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Hales JB, Olivas L, Abouchedid D, Blaser RE. Contribution of the medial entorhinal cortex to performance on the Traveling Salesperson Problem in rats. Behav Brain Res 2024; 463:114883. [PMID: 38281708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
In order to successfully navigate through space, animals must rely on multiple cognitive processes, including orientation in space, memory of object locations, and navigational decisions based on that information. Although highly-controlled behavioral tasks are valuable for isolating and targeting specific processes, they risk producing a narrow understanding of complex behavior in natural contexts. The Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) is an optimization problem that can be used to study naturalistic foraging behaviors, in which subjects select routes between multiple baited targets. Foraging is a spontaneous, yet complex, behavior, involving decision-making, attention, course planning, and memory. Previous research found that hippocampal lesions in rats impaired TSP task performance, particularly on measures of spatial memory. Although traditional laboratory tests have shown the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) to play an important role in spatial memory, if and how the MEC is involved in finding efficient solutions to the TSP remains unknown. In the current study, rats were trained on the TSP, learning to retrieve bait from targets in a variety of spatial configurations. After recovering from either an MEC lesion or control sham surgery, the rats were tested on eight new configurations. Our results showed that, similar to rats with hippocampal lesions, MEC-lesioned rats were impaired on measures of spatial memory, but not spatial decision-making, with greatest impairments on configurations requiring a global navigational strategy for selecting the optimal route. These findings suggest that the MEC is important for effective spatial navigation, especially when global cue processing is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena B Hales
- University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA.
| | - Larissa Olivas
- University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | | | - Rachel E Blaser
- University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA.
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2
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Okada R, Ikegaya Y, Matsumoto N. Short-Term Preexposure to Novel Enriched Environment Augments Hippocampal Ripples in Urethane-Anesthetized Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:1021-1027. [PMID: 38797694 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Learning and memory are affected by novel enriched environment, a condition where animals play and interact with a variety of toys and conspecifics. Exposure of animals to the novel enriched environments improves memory by altering neural plasticity during natural sleep, a process called memory consolidation. The hippocampus, a pivotal brain region for learning and memory, generates high-frequency oscillations called ripples during sleep, which is required for memory consolidation. Naturally occurring sleep shares characteristics in common with general anesthesia in terms of extracellular oscillations, guaranteeing anesthetized animals suitable to examine neural activity in a sleep-like state. However, it is poorly understood whether the preexposure of animals to the novel enriched environment modulates neural activity in the hippocampus under subsequent anesthesia. To ask this question, we allowed mice to freely explore the novel enriched environment or their standard environment, anesthetized them, and recorded local field potentials in the hippocampal CA1 area. We then compared the characteristics of hippocampal ripples between the two groups and found that the amplitude of ripples and the number of successive ripples were larger in the novel enriched environment group than in the standard environment group, suggesting that the afferent synaptic input from the CA3 area to the CA1 area was higher when the animals underwent the novel enriched environment. These results underscore the importance of prior experience that surpasses subsequent physical states from the neurophysiological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
| | - Nobuyoshi Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo
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3
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Lenz M, Eichler A, Kruse P, Stöhr P, Kleidonas D, Galanis C, Lu H, Vlachos A. Denervated mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons express homeostatic synaptic plasticity following entorhinal cortex lesion. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1148219. [PMID: 37122623 PMCID: PMC10130538 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1148219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural, functional, and molecular reorganization of denervated neural networks is often observed in neurological conditions. The loss of input is accompanied by homeostatic synaptic adaptations, which can affect the reorganization process. A major challenge of denervation-induced homeostatic plasticity operating in complex neural networks is the specialization of neuronal inputs. It remains unclear whether neurons respond similarly to the loss of distinct inputs. Here, we used in vitro entorhinal cortex lesion (ECL) and Schaffer collateral lesion (SCL) in mouse organotypic entorhino-hippocampal tissue cultures to study denervation-induced plasticity of CA1 pyramidal neurons. We observed microglia accumulation, presynaptic bouton degeneration, and a reduction in dendritic spine numbers in the denervated layers 3 days after SCL and ECL. Transcriptome analysis of the CA1 region revealed complex changes in differential gene expression following SCL and ECL compared to non-lesioned controls with a specific enrichment of differentially expressed synapse-related genes observed after ECL. Consistent with this finding, denervation-induced homeostatic plasticity of excitatory synapses was observed 3 days after ECL but not after SCL. Chemogenetic silencing of the EC but not CA3 confirmed the pathway-specific induction of homeostatic synaptic plasticity in CA1. Additionally, increased RNA oxidation was observed after SCL and ECL. These results reveal important commonalities and differences between distinct pathway lesions and demonstrate a pathway-specific induction of denervation-induced homeostatic synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Lenz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amelie Eichler
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pia Kruse
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Phyllis Stöhr
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Kleidonas
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christos Galanis
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Han Lu
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in Neuromodulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Bono J, Zannone S, Pedrosa V, Clopath C. Learning predictive cognitive maps with spiking neurons during behavior and replays. eLife 2023; 12:e80671. [PMID: 36927625 PMCID: PMC10019888 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus has been proposed to encode environments using a representation that contains predictive information about likely future states, called the successor representation. However, it is not clear how such a representation could be learned in the hippocampal circuit. Here, we propose a plasticity rule that can learn this predictive map of the environment using a spiking neural network. We connect this biologically plausible plasticity rule to reinforcement learning, mathematically and numerically showing that it implements the TD-lambda algorithm. By spanning these different levels, we show how our framework naturally encompasses behavioral activity and replays, smoothly moving from rate to temporal coding, and allows learning over behavioral timescales with a plasticity rule acting on a timescale of milliseconds. We discuss how biological parameters such as dwelling times at states, neuronal firing rates and neuromodulation relate to the delay discounting parameter of the TD algorithm, and how they influence the learned representation. We also find that, in agreement with psychological studies and contrary to reinforcement learning theory, the discount factor decreases hyperbolically with time. Finally, our framework suggests a role for replays, in both aiding learning in novel environments and finding shortcut trajectories that were not experienced during behavior, in agreement with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Bono
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sara Zannone
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Victor Pedrosa
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Claudia Clopath
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Lee SM, Jin SW, Park SB, Park EH, Lee CH, Lee HW, Lim HY, Yoo SW, Ahn JR, Shin J, Lee SA, Lee I. Goal-directed interaction of stimulus and task demand in the parahippocampal region. Hippocampus 2021; 31:717-736. [PMID: 33394547 PMCID: PMC8359334 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus and parahippocampal region are essential for representing episodic memories involving various spatial locations and objects, and for using those memories for future adaptive behavior. The “dual‐stream model” was initially formulated based on anatomical characteristics of the medial temporal lobe, dividing the parahippocampal region into two streams that separately process and relay spatial and nonspatial information to the hippocampus. Despite its significance, the dual‐stream model in its original form cannot explain recent experimental results, and many researchers have recognized the need for a modification of the model. Here, we argue that dividing the parahippocampal region into spatial and nonspatial streams a priori may be too simplistic, particularly in light of ambiguous situations in which a sensory cue alone (e.g., visual scene) may not allow such a definitive categorization. Upon reviewing evidence, including our own, that reveals the importance of goal‐directed behavioral responses in determining the relative involvement of the parahippocampal processing streams, we propose the Goal‐directed Interaction of Stimulus and Task‐demand (GIST) model. In the GIST model, input stimuli such as visual scenes and objects are first processed by both the postrhinal and perirhinal cortices—the postrhinal cortex more heavily involved with visual scenes and perirhinal cortex with objects—with relatively little dependence on behavioral task demand. However, once perceptual ambiguities are resolved and the scenes and objects are identified and recognized, the information is then processed through the medial or lateral entorhinal cortex, depending on whether it is used to fulfill navigational or non‐navigational goals, respectively. As complex sensory stimuli are utilized for both navigational and non‐navigational purposes in an intermixed fashion in naturalistic settings, the hippocampus may be required to then put together these experiences into a coherent map to allow flexible cognitive operations for adaptive behavior to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Jin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choong-Hee Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heung-Yeol Lim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Jae Rong Ahn
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jhoseph Shin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Ah Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Ferbinteanu J. The Hippocampus and Dorsolateral Striatum Integrate Distinct Types of Memories through Time and Space, Respectively. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9055-9065. [PMID: 33051349 PMCID: PMC7673003 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1084-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several decades of research have established that different kinds of memories result from the activity of discrete neural networks. Studying how these networks process information in experiments that target specific types of mnemonic representations has provided deep insights into memory architecture and its neural underpinnings. However, in natural settings reality confronts organisms with problems that are not neatly compartmentalized. Thus, a critical problem in memory research that still needs to be addressed is how distinct types of memories are ultimately integrated. Here we demonstrate how two memory networks, the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum, may accomplish such a goal. The hippocampus supports memory for facts and events, collectively known as declarative memory and often studied as spatial memory in rodents. The dorsolateral striatum provides the basis for habits that are assessed in stimulus-response types of tasks. Expanding previous findings, the current work revealed that in male Long-Evans rats, the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum use time and space in distinct and largely complementary ways to integrate spatial and habitual representations. Specifically, the hippocampus supported both types of memories when they were formed in temporal juxtaposition, even if the learning took place in different environments. In contrast, the lateral striatum supported both types of memories if they were formed in the same environment, even at temporally distinct points. These results reveal for the first time that by using fundamental aspects of experience in specific ways, the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum can transcend their attributed roles in information storage.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The current paradigm in memory research postulates that different types of memories reflected in separate types of behavioral strategies result from activity in distinct neural circuits. However, recent data have shown that when rats concurrently acquired in the same environment of hippocampal-dependent spatial navigation and striatal-dependent approach of a visual cue, each of the two types of memories became dependent on both the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum. The current work reveals that the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum use distinct and complementary principles to integrate different types of memories in time and space: the hippocampus integrates memories formed in temporal proximity, while the lateral striatum integrates memories formed in the same space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Ferbinteanu
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203
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8
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Avigan PD, Cammack K, Shapiro ML. Flexible spatial learning requires both the dorsal and ventral hippocampus and their functional interactions with the prefrontal cortex. Hippocampus 2020; 30:733-744. [PMID: 32077554 PMCID: PMC7731996 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
When faced with changing contingencies, animals can use memory to flexibly guide actions, engaging both frontal and temporal lobe brain structures. Damage to the hippocampus (HPC) impairs episodic memory, and damage to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) impairs cognitive flexibility, but the circuit mechanisms by which these areas support flexible memory processing remain unclear. The present study investigated these mechanisms by temporarily inactivating the medial PFC (mPFC), the dorsal HPC (dHPC), and the ventral HPC (vHPC), individually and in combination, as rats learned spatial discriminations and reversals in a plus maze. Bilateral inactivation of either the dHPC or vHPC profoundly impaired spatial learning and memory, whereas bilateral mPFC inactivation primarily impaired reversal versus discrimination learning. Inactivation of unilateral mPFC together with the contralateral dHPC or vHPC impaired spatial discrimination and reversal learning, whereas ipsilateral inactivation did not. Flexible spatial learning thus depends on both the dHPC and vHPC and their functional interactions with the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D. Avigan
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Katharine Cammack
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, The University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee
| | - Matthew L. Shapiro
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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9
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Komulainen E, Varidaki A, Kulesskaya N, Mohammad H, Sourander C, Rauvala H, Coffey ET. Impact of JNK and Its Substrates on Dendritic Spine Morphology. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020440. [PMID: 32074971 PMCID: PMC7072711 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase JNK1 exhibits high activity in the developing brain, where it regulates dendrite morphology through the phosphorylation of cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. JNK1 also phosphorylates dendritic spine proteins, and Jnk1-/- mice display a long-term depression deficit. Whether JNK1 or other JNKs regulate spine morphology is thus of interest. Here, we characterize dendritic spine morphology in hippocampus of mice lacking Jnk1-/- using Lucifer yellow labelling. We find that mushroom spines decrease and thin spines increase in apical dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons with no spine changes in basal dendrites or in CA1. Consistent with this spine deficit, Jnk1-/- mice display impaired acquisition learning in the Morris water maze. In hippocampal cultures, we show that cytosolic but not nuclear JNK, regulates spine morphology and expression of phosphomimicry variants of JNK substrates doublecortin (DCX) or myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate-like protein-1 (MARCKSL1), rescue mushroom, thin, and stubby spines differentially. These data suggest that physiologically active JNK controls the equilibrium between mushroom, thin, and stubby spines via phosphorylation of distinct substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Komulainen
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistokatu 6, 20500 Turku, Finland; (E.K.); (A.V.); (H.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Artemis Varidaki
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistokatu 6, 20500 Turku, Finland; (E.K.); (A.V.); (H.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Natalia Kulesskaya
- University of Helsinki, Neuroscience Center, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (N.K.); (H.R.)
| | - Hasan Mohammad
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistokatu 6, 20500 Turku, Finland; (E.K.); (A.V.); (H.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Christel Sourander
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistokatu 6, 20500 Turku, Finland; (E.K.); (A.V.); (H.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Heikki Rauvala
- University of Helsinki, Neuroscience Center, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (N.K.); (H.R.)
| | - Eleanor T. Coffey
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistokatu 6, 20500 Turku, Finland; (E.K.); (A.V.); (H.M.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Sabariego M, Schönwald A, Boublil BL, Zimmerman DT, Ahmadi S, Gonzalez N, Leibold C, Clark RE, Leutgeb JK, Leutgeb S. Time Cells in the Hippocampus Are Neither Dependent on Medial Entorhinal Cortex Inputs nor Necessary for Spatial Working Memory. Neuron 2019; 102:1235-1248.e5. [PMID: 31056352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A key function of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex is to bridge events that are discontinuous in time, and it has been proposed that medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) supports memory retention by sustaining the sequential activity of hippocampal time cells. Therefore, we recorded hippocampal neuronal activity during spatial working memory and asked whether time cells depend on mEC inputs. Working memory was impaired in rats with mEC lesions, but the occurrence of time cells and of trajectory-coding cells in the stem did not differ from controls. Rather, the main effect of mEC lesions was an extensive spatial coding deficit of CA1 cells, which included inconsistency over time and reduced firing differences between positions on the maze. Therefore, mEC is critical for providing stable and distinct spatial information to hippocampus, while working memory (WM) maintenance is likely supported either by local synaptic plasticity in hippocampus or by activity patterns elsewhere in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sabariego
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Antonia Schönwald
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brittney L Boublil
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David T Zimmerman
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Siavash Ahmadi
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nailea Gonzalez
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christian Leibold
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Robert E Clark
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jill K Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stefan Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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11
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Becerril-Villanueva E, Ponce-Regalado MD, Pérez-Sánchez G, Salazar-Juárez A, Arreola R, Álvarez-Sánchez ME, Juárez-Ortega M, Falfán-Valencia R, Hernández-Pando R, Morales-Montor J, Pavón L, Rojas-Espinosa O. Chronic infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium induces alterations in the hippocampus associated with memory loss. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9063. [PMID: 29899533 PMCID: PMC5998074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM), is a chronic disease that closely resembles human leprosy. Even though this disease does not directly involve the nervous system, we investigated a possible effect on working memory during this chronic infection in Balb/c mice. We evaluated alterations in the dorsal region of the hippocampus and measured peripheral levels of cytokines at 40, 80, and 120 days post-infection. To evaluate working memory, we used the T-maze while a morphometric analysis was conducted in the hippocampus regions CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) to measure morphological changes. In addition, a neurochemical analysis was performed by HPLC. Our results show that, at 40 days post-infection, there was an increase in the bacillary load in the liver and spleen associated to increased levels of IL-4, working memory deterioration, and changes in hippocampal morphology, including degeneration in the four subregions analyzed. Also, we found a decrease in neurotransmitter levels at the same time of infection. Although MLM does not directly infect the nervous system, these findings suggest a possible functional link between the immune system and the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Becerril-Villanueva
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - María Dolores Ponce-Regalado
- Departamento de Clínicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juárez
- Branch Clinical Research. Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Neurochemistry of Addiction, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Arreola
- Psychiatric Genetics Department, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Clinical Research Branch, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Elizbeth Álvarez-Sánchez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, México City, Mexico
| | - Mario Juárez-Ortega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomás, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Pathology Department, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Colonia Belisario Dominguez Seccion XVI, 14080, Tlalpan, México City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas AP 70228, México, DF, 04510, Mexico
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Rojas-Espinosa
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomás, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Feng Q, Chai GS, Wang ZH, Hu Y, Sun DS, Li XG, Ma RH, Li YR, Ke D, Wang JZ, Liu GP. Knockdown of pp32 Increases Histone Acetylation and Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:104. [PMID: 28473768 PMCID: PMC5397422 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a cause of cognitive decline in the elderly and the major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, however, aging people are not all destined to develop into cognitive deficits, the molecular mechanisms underlying this difference in cognition of aging people are obscure. Epigenetic modifications, particularly histone acetylation in the nervous system, play a critical role in regulation of gene expression for learning and memory. An inhibitor of acetyltransferases (INHAT) is reported to suppress histone acetylation via a histone-masking mechanism, and pp32 is a key component of INHAT complex. In the present study, we divided ~18 m-old aged mice into the cognitive-normal and the cognitive-impaired group by Morris water maze, and found that pp32 level was significantly increased in the hippocampus of cognitive-impaired aged mice. The mRNA and protein levels of synaptic-associated proteins decreased with reduced dendrite complexity and histone acetylation. Knockdown of pp32 rescued cognitive decline in cognitive-impaired aged mice with restoration of synaptic-associated proteins, the increase of spine density and elevation of histone acetylation. Our study reveals a novel mechanism underlying the aging-associated cognitive disturbance, indicating that suppression of pp32 might represent a promising therapeutic approach for learning and memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Gao-Shang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China.,Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Rong-Hong Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Yi-Rong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Dan Ke
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Gong-Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
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Lana D, Di Russo J, Mello T, Wenk GL, Giovannini MG. Rapamycin inhibits mTOR/p70S6K activation in CA3 region of the hippocampus of the rat and impairs long term memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 137:15-26. [PMID: 27838442 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at establishing whether the mTOR pathway and its downstream effector p70S6K in CA3 pyramidal neurons are under the modulation of the cholinergic input to trigger the formation of long term memories, similar to what we demonstrated in CA1 hippocampus. We performed in vivo behavioral experiments using the step down inhibitory avoidance test in adult Wistar rats to evaluate memory formation under different conditions. We examined the effects of rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTORC1 formation, scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist or mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor antagonist, on short and long term memory formation and on the functionality of the mTOR pathway. Acquisition was conducted 30min after i.c.v. injection of rapamycin. Recall testing was performed 1h, 4h or 24h after acquisition. We found that (1) mTOR and p70S6K activation in CA3 pyramidal neurons were involved in long term memory formation; (2) rapamycin significantly inhibited mTOR and of p70S6K activation at 4h, and long term memory impairment 24h after acquisition; (3) scopolamine impaired short but not long term memory, with an early increase of mTOR/p70S6K activation at 1h followed by stabilization at longer times; (4) mecamylamine and scopolamine co-administration impaired short term memory at 1h and 4h and reduced the scopolamine-induced increase of mTOR/p70S6K activation at 1h and 4h; (5) mecamylamine and scopolamine treatment did not impair long term memory formation; (6) unexpectedly, rapamycin increased mTORC2 activation in microglial cells. Our results demonstrate that in CA3 pyramidal neurons the mTOR/p70S6K pathway is under the modulation of the cholinergic system and is involved in long-term memory encoding, and are consistent with the hypothesis that the CA3 region of the hippocampus is involved in memory mechanisms based on rapid, one-trial object-place learning and recall. Furthermore, our results are in accordance with previous reports that selective molecular mechanisms underlie either short term memory, long term memory, or both. Furthermore, our discovery that administration of rapamycin increased the activation of mTORC2 in microglial cells supports a reappraisal of the beneficial/adverse effects of rapamycin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - J Di Russo
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - T Mello
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - G L Wenk
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - M G Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Ferbinteanu J. Contributions of Hippocampus and Striatum to Memory-Guided Behavior Depend on Past Experience. J Neurosci 2016; 36:6459-70. [PMID: 27307234 PMCID: PMC5015782 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0840-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The hippocampal and striatal memory systems are thought to operate independently and in parallel in supporting cognitive memory and habits, respectively. Much of the evidence for this principle comes from double dissociation data, in which damage to brain structure A causes deficits in Task 1 but not Task 2, whereas damage to structure B produces the reverse pattern of effects. Typically, animals are explicitly trained in one task. Here, we investigated whether this principle continues to hold when animals concurrently learn two types of tasks. Rats were trained on a plus maze in either a spatial navigation or a cue-response task (sequential training), whereas a third set of rats acquired both (concurrent training). Subsequently, the rats underwent either sham surgery or neurotoxic lesions of the hippocampus (HPC), medial dorsal striatum (DSM), or lateral dorsal striatum (DSL), followed by retention testing. Finally, rats in the sequential training condition also acquired the novel "other" task. When rats learned one task, HPC and DSL selectively supported spatial navigation and cue response, respectively. However, when rats learned both tasks, HPC and DSL additionally supported the behavior incongruent with the processing style of the corresponding memory system. Thus, in certain conditions, the hippocampal and striatal memory systems can operate cooperatively and in synergism. DSM significantly contributed to performance regardless of task or training procedure. Experience with the cue-response task facilitated subsequent spatial learning, whereas experience with spatial navigation delayed both concurrent and subsequent response learning. These findings suggest that there are multiple operational principles that govern memory networks. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Currently, we distinguish among several types of memories, each supported by a distinct neural circuit. The memory systems are thought to operate independently and in parallel. Here, we demonstrate that the hippocampus and the dorsal striatum memory systems operate independently and in parallel when rats learn one type of task at a time, but interact cooperatively and in synergism when rats concurrently learn two types of tasks. Furthermore, new learning is modulated by past experiences. These results can be explained by a model in which independent and parallel information processing that occurs in the separate memory-related neural circuits is supplemented by information transfer between the memory systems at the level of the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Ferbinteanu
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203
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Sparks DW, Chapman CA. Heterosynaptic modulation of evoked synaptic potentials in layer II of the entorhinal cortex by activation of the parasubiculum. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:658-70. [PMID: 27146979 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00095.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex receive sensory and associational cortical inputs and provide the hippocampus with the majority of its cortical sensory input. The parasubiculum, which receives input from multiple hippocampal subfields, sends its single major output projection to layer II of the entorhinal cortex, suggesting that it may modulate processing of synaptic inputs to the entorhinal cortex. Indeed, stimulation of the parasubiculum can enhance entorhinal responses to synaptic input from the piriform cortex in vivo. Theta EEG activity contributes to spatial and mnemonic processes in this region, and the current study assessed how stimulation of the parasubiculum with either single pulses or short, five-pulse, theta-frequency trains may modulate synaptic responses in layer II entorhinal stellate neurons evoked by stimulation of layer I afferents in vitro. Parasubicular stimulation pulses or trains suppressed responses to layer I stimulation at intervals of 5 ms, and parasubicular stimulation trains facilitated layer I responses at a train-pulse interval of 25 ms. This suggests that firing of parasubicular neurons during theta activity may heterosynaptically enhance incoming sensory inputs to the entorhinal cortex. Bath application of the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) blocker ZD7288 enhanced the facilitation effect, suggesting that cholinergic inhibition of Ih may contribute. In addition, repetitive pairing of parasubicular trains and layer I stimulation induced a lasting depression of entorhinal responses to layer I stimulation. These findings provide evidence that theta activity in the parasubiculum may promote heterosynaptic modulation effects that may alter sensory processing in the entorhinal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Sparks
- Centre for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - C Andrew Chapman
- Centre for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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