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Baridjavadi Z, Mahmoudi M, Abdollahi N, Ebadpour N, Mollazadeh S, Haghmorad D, Esmaeili SA. The humoral immune landscape in Parkinson's disease: Unraveling antibody and B cell changes. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4109. [PMID: 39189398 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) region of the brain. Although the role of neuroinflammation and cellular immunity in PD has been extensively studied, the involvement of humoral immunity mediated by antibodies and B cells has received less attention. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current understanding of humoral immunity in PD. Here, we discuss alterations in B cells in PD, including changes in their number and phenotype. Evidence mostly indicates a decrease in the quantity of B cells in PD, accompanied by a shift in the population from naïve to memory cells. Furthermore, the existence of autoantibodies that target several antigens in PD has been investigated (i.e., anti-α-syn autoantibodies, anti-glial-derived antigen antibodies, anti-Tau antibodies, antineuromelanin antibodies, and antibodies against the renin-angiotensin system). Several autoantibodies are generated in PD, which may either provide protection or have harmful effects on disease progression. Furthermore, we have reviewed studies focusing on the utilization of antibodies as a potential treatment for PD, both in animal and clinical trials. This review sheds light on the intricate interplay between antibodies and the pathological processes in PD, including complement system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Baridjavadi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Abdollahi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negar Ebadpour
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mollazadeh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Dariush Haghmorad
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Shalash A, Doma A, Barakat M, Hamid E, Salama M. Exploring serum α‑synuclein and its autoantibodies in essential tremor: implications for diagnosis and symptom correlations. Biomed Rep 2024; 21:108. [PMID: 38868525 PMCID: PMC11168024 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
There is no definite biomarker for confirming the diagnosis of essential tremor (ET) or differentiating it from other diseases, particularly Parkinson's disease. The present study aimed to investigate the serum levels of the α-synuclein protein (α-syn) and its autoantibodies in patients with ET compared with healthy controls and its relation to motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with ET. Serum α-syn and its autoantibodies were measured in 32 patients with ET and 32 age- and sex-matched controls. Both groups were assessed using the non-motor symptoms scale, MoCA, Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire. Tremor was assessed using the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale. The serum α-syn concentration in patients with ET was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (P<0.001), with a positive predictive value of 0.81 and a negative predictive value of 0.75, while the serum anti-a-syn autoantibody concentration was not significantly different between the two groups. There were no correlations between serum α-syn or its autoantibodies and patients' clinical characteristics. Furthermore, patients with ET had worse cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, non-motor symptoms and quality of life. The serum α-syn concentration was lower in patients with ET than in controls, with favorable predictive values, suggesting that it could serve as a biomarker for ET diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shalash
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11757, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Doma
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11757, Egypt
| | - Mai Barakat
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, The American University in Cairo, Cairo 11385, Egypt
| | - Eman Hamid
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11757, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, The American University in Cairo, Cairo 11385, Egypt
- Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Dakahleya 35516, Egypt
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3
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Shu H, Zhang P, Gu L. Alpha-synuclein in peripheral body fluid as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:831-842. [PMID: 38170418 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whether alpha-synuclein in peripheral body fluids can be used for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains in controversy. This study evaluates diagnostic potential of alpha-synuclein for PD in various peripheral body fluids using a meta-analysis approach. METHODS Studies published before October 2022 were searched in Web of Science and PubMed databases. The results were computed using the STATA 12.0 statistical software. RESULTS In plasma, PD patients exhibited elevated alpha-synuclein levels relative to healthy controls (HCs) [standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.42 to 1.15] with a sensitivity of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.64-0.89) and a specificity of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.90-0.98). Higher plasma alpha-synuclein levels were correlated with longer disease durations, higher Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores, and higher Hoehn and Yahr stages in PD patients. Plasma neural-derived exosomal alpha-synuclein levels (SMD = 1.82, 95% CI = 0.30 to 3.35), ratio of plasma neural-derived exosomal alpha-synuclein to total alpha-synuclein (SMD = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.19 to 2.33), and erythrocytic alpha-synuclein levels were also increased in PD patients (SMD = 6.57, 95% CI = 3.55 to 9.58). In serum, there was no significant difference in alpha-synuclein levels between PD patients and HCs (SMD = 0.54, 95% CI = - 0.27 to 1.34). In saliva, reduced alpha-synuclein levels were observed in PD patients (SMD = - 0.85, 95% CI = - 1.67 to - 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Alpha-synuclein levels in plasma, plasma neural-derived exosome, erythrocyte, and saliva may serve as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300041, China
| | - Lihua Gu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, No. 6 Jizhao Road, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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4
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Balestri W, Sharma R, da Silva VA, Bobotis BC, Curle AJ, Kothakota V, Kalantarnia F, Hangad MV, Hoorfar M, Jones JL, Tremblay MÈ, El-Jawhari JJ, Willerth SM, Reinwald Y. Modeling the neuroimmune system in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:32. [PMID: 38263227 PMCID: PMC10807115 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are neurodegenerative disorders caused by the interaction of genetic, environmental, and familial factors. These diseases have distinct pathologies and symptoms that are linked to specific cell populations in the brain. Notably, the immune system has been implicated in both diseases, with a particular focus on the dysfunction of microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, contributing to neuronal loss and exacerbating symptoms. Researchers use models of the neuroimmune system to gain a deeper understanding of the physiological and biological aspects of these neurodegenerative diseases and how they progress. Several in vitro and in vivo models, including 2D cultures and animal models, have been utilized. Recently, advancements have been made in optimizing these existing models and developing 3D models and organ-on-a-chip systems, holding tremendous promise in accurately mimicking the intricate intracellular environment. As a result, these models represent a crucial breakthrough in the transformation of current treatments for PD and AD by offering potential for conducting long-term disease-based modeling for therapeutic testing, reducing reliance on animal models, and significantly improving cell viability compared to conventional 2D models. The application of 3D and organ-on-a-chip models in neurodegenerative disease research marks a prosperous step forward, providing a more realistic representation of the complex interactions within the neuroimmune system. Ultimately, these refined models of the neuroimmune system aim to aid in the quest to combat and mitigate the impact of debilitating neuroimmune diseases on patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Balestri
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Victor A da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Bianca C Bobotis
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Annabel J Curle
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vandana Kothakota
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Maria V Hangad
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Joanne L Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Neurosciences Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institute On Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jehan J El-Jawhari
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Stephanie M Willerth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Yvonne Reinwald
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
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Garmendia JV, De Sanctis CV, Das V, Annadurai N, Hajduch M, De Sanctis JB. Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Therapeutics and Beyond. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1080-1109. [PMID: 37898823 PMCID: PMC10964103 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231017141636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease (ND) incidence has recently increased due to improved life expectancy. Alzheimer's (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most prevalent NDs. Both diseases are poly genetic, multifactorial and heterogenous. Preventive medicine, a healthy diet, exercise, and controlling comorbidities may delay the onset. After the diseases are diagnosed, therapy is needed to slow progression. Recent studies show that local, peripheral and age-related inflammation accelerates NDs' onset and progression. Patients with autoimmune disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) could be at higher risk of developing AD or PD. However, no increase in ND incidence has been reported if the patients are adequately diagnosed and treated. Autoantibodies against abnormal tau, β amyloid and α- synuclein have been encountered in AD and PD and may be protective. This discovery led to the proposal of immune-based therapies for AD and PD involving monoclonal antibodies, immunization/ vaccines, pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibition and anti-inflammatory cytokine addition. All the different approaches have been analysed here. Future perspectives on new therapeutic strategies for both disorders are concisely examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Valentina Garmendia
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Valentina De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Viswanath Das
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Narendran Annadurai
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
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6
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Sampson T. Microbial amyloids in neurodegenerative amyloid diseases. FEBS J 2023:10.1111/febs.17023. [PMID: 38041542 PMCID: PMC11144261 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Human-disease associated amyloidogenic proteins are not unique in their ability to form amyloid fibrillar structures. Numerous microbes produce amyloidogenic proteins that have distinct functions for their physiology in their amyloid form, rather than solely detrimental. Emerging data indicate associations between various microbial organisms, including those which produce functional amyloids, with neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review some of the evidence suggesting that microbial amyloids impact amyloid disease in host organisms. Experimental data are building a foundation for continued lines of enquiry and suggest that that direct or indirect interactions between microbial and host amyloids may be a contributor to amyloid pathologies. Inhibiting microbial amyloids or their interactions with the host may therefore represent a tangible target to limit various amyloid pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Sampson
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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Schließer P, Struebing FL, Northoff BH, Kurz A, Rémi J, Holdt L, Höglinger GU, Herms J, Koeglsperger T. Detection of a Parkinson's Disease-Specific MicroRNA Signature in Nasal and Oral Swabs. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1706-1715. [PMID: 37382573 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomaterials from oral and nasal swabs provide, in theory, a potential resource for biomarker development. However, their diagnostic value has not yet been investigated in the context of Parkinson's disease (PD) and associated conditions. OBJECTIVE We have previously identified a PD-specific microRNA (miRNA) signature in gut biopsies. In this work, we aimed to investigate the expression of miRNAs in routine buccal (oral) and nasal swabs obtained from cases with idiopathic PD and isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), a prodromal symptom that often precedes α-synucleinopathies. We aimed to address their value as a diagnostic biomarker for PD and their mechanistic contribution to PD onset and progression. METHODS Healthy control cases (n = 28), cases with PD (n = 29), and cases with iRBD (n = 8) were prospectively recruited to undergo routine buccal and nasal swabs. Total RNA was extracted from the swab material, and the expression of a predefined set of miRNAs was quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Statistical analysis revealed a significantly increased expression of hsa-miR-1260a in cases who had PD. Interestingly, hsa-miR-1260a expression levels correlated with diseases severity, as well as olfactory function, in the PD and iRBD cohorts. Mechanistically, hsa-miR-1260a segregated to Golgi-associated cellular processes with a potential role in mucosal plasma cells. Predicted hsa-miR-1260a target gene expression was reduced in iRBD and PD groups. CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrates oral and nasal swabs as a valuable biomarker pool in PD and associated neurodegenerative conditions. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Schließer
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix L Struebing
- Department of Translational Brain Research, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd H Northoff
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Kurz
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Landsberg am Lech, Landsberg, Germany
| | - Jan Rémi
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lesca Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases e.V. (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Department of Translational Brain Research, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Koeglsperger
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Translational Brain Research, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
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8
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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Santos-García D, Martínez-Valbuena I, Agúndez JAG. Alpha-Synuclein in Peripheral Tissues as a Possible Marker for Neurological Diseases and Other Medical Conditions. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1263. [PMID: 37627328 PMCID: PMC10452242 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The possible usefulness of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) determinations in peripheral tissues (blood cells, salivary gland biopsies, olfactory mucosa, digestive tract, skin) and in biological fluids, except for cerebrospinal fluid (serum, plasma, saliva, feces, urine), as a marker of several diseases, has been the subject of numerous publications. This narrative review summarizes data from studies trying to determine the role of total, oligomeric, and phosphorylated aSyn determinations as a marker of various diseases, especially PD and other alpha-synucleinopathies. In summary, the results of studies addressing the determinations of aSyn in its different forms in peripheral tissues (especially in platelets, skin, and digestive tract, but also salivary glands and olfactory mucosa), in combination with other potential biomarkers, could be a useful tool to discriminate PD from controls and from other causes of parkinsonisms, including synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena García-Martín
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
| | - Diego Santos-García
- Department of Neurology, CHUAC—Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Iván Martínez-Valbuena
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada;
| | - José A. G. Agúndez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
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9
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Bourque M, Morissette M, Soulet D, Di Paolo T. Impact of Sex on Neuroimmune contributions to Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 2023:110668. [PMID: 37196734 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. Inflammation has been observed in both the idiopathic and familial forms of PD. Importantly, PD is reported more often in men than in women, men having at least 1.5- fold higher risk to develop PD than women. This review summarizes the impact of biological sex and sex hormones on the neuroimmune contributions to PD and its investigation in animal models of PD. Innate and peripheral immune systems participate in the brain neuroinflammation of PD patients and is reproduced in neurotoxin, genetic and alpha-synuclein based models of PD. Microglia and astrocytes are the main cells of the innate immune system in the central nervous system and are the first to react to restore homeostasis in the brain. Analysis of serum immunoprofiles in female and male control and PD patients show that a great proportion of these markers differ between male and female. The relationship between CSF inflammatory markers and PD clinical characteristics or PD biomarkers shows sex differences. Conversely, in animal models of PD, sex differences in inflammation are well documented and the beneficial effects of endogenous and exogenous estrogenic modulation in inflammation have been reported. Targeting neuroinflammation in PD is an emerging therapeutic option but gonadal drugs have not yet been investigated in this respect, thus offering new opportunities for sex specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada.
| | - Marc Morissette
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada.
| | - Denis Soulet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec (Québec) G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec (Québec) G1V 0A6, Canada.
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10
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Bianco A, Antonacci Y, Liguori M. Sex and Gender Differences in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Challenges for Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6354. [PMID: 37047320 PMCID: PMC10093984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The term "neurodegenerative diseases" (NDs) identifies a group of heterogeneous diseases characterized by progressive loss of selectively vulnerable populations of neurons, which progressively deteriorates over time, leading to neuronal dysfunction. Protein aggregation and neuronal loss have been considered the most characteristic hallmarks of NDs, but growing evidence confirms that significant dysregulation of innate immune pathways plays a crucial role as well. NDs vary from multiple sclerosis, in which the autoimmune inflammatory component is predominant, to more "classical" NDs, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and spinal muscular atrophy. Of interest, many of the clinical differences reported in NDs seem to be closely linked to sex, which may be justified by the significant changes in immune mechanisms between affected females and males. In this review, we examined some of the most studied NDs by looking at their pathogenic and phenotypical features to highlight sex-related discrepancies, if any, with particular interest in the individuals' responses to treatment. We believe that pointing out these differences in clinical practice may help achieve more successful precision and personalized care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Liguori
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Bari Unit, 70125 Bari, Italy
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11
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Poppell M, Hammel G, Ren Y. Immune Regulatory Functions of Macrophages and Microglia in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5925. [PMID: 36982999 PMCID: PMC10059890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can be characterized as a very multifunctional cell type with a spectrum of phenotypes and functions being observed spatially and temporally in various disease states. Ample studies have now demonstrated a possible causal link between macrophage activation and the development of autoimmune disorders. How these cells may be contributing to the adaptive immune response and potentially perpetuating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and neural injuries is not fully understood. Within this review, we hope to illustrate the role that macrophages and microglia play as initiators of adaptive immune response in various CNS diseases by offering evidence of: (1) the types of immune responses and the processes of antigen presentation in each disease, (2) receptors involved in macrophage/microglial phagocytosis of disease-related cell debris or molecules, and, finally, (3) the implications of macrophages/microglia on the pathogenesis of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Giri B, Seamon M, Banerjee A, Chauhan S, Purohit S, Morgan J, Baban B, Wakade C. Emerging urinary alpha-synuclein and miRNA biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1687-1696. [PMID: 33881722 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases after Alzheimer's disease (AD), afflicting adults above the age of sixty irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity, and social status. PD is characterized by motor dysfunctions, displaying resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural imbalance. Non-motor symptoms, including rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder, constipation, and loss of sense of smell, typically occur many years before the appearance of the PD motor symptoms that lead to a diagnosis. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which leads to the motor symptoms seen in PD, is associated with the deposition of aggregated, misfolded α-Synuclein (α-Syn, SNCA) proteins forming Lewy Bodies. Additionally, dysregulation of miRNA (a short form of mRNA) may contribute to the developing pathophysiology in PD and other diseases such as cancer. Overexpression of α-Syn and miRNA in human samples has been found in PD, AD, and dementia. Therefore, evaluating these molecules in urine, present either in the free form or in association with extracellular vesicles of biological fluids, may lead to early biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. Collection of urine is non-invasive and thus beneficial, particularly in geriatric populations, for biomarker analysis. Considering the expression and function of α-Syn and miRNA, we predict that they can be used as early biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banabihari Giri
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, 987 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Marissa Seamon
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Brain Peds Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sneha Chauhan
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, 987 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sharad Purohit
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, 987 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John Morgan
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation (CERSI), Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Chandramohan Wakade
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, 987 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
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Plantone D, Pardini M, Locci S, Nobili F, De Stefano N. B Lymphocytes in Alzheimer's Disease-A Comprehensive Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:1241-1262. [PMID: 35754274 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most common type of neurodegenerative dementia and is characterized by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, pathologic intracellular tau protein tangles, and neuronal loss. Increasing evidence has been accumulating over the past years, supporting a pivotal role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD. Microglia, monocytes, astrocytes, and neurons have been shown to play a major role in AD-associated inflammation. However recent studies showed that the role of both T and B lymphocytes may be important. In particular, B lymphocytes are the cornerstone of humoral immunity, they constitute a heterogenous population of immune cells, being their mature subsets significantly impacted by the inflammatory milieu. The role of B lymphocytes on AD pathogenesis is gaining interest for several reasons. Indeed, the majority of elderly people develop the process of "inflammaging", which is characterized by increased blood levels of proinflammatory molecules associated with an elevated susceptibility to chronic diseases. Epitope-specific alteration pattern of naturally occurring antibodies targeting the amino-terminus and the mid-domain of Aβ in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid has been described in AD patients. Moreover, a possible therapeutic role of B lymphocytes depletion was recently demonstrated in murine AD models. Interestingly, active immunization against Aβ and tau, one of the main therapeutic strategies under investigation, depend on B lymphocytes. Finally. several molecules being tested in AD clinical trials can modify the homeostasis of B cells. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the role of B lymphocytes in AD from the pathogenesis to the possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Plantone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Pardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Locci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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14
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Folke J, Bergholt E, Pakkenberg B, Aznar S, Brudek T. Alpha-Synuclein Autoimmune Decline in Prodromal Multiple System Atrophy and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6554. [PMID: 35742998 PMCID: PMC9224313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple-system trophy (MSA) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) are both progressive, neurodegenerative diseases characterized by neuropathological deposition of aggregated alpha-synuclein (αSyn). The causes behind this aggregation are still unknown. We have reported aberrancies in MSA and PD patients in naturally occurring autoantibodies (nAbs) against αSyn (anti-αSyn-nAbs), which are important partakers in anti-aggregatory processes, immune-mediated clearance, and anti-inflammatory functions. To elaborate further on the timeline of autoimmune aberrancies towards αSyn, we investigated here the Immunoglobulin (Ig) affinity profile and subclass composition (IgG-total, IgG1-4 and IgM) of anti-αSyn-nAbs in serum samples from prodromal (p) phases of MSA and PD. Using an electrochemiluminescence competition immunoassay, we confirmed that the repertoire of high-affinity anti-αSyn-nAbs is significantly reduced in pMSA and pPD. Further, we demonstrated that pPD had increased anti-αSyn IgG-total levels compared to pMSA and controls, concordant with increased anti-αSyn IgG1 levels in pPD. Anti-αSyn IgG2 and IgG4 levels were reduced in pMSA and pPD compared with controls, whereas anti-αSyn IgG3 levels were reduced in pMSA compared to pPD and controls. The results indicate that the impaired reactivity towards αSyn occurs prior to disease onset. The apparent lack of high-affinity anti-αSyn nAbs may result in reduced clearance of αSyn, leading to aggregation of the protein. Thus, this study provides novel insights into possible causes behind the pathogenesis in synucleinopathies such as MSA and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Folke
- Centre for Neuroscience & Stereology, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark; (E.B.); (B.P.); (S.A.); (T.B.)
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Emil Bergholt
- Centre for Neuroscience & Stereology, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark; (E.B.); (B.P.); (S.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Centre for Neuroscience & Stereology, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark; (E.B.); (B.P.); (S.A.); (T.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Susana Aznar
- Centre for Neuroscience & Stereology, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark; (E.B.); (B.P.); (S.A.); (T.B.)
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Brudek
- Centre for Neuroscience & Stereology, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark; (E.B.); (B.P.); (S.A.); (T.B.)
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
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15
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Grotemeyer A, McFleder RL, Wu J, Wischhusen J, Ip CW. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease - Putative Pathomechanisms and Targets for Disease-Modification. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878771. [PMID: 35663989 PMCID: PMC9158130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive and debilitating chronic disease that affects more than six million people worldwide, with rising prevalence. The hallmarks of PD are motor deficits, the spreading of pathological α-synuclein clusters in the central nervous system, and neuroinflammatory processes. PD is treated symptomatically, as no causally-acting drug or procedure has been successfully established for clinical use. Various pathways contributing to dopaminergic neuron loss in PD have been investigated and described to interact with the innate and adaptive immune system. We discuss the possible contribution of interconnected pathways related to the immune response, focusing on the pathophysiology and neurodegeneration of PD. In addition, we provide an overview of clinical trials targeting neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wischhusen
- Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Garg P, Maass F, Sundaram SM, Mollenhauer B, Mahajani S, van Riesen C, Kügler S, Bähr M. The relevance of synuclein autoantibodies as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 121:103746. [PMID: 35660088 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have investigated if the levels of α-synuclein autoantibodies (α-syn AAb) differ in serum of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and healthy subjects. Reproducible differences in their levels could serve as a biomarker for PD. The results of previous studies however remain inconclusive. With the largest sample size examined so far, we aimed to validate serum α-syn AAb levels as a biomarker for PD and investigated the presence of AAbs against other synucleins. We performed ELISA and immunoblots to determine synuclein AAb levels in the serum of 295 subjects comprising 157 PD patients from two independent cohorts, 46 healthy subjects, and 92 patients with other neurodegenerative disorders. Although serum α- and β-syn AAb levels were significantly reduced in patients with PD and other neurodegenerative disorders as compared to controls, the AAb levels displayed high inter-and intra-cohort variability. Furthermore, α-syn AAb levels showed no correlation to clinical parameters like age, disease duration, disease severity, and gender, that might also be directed against beta- and gamma-syn. In conclusion, serum synuclein AAb levels do allow the separation of PD from healthy subjects but not from other neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, synuclein AAbs cannot be regarded as a reliable biomarker for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pretty Garg
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Fabian Maass
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sivaraj M Sundaram
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sameehan Mahajani
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Christoph van Riesen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Abdi IY, Ghanem SS, El-Agnaf OM. Immune-related biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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18
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Zang X, Chen S, Zhu J, Ma J, Zhai Y. The Emerging Role of Central and Peripheral Immune Systems in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:872134. [PMID: 35547626 PMCID: PMC9082639 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.872134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, it has been widely believed that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides an immune privileged environment in the central nervous system (CNS) by blocking peripheral immune cells and humoral immune factors. This view has been revised in recent years, with increasing evidence revealing that the peripheral immune system plays a critical role in regulating CNS homeostasis and disease. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive dysfunction and the loss of neurons in the CNS. An increasing number of studies have focused on the role of the connection between the peripheral immune system and the CNS in neurodegenerative diseases. On the one hand, peripherally released cytokines can cross the BBB, cause direct neurotoxicity and contribute to the activation of microglia and astrocytes. On the other hand, peripheral immune cells can also infiltrate the brain and participate in the progression of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases have a high morbidity and disability rate, yet there are no effective therapies to stop or reverse their progression. In recent years, neuroinflammation has received much attention as a therapeutic target for many neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of the peripheral and central immune systems in neurodegenerative diseases, as well as their interactions. A better understanding of the emerging role of the immune systems may improve therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - JunYao Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junwen Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Kocurova G, Ricny J, Ovsepian SV. Autoantibodies targeting neuronal proteins as biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. Theranostics 2022; 12:3045-3056. [PMID: 35547759 PMCID: PMC9065204 DOI: 10.7150/thno.72126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are associated with the accumulation of a range of misfolded proteins across the central nervous system and related autoimmune responses, including the generation of antibodies and the activation of immune cells. Both innate and adaptive immunity become mobilized, leading to cellular and humoral effects. The role of humoral immunity in disease onset and progression remains to be elucidated with rising evidence suggestive of positive (protection, repair) and negative (injury, toxicity) outcomes. In this study, we review advances in research of neuron-targeting autoantibodies in the most prevalent NDDs. We discuss their biological origin, molecular diversity and changes in the course of diseases, consider their relevance to the initiation and progression of pathology as well as diagnostic and prognostic significance. It is suggested that the emerging autoimmune aspects of NDDs not only could facilitate the early detection but also might help to elucidate previously unknown facets of pathobiology with relevance to the development of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kocurova
- Experimental Neurobiology Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ricny
- Experimental Neurobiology Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Saak V. Ovsepian
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
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20
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Braczynski AK, Sevenich M, Gering I, Kupreichyk T, Agerschou ED, Kronimus Y, Habib P, Stoldt M, Willbold D, Schulz JB, Bach JP, Falkenburger BH, Hoyer W. Alpha-Synuclein-Specific Naturally Occurring Antibodies Inhibit Aggregation In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030469. [PMID: 35327661 PMCID: PMC8946620 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with motor and non-motor symptoms and characterized by aggregates of alpha-synuclein (αSyn). Naturally occurring antibodies (nAbs) are part of the innate immune system, produced without prior contact to their specific antigen, and polyreactive. The abundance of nAbs against αSyn is altered in patients with PD. In this work, we biophysically characterized nAbs against αSyn (nAbs-αSyn) and determined their biological effects. nAbs-αSyn were isolated from commercial intravenous immunoglobulins using column affinity purification. Biophysical properties were characterized using a battery of established in vitro assays. Biological effects were characterized in HEK293T cells transiently transfected with fluorescently tagged αSyn. Specific binding of nAbs-αSyn to monomeric αSyn was demonstrated by Dot blot, ELISA, and Surface Plasmon Resonance. nAbs-αSyn did not affect viability of HEK293T cells as reported by Cell Titer Blue and LDH Assays. nAbs-αSyn inhibited fibrillation of αSyn reported by the Thioflavin T aggregation assay. Altered fibril formation was confirmed with atomic force microscopy. In cells transfected with EGFP-tagged αSyn we observed reduced formation of aggresomes, perinuclear accumulations of αSyn aggregates. The results demonstrate that serum of healthy individuals contains nAbs that specifically bind αSyn and inhibit aggregation of αSyn in vitro. The addition of nAbs-αSyn to cultured cells affects intracellular αSyn aggregates. These findings help understanding the role of the innate immune systems for the pathogenesis of PD and suggest that systemic αSyn binding agents could potentially affect neuronal αSyn pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Braczynski
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.K.B.); (P.H.); (J.B.S.); (J.-P.B.)
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (T.K.); (E.D.A.); (M.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Marc Sevenich
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.)
- Priavoid GmbH, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ian Gering
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Tatsiana Kupreichyk
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (T.K.); (E.D.A.); (M.S.); (D.W.)
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Emil D. Agerschou
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (T.K.); (E.D.A.); (M.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Yannick Kronimus
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany;
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.K.B.); (P.H.); (J.B.S.); (J.-P.B.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Stoldt
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (T.K.); (E.D.A.); (M.S.); (D.W.)
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (T.K.); (E.D.A.); (M.S.); (D.W.)
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Jörg B. Schulz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.K.B.); (P.H.); (J.B.S.); (J.-P.B.)
- JARA-Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, FZ Jülich and RWTH University, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan-Philipp Bach
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.K.B.); (P.H.); (J.B.S.); (J.-P.B.)
| | - Björn H. Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.K.B.); (P.H.); (J.B.S.); (J.-P.B.)
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.H.F.); (W.H.)
| | - Wolfgang Hoyer
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (T.K.); (E.D.A.); (M.S.); (D.W.)
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence: (B.H.F.); (W.H.)
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21
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Li R, Tropea TF, Baratta LR, Zuroff L, Diaz-Ortiz ME, Zhang B, Shinoda K, Rezk A, Alcalay RN, Chen-Plotkin A, Bar-Or A. Abnormal B-Cell and Tfh-Cell Profiles in Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Cross-sectional Study. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/2/e1125. [PMID: 34955458 PMCID: PMC8711073 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives There has been growing interest in potential roles of the immune system in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). The aim of the current study was to comprehensively characterize phenotypic and functional profiles of circulating immune cells in patients with PD vs controls. Methods Peripheral blood was collected from patients with PD and age- and sex-matched neurologically normal controls (NCs) in 2 independent cohorts (discovery and validation). Comprehensive multicolor flow cytometry was performed on whole blood leukocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells to characterize different immune subsets and their ex vivo responses. Results The discovery cohort included 17 NCs and 12 participants with PD, and the validation cohort included 18 NCs and 18 participants with PD. Among major immune cell types, B cells appeared to be preferentially affected in PD. Proliferating B cell counts were decreased in patients with PD compared with controls. Proportions of B-cell subsets with regulatory capacity such as transitional B cells were preferentially reduced in the patients with PD, whereas proportions of proinflammatory cytokine-producing B cells increased, resulting in a proinflammatory shift of their B-cell functional cytokine responses. Unsupervised principal component analysis revealed increased expression of TNFα and GM-CSF by both B cells and T cells of patients with PD. In addition, levels of follicular T cells, an important B-cell helper T-cell population, decreased in the patients with PD, correlating with their B-cell abnormality. Discussion Our findings define a novel signature of peripheral immune cells and implicate aberrant Tfh:B-cell interactions in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- From the The Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics and the Department of Neurology (R.L., L.Z., K.S., A.R., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (T.F.T., L.R.B., M.E.D.-O., A.C-P.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Bioengineering (M.E.D.-O.), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Cardiology (B.Z.), the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Neurology (R.N.A.), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Thomas Francis Tropea
- From the The Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics and the Department of Neurology (R.L., L.Z., K.S., A.R., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (T.F.T., L.R.B., M.E.D.-O., A.C-P.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Bioengineering (M.E.D.-O.), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Cardiology (B.Z.), the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Neurology (R.N.A.), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Laura Rosa Baratta
- From the The Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics and the Department of Neurology (R.L., L.Z., K.S., A.R., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (T.F.T., L.R.B., M.E.D.-O., A.C-P.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Bioengineering (M.E.D.-O.), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Cardiology (B.Z.), the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Neurology (R.N.A.), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Leah Zuroff
- From the The Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics and the Department of Neurology (R.L., L.Z., K.S., A.R., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (T.F.T., L.R.B., M.E.D.-O., A.C-P.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Bioengineering (M.E.D.-O.), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Cardiology (B.Z.), the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Neurology (R.N.A.), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Maria E Diaz-Ortiz
- From the The Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics and the Department of Neurology (R.L., L.Z., K.S., A.R., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (T.F.T., L.R.B., M.E.D.-O., A.C-P.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Bioengineering (M.E.D.-O.), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Cardiology (B.Z.), the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Neurology (R.N.A.), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Bo Zhang
- From the The Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics and the Department of Neurology (R.L., L.Z., K.S., A.R., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (T.F.T., L.R.B., M.E.D.-O., A.C-P.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Bioengineering (M.E.D.-O.), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Cardiology (B.Z.), the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Neurology (R.N.A.), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Koji Shinoda
- From the The Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics and the Department of Neurology (R.L., L.Z., K.S., A.R., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (T.F.T., L.R.B., M.E.D.-O., A.C-P.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Bioengineering (M.E.D.-O.), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Cardiology (B.Z.), the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Neurology (R.N.A.), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Ayman Rezk
- From the The Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics and the Department of Neurology (R.L., L.Z., K.S., A.R., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (T.F.T., L.R.B., M.E.D.-O., A.C-P.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Bioengineering (M.E.D.-O.), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Cardiology (B.Z.), the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Neurology (R.N.A.), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- From the The Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics and the Department of Neurology (R.L., L.Z., K.S., A.R., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (T.F.T., L.R.B., M.E.D.-O., A.C-P.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Bioengineering (M.E.D.-O.), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Cardiology (B.Z.), the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Neurology (R.N.A.), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Alice Chen-Plotkin
- From the The Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics and the Department of Neurology (R.L., L.Z., K.S., A.R., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (T.F.T., L.R.B., M.E.D.-O., A.C-P.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Bioengineering (M.E.D.-O.), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Cardiology (B.Z.), the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Neurology (R.N.A.), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- From the The Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics and the Department of Neurology (R.L., L.Z., K.S., A.R., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (T.F.T., L.R.B., M.E.D.-O., A.C-P.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Bioengineering (M.E.D.-O.), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Cardiology (B.Z.), the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Neurology (R.N.A.), Columbia University, New York, NY.
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22
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Rickenbach C, Gericke C. Specificity of Adaptive Immune Responses in Central Nervous System Health, Aging and Diseases. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:806260. [PMID: 35126045 PMCID: PMC8812614 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.806260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of neuroimmunology endorses the involvement of the adaptive immune system in central nervous system (CNS) health, disease, and aging. While immune cell trafficking into the CNS is highly regulated, small numbers of antigen-experienced lymphocytes can still enter the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled compartments for regular immune surveillance under homeostatic conditions. Meningeal lymphatics facilitate drainage of brain-derived antigens from the CSF to deep cervical lymph nodes to prime potential adaptive immune responses. During aging and CNS disorders, brain barriers and meningeal lymphatic functions are impaired, and immune cell trafficking and antigen efflux are altered. In this context, alterations in the immune cell repertoire of blood and CSF and T and B cells primed against CNS-derived autoantigens have been observed in various CNS disorders. However, for many diseases, a causal relationship between observed immune responses and neuropathological findings is lacking. Here, we review recent discoveries about the association between the adaptive immune system and CNS disorders such as autoimmune neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. We focus on the current challenges in identifying specific T cell epitopes in CNS diseases and discuss the potential implications for future diagnostic and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rickenbach
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Gericke
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
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23
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Abstract
The notion that autoimmune responses to α-synuclein may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder stems from reports that mutations in α-synuclein or certain alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are associated with the disease and that dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic neurons in the midbrain can present antigenic epitopes. Here, we discuss recent evidence that a defined set of peptides derived from α-synuclein act as antigenic epitopes displayed by specific MHC alleles and drive helper and cytotoxic T cell responses in patients with PD. Moreover, phosphorylated α-synuclein may activate T cell responses in a less restricted manner in PD. While the roles for the acquired immune system in disease pathogenesis remain unknown, preclinical animal models and in vitro studies indicate that T cells may interact with neurons and exert effects related to neuronal death and neuroprotection. These findings suggest that therapeutics that target T cells and ameliorate the incidence or disease severity of inflammatory bowel disorders or CNS autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis may be useful in PD.
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24
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Harms AS, Ferreira SA, Romero-Ramos M. Periphery and brain, innate and adaptive immunity in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:527-545. [PMID: 33555429 PMCID: PMC7952334 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder where alpha-synuclein plays a central role in the death and dysfunction of neurons, both, in central, as well as in the peripheral nervous system. Besides the neuronal events observed in patients, PD also includes a significant immune component. It is suggested that the PD-associated immune response will have consequences on neuronal health, thus opening immunomodulation as a potential therapeutic strategy in PD. The immune changes during the disease occur in the brain, involving microglia, but also in the periphery with changes in cells of the innate immune system, particularly monocytes, as well as those of adaptive immunity, such as T-cells. This realization arises from multiple patient studies, but also from data in animal models of the disease, providing strong evidence for innate and adaptive immune system crosstalk in the central nervous system and periphery in PD. Here we review the data showing that alpha-synuclein plays a crucial role in the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system. We will also describe the studies suggesting that inflammation in PD includes early changes in innate and adaptive immune cells that develop dynamically through time during disease, contributing to neuronal degeneration and symptomatology in patients. This novel finding has contributed to the definition of PD as a multisystem disease that should be approached in a more integratory manner rather than a brain-focused classical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Harms
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sara A Ferreira
- Department of Biomedicine and CNS Disease Modelling Group, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Department of Biomedicine and CNS Disease Modelling Group, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark.
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25
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Bonam SR, Muller S. Parkinson's disease is an autoimmune disease: A reappraisal. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102684. [PMID: 33131704 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common, age-related, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor deficits and a cognitive decline. In the large majority of cases, it is associated with cytoplasmic aggregation of α-synuclein/SNCA and the formation of Lewy bodies in the dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The etiopathogenesis of PD remains poorly understood. The disease results from an interplay of genetic and environmental factors, including pharmacological molecules, which destroy dopaminergic neurons. Recently, several notable data have highlighted various immune alterations underlying that PD is associated to autoimmune features and could be considered as an autoimmune disease. In this short article, we briefly review key elements participating to this emerging viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Strasbourg, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Strasbourg, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, Strasbourg, France.
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26
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Tsai CL, Liang CS, Yang CP, Lee JT, Ho TH, Su MW, Lin GY, Lin YK, Chu HT, Hsu YW, Yang FC. Indicators of rapid cognitive decline in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: The role of plasma biomarkers using magnetically labeled immunoassays. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 129:66-72. [PMID: 32592947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasma levels of biomarkers change with the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which involves the accumulation of pathological amyloid β (Aβ) and Tau protein tangles. However, few studies have investigated the association between plasma biomarkers and rapid cognitive decline in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and AD. A total of 10 healthy controls, 24 patients with aMCI, and 19 patients with AD were enrolled. All participants underwent twice Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), with a mean 1.2 year interval. Immunomagnetic reduction was utilized to evaluate levels of plasma biomarkers, including amyloid β 1-40 (Aβ1-40), Aβ1-42, total Tau protein, phosphorylated Tau protein (Threonine 181), and α-synuclein (α-Syn). The correlations between plasma levels of biomarkers and MMSE change were examined. Our analysis reveals that current higher plasma levels of Aβ1-42 and α-Syn with the cut-off value of plasma Aβ1-42 >17.26 pg/mL and α-Syn >105 fg/mL had a moderate-to-high discriminatory capacity (area under the curve >0.70) for identifying cognitive deterioration in patients with aMCI. Our results thus suggest that plasma levels of Aβ1-42 and α-Syn may be considered as useful markers to assess the severity of global cognitive decline in patients with aMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sung Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, Huang-Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Tay Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Ho
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Te Chu
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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27
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The role of natural killer cells in Parkinson's disease. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1517-1525. [PMID: 32973221 PMCID: PMC8080760 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous lines of evidence indicate an association between sustained inflammation and Parkinson's disease, but whether increased inflammation is a cause or consequence of Parkinson's disease remains highly contested. Extensive efforts have been made to characterize microglial function in Parkinson's disease, but the role of peripheral immune cells is less understood. Natural killer cells are innate effector lymphocytes that primarily target and kill malignant cells. Recent scientific discoveries have unveiled numerous novel functions of natural killer cells, such as resolving inflammation, forming immunological memory, and modulating antigen-presenting cell function. Furthermore, natural killer cells are capable of homing to the central nervous system in neurological disorders that exhibit exacerbated inflammation and inhibit hyperactivated microglia. Recently, a study demonstrated that natural killer cells scavenge alpha-synuclein aggregates, the primary component of Lewy bodies, and systemic depletion of natural killer cells results in exacerbated neuropathology in a mouse model of alpha-synucleinopathy, making them a highly relevant cell type in Parkinson's disease. However, the exact role of natural killer cells in Parkinson's disease remains elusive. In this review, we introduce the systemic inflammatory process seen in Parkinson's disease, with a particular focus on the direct and indirect modulatory capacity of natural killer cells in the context of Parkinson's disease.
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28
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Remodeling microglia to a protective phenotype in Parkinson's disease? Neurosci Lett 2020; 735:135164. [PMID: 32561452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most widespread movement disorder with a prevalence of 1 in 1000 individuals above 60 years of age. Until now, understanding the pathological mechanisms of PD to translate them into therapy has remained a high research priority. In this review, we highlight evidence describing the involvement of microglial dysfunction in PD. Thereafter, we provide current knowledge suggesting that the substantia nigra pars compacta and putamen, compared to other brain regions, show a reduced microglial density, as well as altered morphological and functional properties in homeostatic conditions, while presenting dystrophic features associated with aging. Further, we describe that this defective microglial programing emerges as early as the second postnatal week, persists until adulthood and impacts negatively on their transcriptional pattern and provision of local trophic support. We emphasize the role of α-synuclein oligomers as a major dysfunctional signal underlining microglial-mediated phenotypic switch and adaptive response contributing to neurodegeneration. Moreover, we explore available avenues should microglia be considered as target for neuroprotective or restorative strategies including preventing the aggregation of α-synuclein protofibrils formation. However, we provide a note of caution regarding the success of microglial-targeted PD strategies, using minocycline as an example. In conclusion, we discuss putative neuroprotective agents that were unsuccessful in previous trials but could be reconsidered by focusing on the stage of microglial-dependent pathogenic events during PD in suitable cohorts of patients.
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29
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Negi N, Das BK. Decoding intrathecal immunoglobulins and B cells in the CNS: their synthesis, function, and regulation. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 39:67-79. [PMID: 31928379 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1711073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of an active lymphatic system in the meninges (dura mater) has opened up a wide range of possibilities for the role of CNS immunoglobulins in brain development in early fetal life or during infancy. The antibody-dependent and -independent functions of B cells in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis are not new to immunologists, yet their role in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease is incompletely understood. Deep cervical lymph nodes have emerged as a candidate site for autosensitization against CNS antigens and have been shown to provide the right kind of milieu for the dynamic interaction of antigen-presenting cells, B cells, and T cells. The presence of different B cells in the lymph nodes and the production of natural autoantibodies by B-1 cells have definitely unlocked another piece of the puzzle. At a time when CD19 and CD20 monoclonal antibodies have shown remarkable results in ameliorating the relapse and progression of multiple sclerosis, it is imperative to dissect out the diversity in B cell populations inside the CNS to identify new targets to improve current treatment regimens for neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights the origin, migration, function, and regulation of B cells and the production of intrathecal immunoglobulins considering the previous and current findings and taking into account the differences between a healthy state and the changes that occur during an inflammatory or autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Negi
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bimal K Das
- HIV Immunology Section, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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30
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Mayne K, White JA, McMurran CE, Rivera FJ, de la Fuente AG. Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease: Is the Adaptive Immune System a Friend or Foe? Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:572090. [PMID: 33173502 PMCID: PMC7538701 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.572090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are characterized by progressive neuronal death and neurological dysfunction, leading to increased disability and a loss of cognitive or motor functions. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have neurodegeneration as a primary feature. However, in other CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury, neurodegeneration follows another insult, such as demyelination or ischaemia. Although there are different primary causes to these diseases, they all share a hallmark of neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation can occur through the activation of resident immune cells such as microglia, cells of the innate and adaptive peripheral immune system, meningeal inflammation and autoantibodies directed toward components of the CNS. Despite chronic inflammation being pathogenic in these diseases, local inflammation after insult can also promote endogenous regenerative processes in the CNS, which are key to slowing disease progression. The normal aging process in the healthy brain is associated with a decline in physiological function, a steady increase in levels of neuroinflammation, brain shrinkage, and memory deficits. Likewise, aging is also a key contributor to the progression and exacerbation of neurodegenerative diseases. As there are associated co-morbidities within an aging population, pinpointing the precise relationship between aging and neurodegenerative disease progression can be a challenge. The CNS has historically been considered an isolated, "immune privileged" site, however, there is mounting evidence that adaptive immune cells are present in the CNS of both healthy individuals and diseased patients. Adaptive immune cells have also been implicated in both the degeneration and regeneration of the CNS. In this review, we will discuss the key role of the adaptive immune system in CNS degeneration and regeneration, with a focus on how aging influences this crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Mayne
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica A. White
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francisco J. Rivera
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alerie G. de la Fuente
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Alerie G. de la Fuente,
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31
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Earls RH, Menees KB, Chung J, Barber J, Gutekunst CA, Hazim MG, Lee JK. Intrastriatal injection of preformed alpha-synuclein fibrils alters central and peripheral immune cell profiles in non-transgenic mice. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:250. [PMID: 31796095 PMCID: PMC6889316 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions, the major component of Lewy bodies. Extracellular α-syn aggregates act as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and the presence of autoantibodies against α-syn species in the cerebrospinal fluid and the serum of PD patients implicate the involvement of innate and adaptive immune responses. In non-transgenic (Tg) mice, intrastriatal injection of preformed fibril (PFF) α-syn results in widespread pathologic α-syn inclusions in the CNS. While the PFF model has been broadly utilized to study the mechanistic relationship between α-syn transmission and other neuropathological phenotypes, the immune phenotypes in this model are not clearly demonstrated. This study aimed to characterize the immune phenotypes during pathologic α-syn propagation by utilizing PFF α-syn-injected non-tg mice. Here, we showed that pathologic α-syn inclusions are prevalent in various brain regions and the gut at 5 months post injection (p.i.), preceding the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (SN). We discovered a distinct inflammatory response involving both activation of microglia and astrocytes and infiltration of B, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and natural killer cells in the brain at 5 months p.i. Moreover, PFF α-syn-injected mice display significant alterations in the frequency and number of leukocyte subsets in the spleen and lymph nodes with minimum alterations in the blood. Our data provide primary evidence that intracerebral-initiated synucleinopathies in non-tg mice alter immune cell profiles both in the CNS and peripheral lymphoid organs. Furthermore, our data provides support for utilizing this mouse model to assess the mechanistic connection between immune responses and synuclein pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael H Earls
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kelly B Menees
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jaegwon Chung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - James Barber
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Claire-Anne Gutekunst
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Manuel G Hazim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jae-Kyung Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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32
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B cells in autoimmune and neurodegenerative central nervous system diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:728-745. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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33
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Folke J, Rydbirk R, Løkkegaard A, Salvesen L, Hejl AM, Starhof C, Bech S, Winge K, Christensen S, Pedersen LØ, Aznar S, Pakkenberg B, Brudek T. Distinct Autoimmune Anti-α-Synuclein Antibody Patterns in Multiple System Atrophy and Parkinson's Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2253. [PMID: 31616427 PMCID: PMC6769034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is considered to be the major pathological hallmark and driving force of Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Immune dysfunctions have been associated with both MSA and PD and recently we reported that the levels of natural occurring autoantibodies (NAbs) with high-affinity/avidity toward α-synuclein are reduced in MSA and PD patients. Here, we aimed to evaluate the plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) composition binding α-syn and other amyloidogenic neuropathological proteins, and to correlate them with disease severity and duration in MSA and PD patients. All participants were recruited from a single neurological unit and the plasma samples were stored for later research at the Bispebjerg Movement Disorder Biobank. All patients were diagnosed according to current consensus criteria. Using multiple variable linear regression analyses, we observed higher levels of anti-α-syn IgG1 and IgG3 NAbs in MSA vs. PD, higher levels of anti-α-syn IgG2 NAbs in PD compared to controls, whereas anti-α-syn IgG4 NAbs were reduced in PD compared to MSA and controls. Anti-α-syn IgM levels were decreased in both MSA and PD. Further our data supported that MSA patients' immune system was affected with reduced IgG1 and IgM global levels compared to PD and controls, with further reduced global IgG2 levels compared to PD. These results suggest distinct autoimmune patterns in MSA and PD. These findings suggest a specific autoimmune physiological mechanism involving responses toward α-syn, differing in neurodegenerative disease with overlapping α-syn pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Folke
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Rydbirk
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annemette Løkkegaard
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisette Salvesen
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hejl
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Starhof
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sára Bech
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Winge
- Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark.,Bispebjerg Movement Disorders Biobank, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Østergaard Pedersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Aznar
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Brudek
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Garretti F, Agalliu D, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, Sulzer D. Autoimmunity in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of α-Synuclein-Specific T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:303. [PMID: 30858851 PMCID: PMC6397885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from a variety of studies implicates a role for the adaptive immune system in Parkinson's disease (PD). Similar to multiple sclerosis (MS) patients who display a high number of T cells in the brain attacking oligodendrocytes, PD patients show higher numbers of T cells in the ventral midbrain than healthy, age-matched controls. Mouse models of the disease also show the presence of T cells in the brain. The role of these infiltrating T cells in the propagation of disease is controversial; however, recent studies indicate that they may be autoreactive in nature, recognizing disease-altered self-proteins as foreign antigens. T cells of PD patients can generate an autoimmune response to α-synuclein, a protein that is aggregated in PD. α-Synuclein and other proteins are post-translationally modified in an environment in which protein processing is altered, possibly leading to the generation of neo-epitopes, or self-peptides that have not been identified by the host immune system as non-foreign. Infiltrating T cells may also be responding to such modified proteins. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown associations of PD with haplotypes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes, and a polymorphism in a non-coding region that may increase MHC class II in PD patients. We speculate that the inflammation observed in PD may play both pathogenic and protective roles. Future studies on the adaptive immune system in neurodegenerative disorders may elucidate steps in disease pathogenesis and assist with the development of both biomarkers and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Garretti
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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35
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Butnaru D, Chapman J. The impact of self-replicating proteins on inflammation, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration-An untraveled path. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:231-240. [PMID: 30639644 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) in neurodegenerative diseases is a battlefield in which microglia fight a highly atypical battle. During the inflammatory process microglia themselves become dysfunctional and even with all the available immune arsenal including cytokine or/and antibody production, the battle is eventually lost. A closer look into the picture will reveal the fact that this is mainly due to the atypical characteristics of the infectious agent. The supramolecular assemblies of misfolded proteins carry unique features not encountered in any of the common pathogens. Through misfolding, proteins undergo conformational changes which make them become immunogenic, neurotoxic and highly infective. The immunogenicity appears to be triggered by the exposure of previously hidden hydrophobic portions in proteins which act as damage-associated molecular patters (DAMPs) for the immune system. The neurotoxicity and infectivity are promoted by the small oligomeric forms of misfolded proteins/peptides. Oligomers adopt conformations such as tubular-like, beta-barrel-like, etc., that penetrate cell membranes through their hydrophobic surfaces, thus destabilizing ionic homeostasis. At the same time, oligomers act as a seed for protein misfolding through a prion/prion-like mechanism. Here, we propose the hypothesis that oligomers have catalytic surfaces and exercise their capacity to infect native proteins through specific characteristics such as hydrophobic, electrostatic and π-π stacking interactions as well as the specific surface area (SSA), surface curvature and surface chemistry of their nanoscale supramolecular assemblies. All these are the key elements for prion/prion-like mechanism of self-replication and disease spreading within the CNS. Thus, understanding the mechanism of prion's templating activity may help us in the prevention and development of novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Butnaru
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Joab Chapman
- Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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36
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Sonuç Karaboğa MN, Sezgintürk MK. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of alpha-synuclein measured using a poly-glutamic acid-modified gold nanoparticle-doped disposable neuro-biosensor system. Analyst 2019; 144:611-621. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01279b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A gold nanoparticle and polyglutamic acid-modified ITO-based biosensor system to detect alpha-synuclein, an important biomarker of Parkinson's disease.
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37
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Scott KM, Kouli A, Yeoh SL, Clatworthy MR, Williams-Gray CH. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alpha Synuclein Auto-Antibodies in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:815. [PMID: 30333787 PMCID: PMC6176114 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and its progression. Antibodies play an important role in both innate and adaptive responses, acting as powerful effector molecules that can propagate inflammation by activating innate immune cells. Alpha synuclein binding antibodies have been described in PD patients with conflicting associations. In this article, we consider the potential mechanistic basis of alpha synuclein auto-antibody development and function in PD. We present a systematic review and meta-analysis of antibody studies in PD cohorts showing that there is weak evidence for an increase in alpha synuclein auto-antibodies in PD patients particularly in early disease. The confidence with which this conclusion can be drawn is limited by the heterogeneity of the clinical cohorts used, inclusion of unmatched controls, inadequate power and assay related variability. We have therefore made some recommendations for the design of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M. Scott
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonina Kouli
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Su L. Yeoh
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline H. Williams-Gray
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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38
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Salama M, Shalash A, Magdy A, Makar M, Roushdy T, Elbalkimy M, Elrassas H, Elkafrawy P, Mohamed W, Abou Donia MB. Tubulin and Tau: Possible targets for diagnosis of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196436. [PMID: 29742117 PMCID: PMC5942772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and pathological accumulation of some proteins. Developing new biomarkers for both diseases is highly important for the early diagnosis and possible development of neuro-protective strategies. Serum antibodies (AIAs) against neuronal proteins are potential biomarkers for AD and PD that may be formed in response to their release into systemic circulation after brain damage. In the present study, two AIAs (tubulin and tau) were measured in sera of patients of PD and AD, compared to healthy controls. Results showed that both antibodies were elevated in patients with PD and AD compared to match controls. Curiously, the profile of elevation of antibodies was different in both diseases. In PD cases, tubulin and tau AIAs levels were similar. On the other hand, AD patients showed more elevation of tau AIAs compared to tubulin. Our current results suggested that AIAs panel could be able to identify cases with neuro-degeneration when compared with healthy subjects. More interestingly, it is possible to differentiate between PD and AD cases through identifying specific AIAs profile for each neurodegenerative states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salama
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Ali Shalash
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alshimaa Magdy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Marianne Makar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tamer Roushdy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Elbalkimy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan Elrassas
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Wael Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen Elkoum, Egypt
- Basic Medical Science Department, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed B. Abou Donia
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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39
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Ghiglieri V, Calabrese V, Calabresi P. Alpha-Synuclein: From Early Synaptic Dysfunction to Neurodegeneration. Front Neurol 2018; 9:295. [PMID: 29780350 PMCID: PMC5945838 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, many experimental and clinical studies have provided solid evidence that alpha-synuclein (α-syn), a small, natively unfolded protein, is closely related to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. To provide an overview on the different roles of this protein, here we propose a synopsis of seminal and recent studies that explored the many aspects of α-syn. Ranging from the physiological functions to its neurodegenerative potential, the relationship with the possible pathogenesis of PD will be discussed. Close attention will be paid on early cellular and molecular alterations associated with the presence of α-syn aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ghiglieri
- Dipartimento di Filosofia, Scienze Sociali, Umane e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Calabrese
- Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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