the meninges and, to a lesser extent, the brain. Based on morphological criteria and immunohistochemistry, perivascular cells were deduced to be mainly pericytes. Notably, tdTomato-positive cells were immunoreactive for vitronectin and platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFBR). In situ hybridization studies confirmed that most tdTomato-tagged perivascular cells were enriched in leptin receptor mRNA (all isoforms). Using qPCR studies, we confirmed that the mouse meninges were enriched in Leprb and, to a greater extent, the short isoforms of the leptin receptor. Interestingly, qPCR studies further demonstrated significantly altered expression for Vtn and Pdgfrb in the meninges and hypothalamus of LepRb-deficient mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the only intracranial non-neuronal cells that express LepRb in the adult mouse are cells that form the blood-brain barrier, including, most notably, meningeal perivascular cells. Our data suggest that pericytic leptin signaling plays a role in the integrity of the intracranial perivascular space and, consequently, may provide a link between obesity and numerous brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Yuan
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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