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Inda A, Martinez S, Bessone C, Rios M, Guido M, Herrero-Vanrell R, Luna JD, Allemandi D, Ravetti S, Quinteros D. Evidence of the protective role of Carvacrol in a retinal degeneration animal model. Exp Eye Res 2024; 244:109938. [PMID: 38789020 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative pathologies affecting the posterior segment of the eye, are characterized by being devastating and responsible for the majority of visual dysfunctions worldwide. These diseases are primarily degenerative, progressing chronically, and can inflict gradual harm to the optic nerve, retinal ganglion cells (RGC), photoreceptors, and other retinal cells. This retinal damage leads to a progressive loss of vision, marking these conditions as a significant health concern worldwide. The intravitreal administration of the phytochemical Carvacrol (CAR) is expected to demonstrate a neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effect on retinal cells, with a specific focus on RGC. This effect will be observed in a retinal degeneration model (RDM) in rabbits induced by cytotoxic and oxidative agents, namely glutamate (GLUT) and L-buthionine-S, R-sulfoximine (BSO). An in vivo study was conducted using New Zealand rabbits in which retinal damage was created to evaluate the effectiveness of CAR. The effectiveness of CAR on the functionality of retinal neuronal cells in RDM was evaluated using pupillary light reflection (PLR). Furthermore, the phytotherapeutic's influence on cell viability was determined through flow cytometry analysis. Finally, the neuroprotective and antiapoptotic capabilities of CAR were specifically scrutinized in RGC through histological studies, quantifying cell survival, and employing immunohistochemical assays to detect the apoptotic index (%) using the TUNEL technique. Our results demonstrated that CAR promoted the recovery of the pupillary contraction profile over time, maintaining the functionality of retinal cells as healthy controls. Additionally, it showed increased cell viability under oxidative and cytotoxic conditions given by GLUT-BSO agents. Finally, we found that CAR protects the survival of RGC and decreases the percentage of apoptotic cells when compared to RDM. CAR demonstrated to have positive effects on the functionality of photoreceptive nerve cells by restoring pupillary contraction. Likewise, it was shown to have neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effects when evaluated in a general and specific way on retinal nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen Inda
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET y Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT VM), 5900, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sofía Martinez
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET y Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina Bessone
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET y Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Villa Mercedes (UNVIME), 5730, Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Rios
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mario Guido
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
- Grupo de Investigación en Innovación, Terapia y Desarrollo Farmacéutico en Oftalmología (UCM 920415), Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Domingo Luna
- Área de Cirugía Vítreo y Retina, Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa S.A. y Fundación VER, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel Allemandi
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET y Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Soledad Ravetti
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT VM), 5900, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Humanas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, 5900, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniela Quinteros
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET y Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Steiner OL, Klostermann F. Central involvement in peripheral disease: melanopsin pathway impairment in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae206. [PMID: 39015766 PMCID: PMC11249960 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) compromises functions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Recently, however, symptoms such as cognitive deficits, visual dysfunction and circadian disorders were reported, compatible with additional involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in CIDP. Against this background, we were interested in the functional state of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) as a potential biomarker for sleep-wake abnormalities and CNS involvement in CIDP. Based on a chromatic pupillometry protocol, we examined the integrity of the melanopsin system in a prospective case-control study in 20 persons with CIDP compared to 20 controls without CIDP. The results were referred to clinical measures of disease severity and sleep behaviour. Patients with CIDP had a significantly reduced melanopsin-mediated post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) compared to healthy controls (25% versus 36%; P < 0.01). This reduction correlated with disease severity (r = 0.478, P < 0.05). Further, patients with CIDP reported diminished sleep quality (P < 0.05); however, there was no significant correlation with the melanopsin-mediated PIPR. The results demonstrate an impairment of mRGC function related to CIDP. Since the PIPR reduction correlated with disease severity, it could be an easily available biomarker for CNS affection in CIDP, a condition defined as PNS disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver L Steiner
- Department of Neurology, Motor and Cognition Group, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Klostermann
- Department of Neurology, Motor and Cognition Group, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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Ran C, Pu K. Molecularly generated light and its biomedical applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314468. [PMID: 37955419 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly generated light, referred to here as "molecular light", mainly includes bioluminescence, chemiluminescence, and Cerenkov luminescence. Molecular light possesses unique dual features of being both a molecule and a source of light. Its molecular nature enables it to be delivered as molecules to regions deep within the body, overcoming the limitations of natural sunlight and physically generated light sources like lasers and LEDs. Simultaneously, its light properties make it valuable for applications such as imaging, photodynamic therapy, photo-oxidative therapy, and photobiomodulation. In this review article, we provide an updated overview of the diverse applications of molecular light and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of molecular light across various domains. Lastly, we present forward-looking perspectives on the potential of molecular light in the realms of molecular imaging, photobiological mechanisms, therapeutic applications, and photobiomodulation. While some of these perspectives may be considered bold and contentious, our intent is to inspire further innovations in the field of molecular light applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore, Singapore
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Romagnoli M, Amore G, Avanzini P, Carelli V, La Morgia C. Chromatic pupillometry for evaluating melanopsin retinal ganglion cell function in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders: a review. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1295129. [PMID: 38259552 PMCID: PMC10801184 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1295129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of pupillary light reflex (PLR) by chromatic pupillometry may provide a unique insight into specific photoreceptor functions. Chromatic pupillometry refers to evaluating PLR to different wavelengths and intensities of light in order to differentiate outer/inner retinal photoreceptor contributions to the PLR. Different protocols have been tested and are now established to assess in-vivo PLR contribution mediated by melanopsin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs). These intrinsically photosensitive photoreceptors modulate the non-image-forming functions of the eye, which are mainly the circadian photoentrainment and PLR, via projections to the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic and olivary pretectal nucleus, respectively. In this context, chromatic pupillometry has been used as an alternative and non-invasive tool to evaluate the mRGC system in several clinical settings, including hereditary optic neuropathies, glaucoma, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), idiopathic/isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of this article is to review the key steps of chromatic pupillometry protocols for studying in-vivo mRGC-system functionality and provide the main findings of this technique in the research setting on neurodegeneration. mRGC-dependent pupillary responses are short-wavelength sensitive, have a higher threshold of activation, and are much slower and sustained compared with rod- and cone-mediated responses, driving the tonic component of the PLR during exposure to high-irradiance and continuous light stimulus. Thus, mRGCs contribute mainly to the tonic component of the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) to bright blue light flash that persists after light stimulation is switched off. Given the role of mRGCs in circadian photoentrainment, the use of chromatic pupillometry to perform a functional evaluation of mRGcs may be proposed as an early biomarker of mRGC-dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders characterized by circadian and/or sleep dysfunction such as AD, PD, and its prodromal phase iRBD. The evaluation by chromatic pupillometry of mRGC-system functionality may lay the groundwork for a new, easily accessible biomarker that can be exploited also as the starting point for future longitudinal cohort studies aimed at stratifying the risk of conversion in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Romagnoli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Amore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
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Matynia A, Recio BS, Myers Z, Parikh S, Goit RK, Brecha NC, Pérez de Sevilla Müller L. Preservation of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs) in Late Adult Mice: Implications as a Potential Biomarker for Early Onset Ocular Degenerative Diseases. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:28. [PMID: 38224335 PMCID: PMC10793389 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) play a crucial role in non-image-forming visual functions. Given their significant loss observed in various ocular degenerative diseases at early stages, this study aimed to assess changes in both the morphology and associated behavioral functions of ipRGCs in mice between 6 (mature) and 12 (late adult) months old. The findings contribute to understanding the preservation of ipRGCs in late adults and their potential as a biomarker for early ocular degenerative diseases. Methods Female and male C57BL/6J mice were used to assess the behavioral consequences of aging to mature and old adults, including pupillary light reflex, light aversion, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity. Immunohistochemistry on retinal wholemounts from these mice was then conducted to evaluate ipRGC dendritic morphology in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner nuclear layer (INL). Results Morphological analysis showed that ipRGC dendritic field complexity was remarkably stable through 12 months old of age. Similarly, the pupillary light reflex, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity were stable in mature and old adults. Although alterations were observed in ipRGC-independent light aversion distinct from the pupillary light reflex, aged wild-type mice continuously showed enhanced light aversion with dilation. No effect of sex was observed in any tests. Conclusions The preservation of both ipRGC morphology and function highlights the potential of ipRGC-mediated function as a valuable biomarker for ocular diseases characterized by early ipRGC loss. The consistent stability of ipRGCs in mature and old adult mice suggests that detected changes in ipRGC-mediated functions could serve as early indicators or diagnostic tools for early-onset conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and diabetes, where ipRGC loss has been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Matynia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Brandy S. Recio
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Zachary Myers
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Sachin Parikh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Rajesh Kumar Goit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Brecha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Luis Pérez de Sevilla Müller
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Wong DCS, Harvey JP, Jurkute N, Thomasy SM, Moosajee M, Yu-Wai-Man P, Gilhooley MJ. OPA1 Dominant Optic Atrophy: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets. J Neuroophthalmol 2023; 43:464-474. [PMID: 37974363 PMCID: PMC10645107 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. S. Wong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua P. Harvey
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Neringa Jurkute
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Gilhooley
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
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La Morgia C, Mitolo M, Romagnoli M, Stanzani Maserati M, Evangelisti S, De Matteis M, Capellari S, Bianchini C, Testa C, Vandewalle G, Santoro A, Carbonelli M, D'Agati P, Filardi M, Avanzini P, Barboni P, Zenesini C, Baccari F, Liguori R, Tonon C, Lodi R, Carelli V. Multimodal investigation of melanopsin retinal ganglion cells in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:918-932. [PMID: 37088544 PMCID: PMC10270274 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the presence of circadian dysfunction is well-known and may occur early in the disease course. The melanopsin retinal ganglion cell (mRGC) system may play a relevant role in contributing to circadian dysfunction. In this study, we aimed at evaluating, through a multimodal approach, the mRGC system in AD at an early stage of disease. METHODS We included 29 mild-moderate AD (70.9 ± 11 years) and 26 (70.5 ± 8 years) control subjects. We performed an extensive neurophtalmological evaluation including optical coherence tomography with ganglion cell layer segmentation, actigraphic evaluation of the rest-activity rhythm, chromatic pupillometry analyzed with a new data-fitting approach, and brain functional MRI combined with light stimuli assessing the mRGC system. RESULTS We demonstrated a significant thinning of the infero-temporal sector of the ganglion cell layer in AD compared to controls. Moreover, we documented by actigraphy the presence of a circadian-impaired AD subgroup. Overall, circadian measurements worsened by age. Chromatic pupillometry evaluation highlighted the presence of a pupil-light response reduction in the rod condition pointing to mRGC dendropathy. Finally, brain fMRI showed a reduced occipital cortex activation with blue light particularly for the sustained responses. INTERPRETATION Overall, the results of this multimodal innovative approach clearly document a dysfunctional mRGC system at early stages of disease as a relevant contributing factor for circadian impairment in AD providing also support to the use of light therapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaUOC Clinica NeurologicaBolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e NeuromotorieUniversità di BolognaBolognaItaly
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaProgramma di NeurogeneticaBolognaItaly
| | - Micaela Mitolo
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaProgramma Neuroimmagini Funzionali e MolecolariBolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Medicina e ChirurgiaUniversità di ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Martina Romagnoli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaProgramma di NeurogeneticaBolognaItaly
| | | | - Stefania Evangelisti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e NeuromotorieUniversità di BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Maddalena De Matteis
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaUOC Clinica NeurologicaBolognaItaly
| | - Sabina Capellari
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaUOC Clinica NeurologicaBolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e NeuromotorieUniversità di BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Claudio Bianchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e NeuromotorieUniversità di BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Claudia Testa
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaProgramma Neuroimmagini Funzionali e MolecolariBolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed AstronomiaUniversità di BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Gilles Vandewalle
- Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, GIGA‐Cyclotron Research Centre‐In Vivo ImagingUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Aurelia Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e SperimentaleUniversità di BolognaBolognaItaly
- Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate)Università di BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Michele Carbonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e NeuromotorieUniversità di BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Pietro D'Agati
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaUOC Clinica NeurologicaBolognaItaly
| | - Marco Filardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Base, Neuroscienze e degli Organi di SensoUniversità di Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
- Centro per le Malattie Neurodegenerative e l'Invecchiamento CerebraleUniversità di Bari Aldo Moro‐ A.O. Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. PanicoTricaseItaly
| | | | | | - Corrado Zenesini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaUnità di Epidemiologia e StatisticaBolognaItaly
| | - Flavia Baccari
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaUnità di Epidemiologia e StatisticaBolognaItaly
| | - Rocco Liguori
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaUOC Clinica NeurologicaBolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e NeuromotorieUniversità di BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Caterina Tonon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e NeuromotorieUniversità di BolognaBolognaItaly
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaProgramma Neuroimmagini Funzionali e MolecolariBolognaItaly
| | - Raffaele Lodi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e NeuromotorieUniversità di BolognaBolognaItaly
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaProgramma Neuroimmagini Funzionali e MolecolariBolognaItaly
| | - Valerio Carelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e NeuromotorieUniversità di BolognaBolognaItaly
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaProgramma di NeurogeneticaBolognaItaly
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Pivovarova-Ramich O, Zimmermann HG, Paul F. Multiple sclerosis and circadian rhythms: Can diet act as a treatment? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13939. [PMID: 36700353 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with increasing incidence and prevalence. MS is associated with inflammatory and metabolic disturbances that, as preliminary human and animal data suggest, might be mediated by disruption of circadian rhythmicity. Nutrition habits can influence the risk for MS, and dietary interventions may be effective in modulating MS disease course. Chronotherapeutic approaches such as time-restricted eating (TRE) may benefit people with MS by stabilizing the circadian clock and restoring immunological and metabolic rhythms, thus potentially counteracting disease progression. This review provides a summary of selected studies on dietary intervention in MS, circadian rhythms, and their disruption in MS, including clock gene variations, circadian hormones, and retino-hypothalamic tract changes. Furthermore, we present studies that reported diurnal variations in MS, which might result from circadian disruption. And lastly, we suggest how chrononutritive approaches like TRE might counteract MS disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pivovarova-Ramich
- Research Group Molecular Nutritional Medicine, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hanna Gwendolyn Zimmermann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center Digital Future, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Alkabie S, Fraser JA, Racosta J. Painful vision loss in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy with novel ND1 variant mimicking optic neuritis. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 58:e40-e42. [PMID: 35809626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Alkabie
- London Health Sciences Centre and Schulich Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON.
| | - J Alexander Fraser
- London Health Sciences Centre and Schulich Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON; Schulich Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON
| | - Juan Racosta
- London Health Sciences Centre and Schulich Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON
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10
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Arévalo-López C, Gleitze S, Madariaga S, Plaza-Rosales I. Pupillary response to chromatic light stimuli as a possible biomarker at the early stage of glaucoma: a review. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:343-356. [PMID: 35781599 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve currently considered a severe health problem because of its high prevalence, being the primary cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The most common type corresponds to Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Glaucoma produces, among other alterations, a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and its axons which are the key contributors to generate action potentials that reach the visual cortex to create the visual image. Glaucoma is characterized by Visual Field loss whose main feature is to be painless and therefore makes early detection difficult, causing a late diagnosis and a delayed treatment indication that slows down its progression. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, which represent a subgroup of RGCs are characterized by their response to short-wave light stimulation close to 480 nm, their non-visual function, and their role in the generation of the pupillary reflex. Currently, the sensitivity of clinical examinations correlates to RGC damage; however, the need for an early damage biomarker is still relevant. It is an urgent task to create new diagnostic approaches to detect an early stage of glaucoma in a prompt, quick, and economical manner. We summarize the pathology of glaucoma and its current clinical detection methods, and we suggest evaluating the pupillary response to chromatic light as a potential biomarker of disease, due to its diagnostic benefit and its cost-effectiveness in clinical practice in order to reduce irreversible damage caused by glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Arévalo-López
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvia Gleitze
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel Madariaga
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Neurosistemas, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Ecological Cognitive Neuroscience Group, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Plaza-Rosales
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Laboratorio de Neurosistemas, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Ecological Cognitive Neuroscience Group, Santiago, Chile.
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11
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Intertwining Neuropathogenic Impacts of Aberrant Circadian Rhythm and Impaired Neuroregenerative Plasticity in Huntington’s Disease: Neurotherapeutic Significance of Chemogenetics. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmp3040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by abnormal progressive involuntary movements, cognitive deficits, sleep disturbances, and psychiatric symptoms. The onset and progression of the clinical symptoms have been linked to impaired adult neurogenesis in the brains of subjects with HD, due to the reduced neurogenic potential of neural stem cells (NSCs). Among various pathogenic determinants, an altered clock pathway appears to induce the dysregulation of neurogenesis in neurodegenerative disorders. Notably, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons that express the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the brain play a key role in the regulation of circadian rhythm and neuroplasticity. While an abnormal clock gene pathway has been associated with the inactivation of GABAergic VIP neurons, recent studies suggest the activation of this neuronal population in the brain positively contributes to neuroplasticity. Thus, the activation of GABAergic VIP neurons in the brain might help rectify the irregular circadian rhythm in HD. Chemogenetics refers to the incorporation of genetically engineered receptors or ion channels into a specific cell population followed by its activation using desired chemical ligands. The recent advancement of chemogenetic-based approaches represents a potential scientific tool to rectify the aberrant circadian clock pathways. Considering the facts, the defects in the circadian rhythm can be rectified by the activation of VIP-expressing GABAergic neurons using chemogenetics approaches. Thus, the chemogenetic-based rectification of an abnormal circadian rhythm may facilitate the neurogenic potentials of NSCs to restore the neuroregenerative plasticity in HD. Eventually, the increased neurogenesis in the brain can be expected to mitigate neuronal loss and functional deficits.
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12
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Yoshikawa T, Obayashi K, Miyata K, Saeki K, Ogata N. Association Between Postillumination Pupil Response and Glaucoma Severity: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the LIGHT Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:24. [PMID: 35333289 PMCID: PMC8963668 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.3.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study determines whether the functional and structural severity of glaucoma is associated with intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) function. Methods This cross-sectional study assessed 148 eyes from 148 patients with glaucoma (mean age 70.5 years). The ipRGC function was assessed by postillumination pupil response (PIPR) using the pupil diameter after exposure to blue and red light. Main outcome measures were as follows: six-second PIPR amplitude, net PIPR, and net PIPR change. Functional and structural glaucoma severities were evaluated using visual field mean deviation (MD) and the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, respectively. Results Multivariable analysis adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, oral medication use, cataract surgery, axial length, and topical alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist use showed that worsening in visual field MD was significantly associated with higher blue six-second PIPR amplitude (regression coefficient per −1 dB worsening, 0.25; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.14, 0.37; P < 0.001). The thinner RNFL thickness was significantly associated with higher blue six-second PIPR amplitude, lower Net PIPR change, and lower net PIPR (blue six-second PIPR amplitude: regression coefficient per 10-µm thinning, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.72, 1.87; P < 0.001; net PIPR change: regression coefficient, −0.70; 95% CI, −1.26, −0.14; P = 0.015; net PIPR: regression coefficient, −0.03; 95% CI, −0.05, −0.001; P = 0.044). No significant association was found between glaucoma severity and red six-second PIPR amplitude. Conclusions Our findings revealed a significant association between functional and structural glaucoma severity and impaired ipRGC function independent of potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Yoshikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan.,Yoshikawa Eye Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Obayashi
- Department of Epidemiology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Kimie Miyata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Keigo Saeki
- Department of Epidemiology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Nahoko Ogata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
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13
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Garg A, Margolin E, Micieli JA. No Light Perception Vision in Neuro-Ophthalmology Practice. J Neuroophthalmol 2022; 42:e225-e229. [PMID: 34334760 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine differential diagnosis and visual outcomes of patients with no light perception (NLP) vision related to neuro-ophthalmic conditions. METHODS Retrospective case series of patients seen at tertiary neuro-ophthalmology practices. Patients were included if they had NLP vision any time during their clinical course. Outcome measures were final diagnosis, treatment, and visual outcome. RESULTS Seventy-two eyes of 65 patients were included. The average age was 57.6 (range 18-93) years, and 58% were women. The Most common diagnosis (21 patients) was compressive optic neuropathy (CON) with meningioma being the most common culprit (12). Other diagnoses included optic neuritis (ON) (11 patients), infiltrative optic neuropathies (8), posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (7), nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (4), arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (3), ophthalmic artery occlusion (3), nonorganic vision loss (3), radiation-induced optic neuropathy (2), cortical vision loss (1), retinitis pigmentosa with optic disc drusen (1), and infectious optic neuropathy (1). Ten patients recovered vision: 7 ON, 2 infiltrative optic neuropathy, and 1 CON. Corticosteroids accelerated vision recovery in 7 of the 11 patients with ON to mean 20/60 (0.48 logMAR) over 9.0 ± 8.6 follow-up months. Eleven patients deteriorated to NLP after presenting with at least LP; their diagnoses included CON (3), ophthalmic artery occlusion (2), infiltration (2), ON (1), posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (1), arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (1), and radiation-induced optic neuropathy (1). CONCLUSIONS NLP vision may occur because of various diagnoses. Vision recovery was mainly seen in patients with ON. Serious systemic conditions may present or relapse with NLP vision, which clinicians should consider as an alarming sign in patients with known malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Garg
- Faculty of Medicine (AG), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (EM, JAM), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ; Division of Neurology (EM, JAM), Department of Medicine (JAM), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and Kensington Vision and Research Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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14
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Ishikawa M. Clinical factors affecting pupillary light reflex parameters: a single-centre, cross-sectional study. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:952-960. [PMID: 34382233 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of stimulus intensity, aging, sex, smoking and eye symmetry on pupillary light reflex (PLR) parameters. METHODS We evaluated 2812 eyes from 1406 subjects in a single-centre, cross-sectional study. PLR data were collected using four different stimulus intensities. We prepared two models for each of the eight PLR parameters, and defined the model with the lowest values of Akaike's information criterion (AIC) as being the best-fit. Model A was a linear regression model without adjustment for among-individual variability, while the Model B linear mixed-effects models (LMMs) were adjusted for among-individual variability. The regression coefficients of the two models were compared. RESULTS Model B showed the lowest AIC values for all parameters and the best fit. For light stimulus intensity, age and eye symmetry, the two models yielded similar results for all PLR parameters. For sex and smoking index, some PLR parameters showed the opposite results, i.e., Model A showed significant effects while Model B did not. CONCLUSION These results indicate that light stimulus intensity, aging, sex, smoking and eye symmetry are factors that affect PLR parameters. These should be adjusted when evaluating the clinical potential of PLR as a diagnostic tool. In addition, adjusting for among-individual variability due to LMMs can improve the model fit and reduce false positives. This can reveal the association between clinical factors and PLR parameters with increased accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ishikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
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15
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[Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells]. Ophthalmologe 2021; 119:358-366. [PMID: 34350494 PMCID: PMC9005408 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-021-01476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hintergrund Melanopsin exprimierende, intrinsisch-photosensitive retinale Ganglienzellen (ipRGCs) bilden neben Stäbchen und Zapfen die dritte Klasse von retinalen Photorezeptoren. Diese kleine, heterogene Zellfamilie vermittelt ein weites Spektrum an Aufgaben überwiegend des nicht-bildformenden Sehens. Fragestellung Diese Arbeit soll einen Einblick in das aktuelle Verständnis der Funktion und der funktionellen Diversität der ipRGCs geben sowie klinisch und translational relevante Aspekte beleuchten. Material und Methoden Narrative Übersichtsarbeit. Ergebnisse ipRGCs machen etwa 1–2 % aller retinalen Ganglienzellen aus und bilden dabei 6 spezialisierte Subtypen. Mit ihrem Photopigment Melanopsin sind sie in der Lage, unabhängig von synaptischem Input Lichtinformationen an das Gehirn weiterzuleiten oder lichtabhängig zu modifizieren. Je nach Subtyp vermitteln sie so nichtvisuelle Aufgaben wie die Synchronisation der inneren Uhr oder den Pupillenreflex, greifen aber auch in das bildformende System ein. ipRGCs weisen eine differenzielle Widerstandskraft gegenüber Optikusschädigung auf, was sie zu einem attraktiven Studienobjekt für die Entwicklung neuroprotektiver Therapieansätze macht. Melanopsin rückt zudem als optogenetisches Werkzeug, etwa in der prosthetischen Gentherapie, in den Fokus. Schlussfolgerungen Häufige klinische Beobachtungen lassen sich nur mit Kenntnis des ipRGC-Systems verstehen. Ihre neuronale Vernetzung und die intrazelluläre Signalverarbeitung sind Gegenstand aktiver Forschung, die neue translationale Ansätze hervorbringt.
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16
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Zandi B, Lode M, Herzog A, Sakas G, Khanh TQ. PupilEXT: Flexible Open-Source Platform for High-Resolution Pupillometry in Vision Research. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:676220. [PMID: 34220432 PMCID: PMC8249868 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.676220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pupil behavior has gained increased attention due to the discovery of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and the afferent pupil control path's role as a biomarker for cognitive processes. Diameter changes in the range of 10-2 mm are of interest, requiring reliable and characterized measurement equipment to accurately detect neurocognitive effects on the pupil. Mostly commercial solutions are used as measurement devices in pupillometry which is associated with high investments. Moreover, commercial systems rely on closed software, restricting conclusions about the used pupil-tracking algorithms. Here, we developed an open-source pupillometry platform consisting of hardware and software competitive with high-end commercial stereo eye-tracking systems. Our goal was to make a professional remote pupil measurement pipeline for laboratory conditions accessible for everyone. This work's core outcome is an integrated cross-platform (macOS, Windows and Linux) pupillometry software called PupilEXT, featuring a user-friendly graphical interface covering the relevant requirements of professional pupil response research. We offer a selection of six state-of-the-art open-source pupil detection algorithms (Starburst, Swirski, ExCuSe, ElSe, PuRe and PuReST) to perform the pupil measurement. A developed 120-fps pupillometry demo system was able to achieve a calibration accuracy of 0.003 mm and an averaged temporal pupil measurement detection accuracy of 0.0059 mm in stereo mode. The PupilEXT software has extended features in pupil detection, measurement validation, image acquisition, data acquisition, offline pupil measurement, camera calibration, stereo vision, data visualization and system independence, all combined in a single open-source interface, available at https://github.com/openPupil/Open-PupilEXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Zandi
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Moritz Lode
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexander Herzog
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Georgios Sakas
- Interactive Graphic Systems, Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tran Quoc Khanh
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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17
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Østergaard Madsen H, Hageman I, Kolko M, Lund-Andersen H, Martiny K, Ba-Ali S. Seasonal variation in neurohormones, mood and sleep in patients with primary open angle glaucoma - implications of the ipRGC-system. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1421-1431. [PMID: 34112046 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1931275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma is associated with an increased risk of mood and sleep disorders. These adversities have been suggested to relate to a disrupted function of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The ipRGCs are key components in the nonvisual photoreceptive system that mediates light effects on mood, sleep and circadian rhythm. We assessed the diurnal hormone levels, pupillary responses and mood and sleep under seasons with different photoperiods in 24 patients with glaucoma and 24 age- and sex-matched healthy controls to investigate responses to naturalistic seasonal changes in daylight. The patients had moderate-to-advanced glaucoma with substantial visual field defects and reductions in the ipRGC-mediated pupillary responses (p < .001). In winter, compared with summer, patients with glaucoma had higher daytime melatonin concentration (p < .001) and lower nighttime cortisol (p = .002). In winter, the daytime melatonin level was inversely correlated with the ipRGC-mediated pupillary responses in the control group (p = .04). In the control group, there were no significant changes in hormone levels between seasons or any correlations between neurohormone levels and the ipRGC-mediated responses. The two groups showed a similar response to season with lower depression scores in summer compared with winter. In between-group comparison, the nocturnal melatonin level (area under curve from 20:00 h to 08:00 h) in summer was lower in glaucoma compared with controls (p = .03). In winter, nocturnal cortisol (at 04:00 h) was lower (p = .004) and daytime cortisol (12:00 h and 16:00 h) was higher (p = .007) in glaucoma compared with controls. In conclusion, we found that patients with glaucoma displayed a seasonal variation in diurnal hormone levels that was not present in healthy controls. Such neurohormonal changes may contribute to the increased risk of mood and sleep disorders seen in patients with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ida Hageman
- Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lund-Andersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Martiny
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shakoor Ba-Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hannibal J. Comparative Neurology of Circadian Photoreception: The Retinohypothalamic Tract (RHT) in Sighted and Naturally Blind Mammals. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:640113. [PMID: 34054403 PMCID: PMC8160255 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.640113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian eye contains two systems for light perception: an image detecting system constituted primarily of the classical photoreceptors, rods and cones, and a non-image forming system (NIF) constituted of a small group of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells driven by melanopsin (mRGCs). The mRGCs receive input from the outer retina and NIF mediates light entrainment of circadian rhythms, masking behavior, light induced inhibition of nocturnal melatonin secretion, pupillary reflex (PLR), and affect the sleep/wake cycle. This review focuses on the mammalian NIF and its anatomy in the eye as well as its neuronal projection to the brain. This pathway is known as the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). The development and functions of the NIF as well as the knowledge gained from studying gene modified mice is highlighted. Furthermore, the similarities of the NIF between sighted (nocturnal and diurnal rodent species, monkeys, humans) and naturally blind mammals (blind mole rats Spalax ehrenbergi and the Iberian mole, Talpa occidentalis) are discussed in relation to a changing world where increasing exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) is becoming a challenge for humans and animals in the modern society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Gubin D, Neroev V, Malishevskaya T, Cornelissen G, Astakhov SY, Kolomeichuk S, Yuzhakova N, Kabitskaya Y, Weinert D. Melatonin mitigates disrupted circadian rhythms, lowers intraocular pressure, and improves retinal ganglion cells function in glaucoma. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12730. [PMID: 33730443 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy associated with damage to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and disrupted circadian rhythms. Melatonin is a promising substance to ameliorate glaucoma-associated compromised circadian rhythms, sleep, mood, and retinal cells function. However, studies estimating melatonin effects in glaucoma are currently lacking. Therefore, In this study, we investigated the effect of long-term (daily at 10:30 pm for 90 days) oral melatonin administration on systemic (Tb) and local to the organ of vision (IOP) circadian rhythms, pattern electroretinogram (PERG), sleep, and mood, depending on glaucoma stage in patients diagnosed with stable or advanced primary open-angle glaucoma. In a laboratory study in 15 of them, 24-hour records of salivary melatonin were obtained and MTNR1B receptor gene polymorphism was assessed. Melatonin increased the stability of the Tb circadian rhythm by improving its phase alignment and alignment with IOP. Melatonin time-dependently decreased IOP and IOP standard deviation (SD). IOP 24-hour mean and IOP SD decreases were more pronounced in individuals with the higher initial 24-hour IOP mean. Melatonin improved RGCs function in advanced glaucoma; N95 amplitude increase correlated positively with RGCs loss. The beneficial effects of melatonin on sleep and mood were greater in advanced glaucoma. Finally, delayed salivary melatonin and Tb phases were observed in MTNR1B G-allele carriers with advanced glaucoma. Combined, these results provide evidence for melatonin efficiency in restoring disrupted circadian rhythms in glaucoma with different effects of melatonin on systemic vs. local circadian rhythms, indicating that a personalized strategy of melatonin administration may further refine its treatment benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gubin
- Department of Biology, Medical University, Tyumen, Russia
- Tyumen Cardiology Research Center, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir Neroev
- Helmholtz Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Germaine Cornelissen
- Department of Integrated Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sergei Y Astakhov
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Kolomeichuk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | | | - Yana Kabitskaya
- Center for Genomic Technologies, Northern Trans-Ural State Agricultural University, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Dietmar Weinert
- Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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20
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Validity and Usage of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) in a French Population of Patients with Depression, Bipolar Disorders and Controls. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10091897. [PMID: 33925578 PMCID: PMC8123881 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), by Rosenthal et al. (1984), is by far the most used questionnaire to evaluate seasonal effects on mood and behavior. It includes a general seasonality score (GSS), composed of 6 items, from which cutoffs have been established to screen for seasonal affective disorder (SAD). However, it has never been validated in French and associations with circadian rhythm and symptoms of depression and bipolarity remain unclear. In this study, including 165 subjects (95 controls and 70 patients with depression or bipolar disorder), we confirmed the validity of the French version of the SPAQ, with a two-factor structure (a psychological factor: energy, mood, social activity and sleep length; and a food factor: weight and appetite) and a good fit was observed by all indicators. Mood and social activity dimensions were significantly affected by seasons in the depressed/bipolar group and a stronger global seasonality score (GSS) was associated with more severe phenotypes of depression and mania. Subjects meeting SAD and subsyndromal-SAD criteria also showed a delayed circadian rhythm compared to controls. Simple tools, such as the SPAQ, can aid the identification of significant seasonal changes and have direct implications on therapeutics including the use of bright light therapy in order to enhance personalized treatments, but also to prevent adverse seasonal effects.
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21
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Li X, Fan F, Chen X, Li J, Ning L, Lin K, Chen Z, Qin Z, Yeung AS, Li X, Wang L, So KF. Computer Vision for Brain Disorders Based Primarily on Ocular Responses. Front Neurol 2021; 12:584270. [PMID: 33967931 PMCID: PMC8096911 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.584270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time ocular responses are tightly associated with emotional and cognitive processing within the central nervous system. Patterns seen in saccades, pupillary responses, and spontaneous blinking, as well as retinal microvasculature and morphology visualized via office-based ophthalmic imaging, are potential biomarkers for the screening and evaluation of cognitive and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we outline multiple techniques in which ocular assessments may serve as a non-invasive approach for the early detections of various brain disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), schizophrenia (SZ), and major depressive disorder (MDD). In addition, rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI) present a growing opportunity to use machine learning-based AI, especially computer vision (CV) with deep-learning neural networks, to shed new light on the field of cognitive neuroscience, which is most likely to lead to novel evaluations and interventions for brain disorders. Hence, we highlight the potential of using AI to evaluate brain disorders based primarily on ocular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Li
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.,BIAI INC., Chelmsford, MA, United States.,BIAI Intelligence Biotech LLC, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fangfang Fan
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xuejing Chen
- Retina Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Eye Associates, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Juan Li
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,BIAI INC., Chelmsford, MA, United States.,BIAI Intelligence Biotech LLC, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Ning
- Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kangguang Lin
- Department of Affective Disorders and Academician Workstation of Mood and Brain Sciences, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of Central Nervous System (CNS) Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zan Chen
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenyun Qin
- Key Laboratory for Nonlinear Mathematical Models and Methods, School of Mathematical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Albert S Yeung
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaojian Li
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of Central Nervous System (CNS) Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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22
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Mure LS. Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells of the Human Retina. Front Neurol 2021; 12:636330. [PMID: 33841306 PMCID: PMC8027232 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.636330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Light profoundly affects our mental and physical health. In particular, light, when not delivered at the appropriate time, may have detrimental effects. In mammals, light is perceived not only by rods and cones but also by a subset of retinal ganglion cells that express the photopigment melanopsin that renders them intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs). ipRGCs participate in contrast detection and play critical roles in non-image-forming vision, a set of light responses that include circadian entrainment, pupillary light reflex (PLR), and the modulation of sleep/alertness, and mood. ipRGCs are also found in the human retina, and their response to light has been characterized indirectly through the suppression of nocturnal melatonin and PLR. However, until recently, human ipRGCs had rarely been investigated directly. This gap is progressively being filled as, over the last years, an increasing number of studies provided descriptions of their morphology, responses to light, and gene expression. Here, I review the progress in our knowledge of human ipRGCs, in particular, the different morphological and functional subtypes described so far and how they match the murine subtypes. I also highlight questions that remain to be addressed. Investigating ipRGCs is critical as these few cells play a major role in our well-being. Additionally, as ipRGCs display increased vulnerability or resilience to certain disorders compared to conventional RGCs, a deeper knowledge of their function could help identify therapeutic approaches or develop diagnostic tools. Overall, a better understanding of how light is perceived by the human eye will help deliver precise light usage recommendations and implement light-based therapeutic interventions to improve cognitive performance, mood, and life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic S Mure
- Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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23
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Hazelhoff EM, Dudink J, Meijer JH, Kervezee L. Beginning to See the Light: Lessons Learned From the Development of the Circadian System for Optimizing Light Conditions in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:634034. [PMID: 33815040 PMCID: PMC8013699 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.634034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian timing system optimizes health by temporally coordinating behavior and physiology. During mammalian gestation, fetal circadian rhythms are synchronized by the daily fluctuations in maternal body temperature, hormones and nutrients. Circadian disruption during pregnancy is associated with negative effects on developmental outcomes in the offspring, highlighting the importance of regular and robust 24-h rhythms over gestation. In the case of preterm birth (before 37 weeks of gestation), maternal cues no longer synchronize the neonate's circadian system, which may adversely affect the neonate. There is increasing evidence that introducing robust light-dark cycles in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit has beneficial effects on clinical outcomes in preterm infants, such as weight gain and hospitalization time, compared to infants exposed to constant light or constant near-darkness. However, the biological basis for these effects and the relationship with the functional and anatomical development of the circadian system is not fully understood. In this review, we provide a concise overview of the effects of light-dark cycles on clinical outcomes of preterm neonates in the NICU and its alignment with the development of the circadian system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M. Hazelhoff
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Dudink
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital and Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johanna H. Meijer
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Laura Kervezee
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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24
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Kawasaki A, Udry M, El Wardani M, Münch M. Can Extra Daytime Light Exposure Improve Well-Being and Sleep? A Pilot Study of Patients With Glaucoma. Front Neurol 2021; 11:584479. [PMID: 33519670 PMCID: PMC7843442 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.584479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma damages retinal ganglion cells, including intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). These cells modulate various non-visual physiological and psychological functions which are modulated by light. In patients with glaucoma, we assessed the effect of daily bright light exposure (LE) on several melanopsin-dependent functions, such as the pupil constriction, circadian rest-activity cycles, sleep and subjective well-being including relaxation, alertness and mood. Twenty patients participated in the study (9 women, 11 men, mean age = 67.6 ± 7.5 y). Pupillometry was performed before the LE weeks and repeated on the last day of LE. The post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) was calculated as a proxy for melanopsin-dependent activation. Participants continuously wore an activity monitor and self-assessed sleep quality, well-being and visual comfort for 7 days before and during 4 weeks of daily bright LE (30 min to 10,000 lux polychromatic bright white light). After the LE, there was a significantly greater PIPR and higher subjective sleep quality when compared to the pre-LE week (p < 0.05), but no significant changes in 24-h rhythms or sleep parameters. A greater PIPR was correlated with an increase in circadian amplitude and higher inter-daily stability (derived from rest-activity cycles; p < 0.05). In a small group of patients with glaucoma, scheduled daily bright light exposure could improve subjective sleep quality. These findings highlight the importance to evaluate and maintain non-visual functions at different levels in patients with progressive loss of ipRGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Kawasaki
- Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Morgane Udry
- Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohamad El Wardani
- Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ophthalmology Department, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Mirjam Münch
- Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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25
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Kim US, Mahroo OA, Mollon JD, Yu-Wai-Man P. Retinal Ganglion Cells-Diversity of Cell Types and Clinical Relevance. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661938. [PMID: 34093409 PMCID: PMC8175861 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the bridging neurons that connect the retinal input to the visual processing centres within the central nervous system. There is a remarkable diversity of RGCs and the various subtypes have unique morphological features, distinct functions, and characteristic pathways linking the inner retina to the relevant brain areas. A number of psychophysical and electrophysiological tests have been refined to investigate this large and varied population of RGCs. Technological advances, such as high-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging, have provided additional tools to define the pattern of RGC involvement and the chronological sequence of events in both inherited and acquired optic neuropathies. The mechanistic insights gained from these studies, in particular the selective vulnerability and relative resilience of particular RGC subtypes, are of fundamental importance as they are directly relevant to the development of targeted therapies for these invariably progressive blinding diseases. This review provides a comprehensive description of the various types of RGCs, the developments in proposed methods of classification, and the current gaps in our knowledge of how these RGCs are differentially affected depending on the underlying aetiology. The synthesis of the current body of knowledge on the diversity of RGCs and the pathways that are potentially amenable to therapeutic modulation will hopefully lead to much needed effective treatments for patients with optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ungsoo Samuel Kim
- Kim's Eye Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ungsoo Samuel Kim
| | - Omar A. Mahroo
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Mollon
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Abstract
Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) are the third class of retinal photoreceptors with unique anatomical, electrophysiological, and biological features. There are different mRGC subtypes with differential projections to the brain. These cells contribute to many nonimage-forming functions of the eye, the most relevant being the photoentrainment of circadian rhythms through the projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Other relevant biological functions include the regulation of the pupillary light reflex, mood, alertness, and sleep, as well as a possible role in formed vision. The relevance of the mRGC-related pathways in the brain is highlighted by the role that the dysfunction and/or loss of these cells may play in affecting circadian rhythms and sleep in many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease and in aging. Moreover, the occurrence of circadian dysfunction is a known risk factor for dementia. In this chapter, the anatomy, physiology, and functions of these cells as well as their resistance to neurodegeneration in mitochondrial optic neuropathies or their predilection to be lost in other neurodegenerative disorders will be discussed.
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27
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Snyder PJ, Alber J, Alt C, Bain LJ, Bouma BE, Bouwman FH, DeBuc DC, Campbell MC, Carrillo MC, Chew EY, Cordeiro MF, Dueñas MR, Fernández BM, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, La Morgia C, Carare RO, Sadda SR, van Wijngaarden P, Snyder HM. Retinal imaging in Alzheimer's and neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:103-111. [PMID: 33090722 PMCID: PMC8062064 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, research focused on developing retinal imaging as a source of potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, has increased significantly. The Alzheimer's Association and the Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment, Disease Monitoring editorial team (companion journal to Alzheimer's & Dementia) convened an interdisciplinary discussion in 2019 to identify a path to expedite the development of retinal biomarkers capable of identifying biological changes associated with AD, and for tracking progression of disease severity over time. As different retinal imaging modalities provide different types of structural and/or functional information, the discussion reflected on these modalities and their respective strengths and weaknesses. Discussion further focused on the importance of defining the context of use to help guide the development of retinal biomarkers. Moving from research to context of use, and ultimately to clinical evaluation, this article outlines ongoing retinal imaging research today in Alzheimer's and other brain diseases, including a discussion of future directions for this area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Snyder
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Jessica Alber
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Clemens Alt
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa J. Bain
- Independent Science Writer, Elverson, Pennsylvania
| | - Brett E. Bouma
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts
| | - Femke H. Bouwman
- Neurologist, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Melanie C.W. Campbell
- Physics and Astronomy, Optometry and Vision Science and Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria C. Carrillo
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- Imperial College London, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, ICORG Western Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael R. Dueñas
- Chief Public Health Officer (Ret.), American Optometric Association, Washington, D.C
| | | | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Srinivas R. Sadda
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Heather M. Snyder
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, Illinois
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28
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Mohammadzadeh V, Fatehi N, Yarmohammadi A, Lee JW, Sharifipour F, Daneshvar R, Caprioli J, Nouri-Mahdavi K. Macular imaging with optical coherence tomography in glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 65:597-638. [PMID: 32199939 PMCID: PMC7423773 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, imaging of the posterior segment of the eye can be carried out rapidly at multiple anatomical locations, including the optic nerve head, circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, and macula. There is now ample evidence to support the role of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging of the macula for detection of early glaucoma. Macular spectral-domain optical coherence tomography measurements demonstrate high reproducibility, and evidence on its utility for detection of glaucoma progression is accumulating. We present a comprehensive review of macular spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging emerging as an essential diagnostic tool in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mohammadzadeh
- Glaucoma Division, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nima Fatehi
- Glaucoma Division, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Saint Mary Medical Center - Dignity Health, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Adeleh Yarmohammadi
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Ji Woong Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Farideh Sharifipour
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Daneshvar
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Joseph Caprioli
- Glaucoma Division, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kouros Nouri-Mahdavi
- Glaucoma Division, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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29
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Romagnoli M, Stanzani Maserati M, De Matteis M, Capellari S, Carbonelli M, Amore G, Cantalupo G, Zenesini C, Liguori R, Sadun AA, Carelli V, Park JC, La Morgia C. Chromatic Pupillometry Findings in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:780. [PMID: 32848556 PMCID: PMC7431959 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) are crucial for non-image forming functions of the eye, including the photoentrainment of circadian rhythms and the regulation of the pupillary light reflex (PLR). Chromatic pupillometry, using light stimuli at different wavelengths, makes possible the isolation of the contribution of rods, cones, and mRGCs to the PLR. In particular, post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) is the most reliable pupil metric of mRGC function. We have previously described, in post-mortem investigations of AD retinas, a loss of mRGCs, and in the remaining mRGCs, we demonstrated extensive morphological abnormalities. We noted dendrite varicosities, patchy distribution of melanopsin, and reduced dendrite arborization. In this study, we evaluated, with chromatic pupillometry, the PLR in a cohort of mild-moderate AD patients compared to controls. AD and controls also underwent an extensive ophthalmological evaluation. In our AD cohort, PIPR did not significantly differ from controls, even though we observed a higher variability in the AD group and 5/26 showed PIPR values outside the 2 SD from the control mean values. Moreover, we found a significant difference between AD and controls in terms of rod-mediated transient PLR amplitude. These results suggest that in the early stage of AD there are PLR abnormalities that may reflect a pathology affecting mRGC dendrites before involving the mRGC cell body. Further studies, including AD cases with more severe and longer disease duration, are needed to further explore this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Romagnoli
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Maddalena De Matteis
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabina Capellari
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Carbonelli
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Amore
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cantalupo
- Division of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Corrado Zenesini
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jason C Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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30
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Rozen TD. Can the effects of the mitochondrial DNA mutations found in Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy be protective against the development of cluster headache in smokers? CEPHALALGIA REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2515816320939571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Is it possible that some mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations enhance the risk of developing a headache disorder while other mutations actually confer a protective effect? Mitochondrial disorders have been linked to migraine but very rarely to cluster headache (CH). The true pathogenesis of CH is unknown but a linkage to cigarette smoking is irrefutable. Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy is a syndrome of bilateral vision loss that typically manifests in a patient’s 20s and 30s, is male predominant, and its sufferers are heavy smokers and heavy drinkers. Tobacco exposure is so linked to the condition that only smokers appear to develop vision loss while nonsmokers remain unaffected carriers of their mutations. In essence, the Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy population is the CH population but at present there have been no reported cases of CH in this mitochondrial subgroup. Thus, could the effects of the mtDNA mutations found in Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy, which involve complex I of the electron transport chain, actually confer a protective effect against the development of CH? This article will delve into this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Rozen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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31
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Gil-Casas A, Piñero DP, Molina-Martin A. Binocular, Accommodative and Oculomotor Alterations In Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. Semin Ophthalmol 2020; 35:103-115. [PMID: 32228341 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2020.1744671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acquired demyelinating and inflammatory neurodegenerative disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Clinical and subclinical ocular disturbances occur in almost all patients with MS. The objective of this narrative review was to collect and summarize the available scientific information on oculomotor, accommodative and binocular alterations that have been reported in MS. A systematic search strategy with the following descriptors was carried out: multiple sclerosis, ocular motility disorders, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus, vergences, fixation, pupil reflex, accommodation and stereopsis. According to the search, some oculomotor alterations were found to be commonly reported in MS, such as alterations in saccades and nystagmus. In contrast, accommodative, vergence and stereopsis alterations have not been comprehensively studied despite their relevance, with only minimal evidence showing a potential negative impact of the disease on these aspects. In conclusion, oculomotor impairment is a common component of disability in MS patients and should be considered when managing this type of patients. More research is still needed to know the real impact of this disease on binocular vision and accommodation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Gil-Casas
- Clínica Optométrica, Foundation Lluís Alcanyís, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - David P Piñero
- Optics and Visual Perception Group (GOPV). Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Molina-Martin
- Optics and Visual Perception Group (GOPV). Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Neuroprotective Strategies for Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration: Current Status and Challenges Ahead. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072262. [PMID: 32218163 PMCID: PMC7177277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the output cells of the retina into the brain. In mammals, these cells are not able to regenerate their axons after optic nerve injury, leaving the patients with optic neuropathies with permanent visual loss. An effective RGCs-directed therapy could provide a beneficial effect to prevent the progression of the disease. Axonal injury leads to the functional loss of RGCs and subsequently induces neuronal death, and axonal regeneration would be essential to restore the neuronal connectivity, and to reestablish the function of the visual system. The manipulation of several intrinsic and extrinsic factors has been proposed in order to stimulate axonal regeneration and functional repairing of axonal connections in the visual pathway. However, there is a missing point in the process since, until now, there is no therapeutic strategy directed to promote axonal regeneration of RGCs as a therapeutic approach for optic neuropathies.
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Grünert U, Martin PR. Cell types and cell circuits in human and non-human primate retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 78:100844. [PMID: 32032773 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes our current knowledge of primate including human retina focusing on bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells and their connectivity. We have two main motivations in writing. Firstly, recent progress in non-invasive imaging methods to study retinal diseases mean that better understanding of the primate retina is becoming an important goal both for basic and for clinical sciences. Secondly, genetically modified mice are increasingly used as animal models for human retinal diseases. Thus, it is important to understand to which extent the retinas of primates and rodents are comparable. We first compare cell populations in primate and rodent retinas, with emphasis on how the fovea (despite its small size) dominates the neural landscape of primate retina. We next summarise what is known, and what is not known, about the postreceptoral neurone populations in primate retina. The inventories of bipolar and ganglion cells in primates are now nearing completion, comprising ~12 types of bipolar cell and at least 17 types of ganglion cell. Primate ganglion cells show clear differences in dendritic field size across the retina, and their morphology differs clearly from that of mouse retinal ganglion cells. Compared to bipolar and ganglion cells, amacrine cells show even higher morphological diversity: they could comprise over 40 types. Many amacrine types appear conserved between primates and mice, but functions of only a few types are understood in any primate or non-primate retina. Amacrine cells appear as the final frontier for retinal research in monkeys and mice alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grünert
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Paul R Martin
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
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Oh AJ, Amore G, Sultan W, Asanad S, Park JC, Romagnoli M, La Morgia C, Karanjia R, Harrington MG, Sadun AA. Pupillometry evaluation of melanopsin retinal ganglion cell function and sleep-wake activity in pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226197. [PMID: 31821378 PMCID: PMC6903762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs), intrinsically photosensitive RGCs, mediate the light-based pupil response and the light entrainment of the body's circadian rhythms through their connection to the pretectal nucleus and hypothalamus, respectively. Increased awareness of circadian rhythm dysfunction in neurological conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD), has led to a wave of research focusing on the role of mRGCs in these diseases. Postmortem retinal analyses in AD patients demonstrated a significant loss of mRGCs, and in vivo measurements of mRGC function with chromatic pupillometry may be a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and progression of AD. METHODS We performed a prospective case-control study in 20 cognitively healthy study participants: 10 individuals with pre-symptomatic AD pathology (pre-AD), identified by the presence of abnormal levels of amyloid β42 and total Tau proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, and 10 age-matched controls with normal CSF amyloid β42 and Tau levels. To evaluate mRGC function, we used a standardized protocol of chromatic pupillometry on a Ganzfeld system using red (640 nm) and blue (450 nm) light stimuli and measured the pupillary light response (PLR). Non-invasive wrist actigraphy and standardized sleep questionnaires were also completed to evaluate rest-activity circadian rhythm. RESULTS Our results did not demonstrate a significant difference of the PLR between pre-AD and controls but showed a variability of the PLR in the pre-AD group compared with controls on chromatic pupillometry. Wrist actigraphy showed variable sleep-wake patterns and irregular circadian rhythms in the pre-AD group compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS The variability seen in measurements of mRGC function and sleep-wake cycle in the pre-AD group suggests that mRGC dysfunction occurs in the pre-symptomatic AD stages, preceding cognitive decline. Future longitudinal studies following progression of these participants can help in elucidating the relationship between mRGCs and circadian rhythm dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J. Oh
- Doheny Eye institute, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Giulia Amore
- Doheny Eye institute, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - William Sultan
- Doheny Eye institute, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel Asanad
- Doheny Eye institute, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jason C. Park
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Martina Romagnoli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rustum Karanjia
- Doheny Eye institute, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G. Harrington
- The Huntington Medical Research Institutes and Molecular Neurology Program, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Alfredo A. Sadun
- Doheny Eye institute, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Do MTH. Melanopsin and the Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells: Biophysics to Behavior. Neuron 2019; 104:205-226. [PMID: 31647894 PMCID: PMC6944442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian visual system encodes information over a remarkable breadth of spatiotemporal scales and light intensities. This performance originates with its complement of photoreceptors: the classic rods and cones, as well as the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). IpRGCs capture light with a G-protein-coupled receptor called melanopsin, depolarize like photoreceptors of invertebrates such as Drosophila, discharge electrical spikes, and innervate dozens of brain areas to influence physiology, behavior, perception, and mood. Several visual responses rely on melanopsin to be sustained and maximal. Some require ipRGCs to occur at all. IpRGCs fulfill their roles using mechanisms that include an unusual conformation of the melanopsin protein, an extraordinarily slow phototransduction cascade, divisions of labor even among cells of a morphological type, and unorthodox configurations of circuitry. The study of ipRGCs has yielded insight into general topics that include photoreceptor evolution, cellular diversity, and the steps from biophysical mechanisms to behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tri H Do
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center and Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Science 12061, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Steady-State Pupil Size Varies with Circadian Phase and Sleep Homeostasis in Healthy Young Men. Clocks Sleep 2019; 1:240-258. [PMID: 33089167 PMCID: PMC7445830 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep1020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pupil size informs about sympathovagal balance as well as cognitive and affective processes, and perception. It is also directly linked to phasic activity of the brainstem locus coeruleus, so that pupil measures have gained recent attention. Steady-state pupil size and its variability have been directly linked to sleep homeostasis and circadian phase, but results have been inconsistent. Here, we report robust changes in steady-state pupil size during 29 h of continuous wakefulness in healthy young men (N = 20; 18–30 years old) maintained in dim-light in strictly controlled constant routine conditions. These variations were associated with variations in motivation and sustained attention performance. Pupil size variability did not significantly change during the protocol. Yet, pupil size variability was linearly associated with subjective fatigue, sociability, and anguish. No associations were found between neither steady-state pupil size nor pupil size variability, and objective EEG measure of alertness and subjective sleepiness. Our data support therefore the notion that, compared with its variability, steady-state pupil size is strongly influenced by the concomitant changes in sleep need and circadian phase. In addition, steady-state pupil size appears to be related to motivation and attention, while its variability may be related to separate affective dimensions and subjective fatigue.
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