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Zhang H, Ren X, Wu C, He X, Huang Z, Li Y, Liao L, Xiang J, Li M, Wu L. Intracellular calcium dysregulation in heart and brain diseases: Insights from induced pluripotent stem cell studies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2024:nlae078. [PMID: 39001792 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) plays a role in regulating heart rate and myocardial contractility through sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, and the heart can impact the functional equilibrium of the CNS through feedback signals. Although heart and brain diseases often coexist and mutually influence each other, the potential links between heart and brain diseases remain unclear due to a lack of reliable models of these relationships. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can differentiate into multiple functional cell types, stem cell biology and regenerative medicine may offer tools to clarify the mechanisms of these relationships and facilitate screening of effective therapeutic agents. Because calcium ions play essential roles in regulating both the cardiovascular and nervous systems, this review addresses how recent iPSC disease models reveal how dysregulation of intracellular calcium might be a common pathological factor underlying the relationships between heart and brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xueming Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chunyu Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xinsen He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhengxuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yangpeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lei Liao
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Pacing and Electrophysiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Miaoling Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Cotticelli MG, Xia S, Truitt R, Doliba NM, Rozo AV, Tobias JW, Lee T, Chen J, Napierala JS, Napierala M, Yang W, Wilson RB. Acute frataxin knockdown in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes activates a type I interferon response. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:276639. [PMID: 36107856 PMCID: PMC9637271 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia, the most common hereditary ataxia, is a neuro- and cardio-degenerative disorder caused, in most cases, by decreased expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of premature death. Frataxin functions in the biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters, which are prosthetic groups that are found in proteins involved in many biological processes. To study the changes associated with decreased frataxin in human cardiomyocytes, we developed a novel isogenic model by acutely knocking down frataxin, post-differentiation, in cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Transcriptome analysis of four biological replicates identified severe mitochondrial dysfunction and a type I interferon response as the pathways most affected by frataxin knockdown. We confirmed that, in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, loss of frataxin leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. The type I interferon response was activated in multiple cell types following acute frataxin knockdown and was caused, at least in part, by release of mitochondrial DNA into the cytosol, activating the cGAS-STING sensor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Grazia Cotticelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shujuan Xia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel Truitt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicolai M. Doliba
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrea V. Rozo
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John W. Tobias
- Department of Genetics, Penn Genomics Analysis Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Taehee Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Justin Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jill S. Napierala
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Marek Napierala
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wenli Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert B. Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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3
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Zhao H, Li Z, Liu Y, Zhang M, Li K. Mitochondrial Calcium Homeostasis in the Pathology and Therapeutic Application in Friedreich's Ataxia. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:695-698. [PMID: 36575352 PMCID: PMC10073379 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-01007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Kuanyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Muñoz-Lasso DC, Mollá B, Sáenz-Gamboa JJ, Insuasty E, de la Iglesia-Vaya M, Pook MA, Pallardó FV, Palau F, Gonzalez-Cabo P. Frataxin Deficit Leads to Reduced Dynamics of Growth Cones in Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons of Friedreich’s Ataxia YG8sR Model: A Multilinear Algebra Approach. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:912780. [PMID: 35769335 PMCID: PMC9236133 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.912780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational techniques for analyzing biological images offer a great potential to enhance our knowledge of the biological processes underlying disorders of the nervous system. Friedreich’s Ataxia (FRDA) is a rare progressive neurodegenerative inherited disorder caused by the low expression of frataxin, which is a small mitochondrial protein. In FRDA cells, the lack of frataxin promotes primarily mitochondrial dysfunction, an alteration of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis and the destabilization of the actin cytoskeleton in the neurites and growth cones of sensory neurons. In this paper, a computational multilinear algebra approach was used to analyze the dynamics of the growth cone and its function in control and FRDA neurons. Computational approach, which includes principal component analysis and a multilinear algebra method, is used to quantify the dynamics of the growth cone (GC) morphology of sensory neurons from the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the YG8sR humanized murine model for FRDA. It was confirmed that the dynamics and patterns of turning were aberrant in the FRDA growth cones. In addition, our data suggest that other cellular processes dependent on functional GCs such as axonal regeneration might also be affected. Semiautomated computational approaches are presented to quantify differences in GC behaviors in neurodegenerative disease. In summary, the deficiency of frataxin has an adverse effect on the formation and, most importantly, the growth cones’ function in adult DRG neurons. As a result, frataxin deficient DRG neurons might lose the intrinsic capability to grow and regenerate axons properly due to the dysfunctional GCs they build.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Muñoz-Lasso
- Chemical Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Belén Mollá
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jhon J. Sáenz-Gamboa
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Joint Unit FISABIO & Prince Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
- Regional Ministry of Health in Valencia, Hospital Sagunto (CEIB-CSUSP), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Maria de la Iglesia-Vaya
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Joint Unit FISABIO & Prince Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
- Regional Ministry of Health in Valencia, Hospital Sagunto (CEIB-CSUSP), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Valencia, Spain
| | - Mark A. Pook
- Biosciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesc Palau
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine IPER, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Barcelona School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo,
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5
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Abeti R, Jasoliya M, Al-Mahdawi S, Pook M, Gonzalez-Robles C, Hui CK, Cortopassi G, Giunti P. A Drug Combination Rescues Frataxin-Dependent Neural and Cardiac Pathophysiology in FA Models. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:830650. [PMID: 35664670 PMCID: PMC9160322 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.830650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich’s ataxia (FA) is an inherited multisystemic neuro- and cardio-degenerative disorder. Seventy-four clinical trials are listed for FA (including past and present), but none are considered FDA/EMA-approved therapy. To date, FA therapeutic strategies have focused along two main lines using a single-drug approach: a) increasing frataxin and b) enhancing downstream pathways, including antioxidant levels and mitochondrial function. Our novel strategy employed a combinatorial approach to screen approved compounds to determine if a combination of molecules provided an additive or synergistic benefit to FA cells and/or animal models. Eight single drug molecules were administered to FA fibroblast patient cells: nicotinamide riboside, hemin, betamethasone, resveratrol, epicatechin, histone deacetylase inhibitor 109, methylene blue, and dimethyl fumarate. We measured their individual ability to induce FXN transcription and mitochondrial biogenesis in patient cells. Single-drug testing highlighted that dimethyl fumarate and resveratrol increased these two parameters. In addition, the simultaneous administration of these two drugs was the most effective in terms of FXN mRNA and mitobiogenesis increase. Interestingly, this combination also improved mitochondrial functions and reduced reactive oxygen species in neurons and cardiomyocytes. Behavioral tests in an FA mouse model treated with dimethyl fumarate and resveratrol demonstrated improved rotarod performance. Our data suggest that dimethyl fumarate is effective as a single agent, and the addition of resveratrol provides further benefit in some assays without showing toxicity. Therefore, they could be a valuable combination to counteract FA pathophysiology. Further studies will help fully understand the potential of a combined therapeutic strategy in FA pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Abeti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Rosella Abeti, ; Paola Giunti,
| | - Mittal Jasoliya
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sahar Al-Mahdawi
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Environment, Health, and Societies, College of Health and Life Sciences, Division of Biosciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Pook
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Environment, Health, and Societies, College of Health and Life Sciences, Division of Biosciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Gonzalez-Robles
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chun Kiu Hui
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Paola Giunti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Rosella Abeti, ; Paola Giunti,
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Rodríguez LR, Lapeña-Luzón T, Benetó N, Beltran-Beltran V, Pallardó FV, Gonzalez-Cabo P, Navarro JA. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Mitochondrial Calcium Signaling: A New Hope for Neurological Diseases? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010165. [PMID: 35052668 PMCID: PMC8773297 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a versatile secondary messenger involved in the regulation of a plethora of different signaling pathways for cell maintenance. Specifically, intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is mainly regulated by the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria, whose Ca2+ exchange is mediated by appositions, termed endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), formed by proteins resident in both compartments. These tethers are essential to manage the mitochondrial Ca2+ influx that regulates the mitochondrial function of bioenergetics, mitochondrial dynamics, cell death, and oxidative stress. However, alterations of these pathways lead to the development of multiple human diseases, including neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich's ataxia, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth. A common hallmark in these disorders is mitochondrial dysfunction, associated with abnormal mitochondrial Ca2+ handling that contributes to neurodegeneration. In this work, we highlight the importance of Ca2+ signaling in mitochondria and how the mechanism of communication in MAMs is pivotal for mitochondrial maintenance and cell homeostasis. Lately, we outstand potential targets located in MAMs by addressing different therapeutic strategies focused on restoring mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake as an emergent approach for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (N.B.); (V.B.-B.); (F.V.P.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.R.R.); (P.G.-C.); (J.A.N.)
| | - Tamara Lapeña-Luzón
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (N.B.); (V.B.-B.); (F.V.P.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Noelia Benetó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (N.B.); (V.B.-B.); (F.V.P.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Beltran-Beltran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (N.B.); (V.B.-B.); (F.V.P.)
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (N.B.); (V.B.-B.); (F.V.P.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (N.B.); (V.B.-B.); (F.V.P.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.R.R.); (P.G.-C.); (J.A.N.)
| | - Juan Antonio Navarro
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.R.R.); (P.G.-C.); (J.A.N.)
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Lees JG, Napierala M, Pébay A, Dottori M, Lim SY. Cellular pathophysiology of Friedreich's ataxia cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2022; 346:71-78. [PMID: 34798207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a hereditary neuromuscular disorder. Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of premature death in FRDA. FRDA cardiomyopathy is a complex and progressive disease with no cure or treatment to slow its progression. At the cellular level, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis and fibrosis contribute to the cardiac pathology. However, the heart is composed of multiple cell types and several clinical studies have reported the involvement of cardiac non-myocytes such as vascular cells, autonomic neurons, and inflammatory cells in the pathogenesis of FRDA cardiomyopathy. In fact, several of the cardiac pathologies associated with FRDA including cardiomyocyte necrosis, fibrosis, and arrhythmia, could be contributed to by a diseased vasculature and autonomic dysfunction. Here, we review available evidence regarding the current understanding of cellular mechanisms for, and the involvement of, cardiac non-myocytes in the pathogenesis of FRDA cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmon G Lees
- O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marek Napierala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mirella Dottori
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shiang Y Lim
- O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Battaglini M, Carmignani A, Martinelli C, Colica J, Marino A, Doccini S, Mollo V, Santoro F, Bartolucci M, Petretto A, Santorelli FM, Ciofani G. In vitro study of polydopamine nanoparticles as protective antioxidant agents in fibroblasts derived from ARSACS patients. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3770-3792. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00729k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are active molecules involved in several biological functions. When the production of ROS is not counterbalanced by the action of protective antioxidant mechanisms present in living...
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Brown AF, Parkinson MH, Garcia-Moreno H, Mudanohwo E, Labrum R, Sweeney M, Giunti P. Friedreich's Ataxia Frequency in a Large Cohort of Genetically Undetermined Ataxia Patients. Front Neurol 2021; 12:736253. [PMID: 34956042 PMCID: PMC8697107 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.736253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with suspected genetic ataxia are often tested for Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) and/or a variety of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). FRDA can present with atypical, late-onset forms and so may be missed in the diagnostic process. We aimed to determine FRDA-positive subjects among two cohorts of patients referred to a specialist ataxia centre either for FRDA or SCA testing to determine the proportion of FRDA cases missed in the diagnostic screening process. Methods: 2000 SCA-negative ataxia patients, not previously referred for FRDA testing (group A), were tested for FRDA expansions and mutations. This group was compared with 1768 ataxia patients who had been previously referred for FRDA testing (group B) and were therefore more likely to have a typical presentation. The phenotypes of positive cases were assessed through review of the clinical case notes. Results: Three patients (0.2%) in group A had the FRDA expansion on both alleles, compared with 207 patients (11.7%) in group B. The heterozygous carrier rate across both cohorts was of 41 out of 3,768 cases (1.1%). The size of the expansions in the three FRDA-positive cases in group A was small, and their presentation atypical with late-onset. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that FRDA is very rare among patients who were referred purely for SCA testing without the clinical suspicion of FRDA. Such cases should be referred to specialist ataxia centres for more extensive testing to improve patient management and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F. Brown
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H. Parkinson
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hector Garcia-Moreno
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ese Mudanohwo
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn Labrum
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Sweeney
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Giunti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Harding IH, Lynch DR, Koeppen AH, Pandolfo M. Central Nervous System Therapeutic Targets in Friedreich Ataxia. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 31:1226-1236. [PMID: 33238751 PMCID: PMC7757690 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive inherited multisystem disease, characterized by marked differences in the vulnerability of neuronal systems. In general, the proprioceptive system appears to be affected early, while later in the disease, the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and, to some degree, the corticospinal tracts degenerate. In the current era of expanding therapeutic discovery in FRDA, including progress toward novel gene therapies, a deeper and more specific consideration of potential treatment targets in the nervous system is necessary. In this work, we have re-examined the neuropathology of FRDA, recognizing new issues superimposed on classical findings, and dissected the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) aspects of the disease and the affected cell types. Understanding the temporal course of neuropathological changes is needed to identify areas of modifiable disease progression and the CNS and PNS locations that can be targeted at different time points. As most major targets of long-term therapy are in the CNS, this review uses multiple tools for evaluation of the importance of specific CNS locations as targets. In addition to clinical observations, the conceptualizations in this study include physiological, pathological, and imaging approaches, and animal models. We believe that this review, through analysis of a more complete set of data derived from multiple techniques, provides a comprehensive summary of therapeutic targets in FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Harding
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David R Lynch
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arnulf H Koeppen
- Research, Neurology, and Pathology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Massimo Pandolfo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Cellular functions of the protein kinase ATM and their relevance to human disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:796-814. [PMID: 34429537 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a master regulator of double-strand DNA break (DSB) signalling and stress responses. For three decades, ATM has been investigated extensively to elucidate its roles in the DNA damage response (DDR) and in the pathogenesis of ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), a human neurodegenerative disease caused by loss of ATM. Although hundreds of proteins have been identified as ATM phosphorylation targets and many important roles for this kinase have been identified, it is still unclear how ATM deficiency leads to the early-onset cerebellar degeneration that is common in all individuals with A-T. Recent studies suggest the existence of links between ATM deficiency and other cerebellum-specific neurological disorders, as well as the existence of broader similarities with more common neurodegenerative disorders. In this Review, we discuss recent structural insights into ATM regulation, and possible aetiologies of A-T phenotypes, including reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in transcription, R-loop metabolism and alternative splicing, defects in cellular proteostasis and metabolism, and potential pathogenic roles for hyper-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.
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Viventi S, Frausin S, Howden SE, Lim SY, Finol-Urdaneta RK, McArthur JR, Abu-Bonsrah KD, Ng W, Ivanusic J, Thompson L, Dottori M. In vivo survival and differentiation of Friedreich ataxia iPSC-derived sensory neurons transplanted in the adult dorsal root ganglia. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1157-1169. [PMID: 33734599 PMCID: PMC8284774 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by degeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons, which is due to low levels of the mitochondrial protein Frataxin. To explore cell replacement therapies as a possible approach to treat FRDA, we examined transplantation of sensory neural progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and FRDA induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into adult rodent DRG regions. Our data showed survival and differentiation of hESC and FRDA iPSC-derived progenitors in the DRG 2 and 8 weeks post-transplantation, respectively. Donor cells expressed neuronal markers, including sensory and glial markers, demonstrating differentiation to these lineages. These results are novel and a highly significant first step in showing the possibility of using stem cells as a cell replacement therapy to treat DRG neurodegeneration in FRDA as well as other peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Viventi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stefano Frausin
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sara E Howden
- The Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Shiang Y Lim
- O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Rocio K Finol-Urdaneta
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Keiraville, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R McArthur
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Keiraville, Australia
| | - Kwaku Dad Abu-Bonsrah
- The Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Wayne Ng
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Australia
| | - Jason Ivanusic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lachlan Thompson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mirella Dottori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Keiraville, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Tamarit J, Britti E, Delaspre F, Medina-Carbonero M, Sanz-Alcázar A, Cabiscol E, Ros J. Mitochondrial iron and calcium homeostasis in Friedreich ataxia. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:543-553. [PMID: 33675183 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich Ataxia is a neuro-cardiodegenerative disease caused by the deficiency of frataxin, a mitochondrial protein. Many evidences indicate that frataxin deficiency causes an unbalance of iron homeostasis. Nevertheless, in the last decade many results also highlighted the importance of calcium unbalance in the deleterious downstream effects caused by frataxin deficiency. In this review, the role of these two metals has been gathered to give a whole view of how iron and calcium dyshomeostasys impacts on cellular functions and, as a result, which strategies can be followed to find an effective therapy for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Tamarit
- Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Elena Britti
- Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Fabien Delaspre
- Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Arabela Sanz-Alcázar
- Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Elisa Cabiscol
- Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joaquim Ros
- Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
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Rodríguez-Pascau L, Britti E, Calap-Quintana P, Dong YN, Vergara C, Delaspre F, Medina-Carbonero M, Tamarit J, Pallardó FV, Gonzalez-Cabo P, Ros J, Lynch DR, Martinell M, Pizcueta P. PPAR gamma agonist leriglitazone improves frataxin-loss impairments in cellular and animal models of Friedreich Ataxia. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 148:105162. [PMID: 33171227 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), the most common autosomal recessive ataxia, is characterized by degeneration of the large sensory neurons and spinocerebellar tracts, cardiomyopathy, and increased incidence in diabetes. The underlying pathophysiological mechanism of FRDA, driven by a significantly decreased expression of frataxin (FXN), involves increased oxidative stress, reduced activity of enzymes containing iron‑sulfur clusters (ISC), defective energy production, calcium dyshomeostasis, and impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor playing a key role in mitochondrial function and biogenesis, fatty acid storage, energy metabolism, and antioxidant defence. It has been previously shown that the PPARγ/PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) pathway is dysregulated when there is frataxin deficiency, thus contributing to FRDA pathogenesis and supporting the PPARγ pathway as a potential therapeutic target. Here we assess whether MIN-102 (INN: leriglitazone), a novel brain penetrant and orally bioavailable PPARγ agonist with an improved profile for central nervous system (CNS) diseases, rescues phenotypic features in cellular and animal models of FRDA. In frataxin-deficient dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, leriglitazone increased frataxin protein levels, reduced neurite degeneration and α-fodrin cleavage mediated by calpain and caspase 3, and increased survival. Leriglitazone also restored mitochondrial membrane potential and partially reversed decreased levels of mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX), resulting in an improvement of mitochondrial functions and calcium homeostasis. In frataxin-deficient primary neonatal cardiomyocytes, leriglitazone prevented lipid droplet accumulation without increases in frataxin levels. Furthermore, leriglitazone improved motor function deficit in YG8sR mice, a FRDA mouse model. In agreement with the role of PPARγ in mitochondrial biogenesis, leriglitazone significantly increased markers of mitochondrial biogenesis in FRDA patient cells. Overall, these results suggest that targeting the PPARγ pathway by leriglitazone may provide an efficacious therapy for FRDA increasing the mitochondrial function and biogenesis that could increase frataxin levels in compromised frataxin-deficient DRG neurons. Alternately, leriglitazone improved the energy metabolism by increasing the fatty acid β-oxidation in frataxin-deficient cardiomyocytes without elevation of frataxin levels. This could be linked to a lack of significant mitochondrial biogenesis and cardiac hypertrophy. The results reinforced the different tissue requirement in FRDA and the pleiotropic effects of leriglitazone that could be a promising therapy for FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Britti
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRBLleida. Universitat de Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Pablo Calap-Quintana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Yi Na Dong
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Fabien Delaspre
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRBLleida. Universitat de Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Marta Medina-Carbonero
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRBLleida. Universitat de Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Jordi Tamarit
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRBLleida. Universitat de Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Ros
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRBLleida. Universitat de Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - David R Lynch
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marc Martinell
- Minoryx Therapeutics SL., Mataró 08302, Barcelona, Spain; Minoryx Therapeutics BE., Gosselies 6041, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Pilar Pizcueta
- Minoryx Therapeutics SL., Mataró 08302, Barcelona, Spain.
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Rodríguez LR, Calap-Quintana P, Lapeña-Luzón T, Pallardó FV, Schneuwly S, Navarro JA, Gonzalez-Cabo P. Oxidative stress modulates rearrangement of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contacts and calcium dysregulation in a Friedreich's ataxia model. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101762. [PMID: 33128998 PMCID: PMC7585950 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuromuscular and neurological manifestations. It is caused by mutations in the FXN gene, which results in loss of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Endoplasmic Reticulum-mitochondria associated membranes (MAMs) are inter-organelle structures involved in the regulation of essential cellular processes, including lipid metabolism and calcium signaling. In the present study, we have analyzed in both, unicellular and multicellular models of FRDA, calcium management and integrity of MAMs. We observed that function of MAMs is compromised in our cellular model of FRDA, which was improved upon treatment with antioxidants. In agreement, promoting mitochondrial calcium uptake was sufficient to restore several defects caused by frataxin deficiency in Drosophila Melanogaster. Remarkably, our findings describe for the first time frataxin as a member of the protein network of MAMs, where interacts with two of the main proteins implicated in endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria communication. These results suggest a new role of frataxin, indicate that FRDA goes beyond mitochondrial defects and highlight MAMs as novel therapeutic candidates to improve patient's conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Calap-Quintana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Tamara Lapeña-Luzón
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Stephan Schneuwly
- Institute of Zoology, Universitaetsstrasse 31, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Juan A Navarro
- Institute of Zoology, Universitaetsstrasse 31, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany; INCLIVA Biomedial Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
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Rodríguez LR, Lapeña T, Calap-Quintana P, Moltó MD, Gonzalez-Cabo P, Navarro Langa JA. Antioxidant Therapies and Oxidative Stress in Friedreich´s Ataxia: The Right Path or Just a Diversion? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E664. [PMID: 32722309 PMCID: PMC7465446 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich´s ataxia is the commonest autosomal recessive ataxia among population of European descent. Despite the huge advances performed in the last decades, a cure still remains elusive. One of the most studied hallmarks of the disease is the increased production of oxidative stress markers in patients and models. This feature has been the motivation to develop treatments that aim to counteract such boost of free radicals and to enhance the production of antioxidant defenses. In this work, we present and critically review those "antioxidant" drugs that went beyond the disease´s models and were approved for its application in clinical trials. The evaluation of these trials highlights some crucial aspects of the FRDA research. On the one hand, the analysis contributes to elucidate whether oxidative stress plays a central role or whether it is only an epiphenomenon. On the other hand, it comments on some limitations in the current trials that complicate the analysis and interpretation of their outcome. We also include some suggestions that will be interesting to implement in future studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.R.); (T.L.); (P.C.-Q.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Tamara Lapeña
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.R.); (T.L.); (P.C.-Q.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Calap-Quintana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.R.); (T.L.); (P.C.-Q.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Moltó
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.R.); (T.L.); (P.C.-Q.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Stepanova A, Magrané J. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons in Friedreich's ataxia. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 102:103419. [PMID: 31770591 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia is a multisystemic genetic disorder within the family of mitochondrial diseases that is characterized by reduced levels of the essential mitochondrial protein frataxin. Based on clinical evidence, the peripheral nervous system is affected early, neuronal dysfunction progresses towards the central nervous system, and other organs (such as heart and pancreas) are affected later. However, little attention has been given to the specific aspects of mitochondria function altered by frataxin depletion in the nervous system. For years, commonly accepted views on mitochondria dysfunction in Friedreich's ataxia stemmed from studies using non-neuronal systems and may not apply to neurons, which have their own bioenergetic needs and present a unique, extensive neurite network. Moreover, the basis of the selective neuronal vulnerability, which primarily affects large sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, large principal neurons in the dentate nuclei of the cerebellum, and pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex, remains elusive. In order to identify potential misbeliefs in the field and highlight controversies, we reviewed current knowledge on frataxin expression in different tissues, discussed the molecular function of frataxin, and the consequences of its deficiency for mitochondria structural and functional properties, with a focus on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stepanova
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America.
| | - Jordi Magrané
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America.
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Al-Mahdawi S, Ging H, Bayot A, Cavalcanti F, La Cognata V, Cavallaro S, Giunti P, Pook MA. Large Interruptions of GAA Repeat Expansion Mutations in Friedreich Ataxia Are Very Rare. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:443. [PMID: 30519163 PMCID: PMC6258883 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia is a multi-system autosomal recessive inherited disorder primarily caused by homozygous GAA repeat expansion mutations within intron 1 of the frataxin gene. The resulting deficiency of frataxin protein leads to progressive mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cell death, with the main affected sites being the large sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. The GAA repeat expansions may be pure (GAA)n in sequence or may be interrupted with regions of non-GAA sequence. To our knowledge, there has been no large-scale study of FRDA patient DNA samples to determine the frequency of large interruptions in GAA repeat expansions. Therefore, we have investigated a panel of 245 Friedreich ataxia patient and carrier DNA samples using GAA repeat PCR amplification and MboII restriction enzyme digestion. We demonstrate that the vast majority (97.8%) of Friedreich ataxia GAA repeat expansion samples do not contain significant sequence changes that would result in abnormal MboII digestion profiles, indicating that they are primarily pure GAA repeats. These results show for the first time that large interruptions in the GAA repeats are very rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Al-Mahdawi
- Ataxia Research Group, Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.,Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Ging
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aurelien Bayot
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Paola Giunti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Pook
- Ataxia Research Group, Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.,Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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