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Hinson HE, Radabaugh HL, Li N, Fukuda T, Pollock J, Schreiber M, Rowell S, Ferguson AR. Predicting Progression of Intracranial Hemorrhage in the Prehospital TXA for TBI Trial. J Neurotrauma 2024. [PMID: 38618713 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Progression of intracranial hemorrhage is a common, potentially devastating complication after moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Clinicians have few tools to predict which patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage on their initial head computed tomography (hCT) scan will progress. The objective of this investigation was to identify clinical, imaging, and/or protein biomarkers associated with progression of intracranial hemorrhage (PICH) after moderate/severe TBI and to create an accurate predictive model of PICH based on clinical features available at presentation. We analyzed a subset of subjects from the phase II double-blind, multi-center, randomized "Prehospital Tranexamic Acid Use for TBI" trial. This subset was limited to the placebo arm of the parent trial with evidence of hemorrhage on the initial hCT and a follow-up hCT 6 h after. PICH was defined as an increase in hemorrhage size by 30% or more, or the development of new hemorrhage in the intra- and extra-axial intracranial vault between the initial and the follow-up hCT. Two independent radiologists evaluated each hCT, and conflicts were adjudicated by a third. Clinical and radiographic characteristics were collected, along with plasma protein biomarkers at admission. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed, and each principal component (PC) was interrogated for its association with PICH. Finally, expert opinion and recursive feature extraction (RFE) were used to select input features for the construction of several supervised classification models. Their ability to predict PICH was quantified and compared. In this subset of subjects (n = 104), 46% (n = 48) demonstrated PICH. Univariate analyses showed no association between PICH and age, sex, admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), GCS motor subscore, presence of midline shift, admission platelet count or admission INR. Radiographic severity scores (Marshall score [p = 0.007], Rotterdam score [p = 0.004]), and initial hematoma volume [p = 0.005] were associated with PICH. Higher levels of admission glial fibrillary acidic protein (p < 0.001) and MAP (p = 0.011) were also associated with PICH. Of the PCs, PC1 was significantly associated with PICH (p = 0.0125). Using multimodal data input, machine learning classifiers successfully discriminated patients with or without PICH. Models composed of machine-selected features performed better than models composed of expert-selected variables (reaching an average of 77% accuracy, AUC = 0.78 versus AUC = 0.68 for the expert-selected variables). Predictive models utilizing variables measured at admission can accurately predict PICH, confirmed by the 6-hour follow-up hCT. Our best-performing models must now be externally validated in a separate cohort of TBI patients with low GCS and initial hCT positive for hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Hinson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hannah L Radabaugh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nincheng Li
- Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Toshinori Fukuda
- Department of Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeffrey Pollock
- Department of Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Martin Schreiber
- Donald D. Trunkey Center for Civilian and Combat Casualty Care, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Susan Rowell
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Vande Vyvere T, Pisică D, Wilms G, Claes L, Van Dyck P, Snoeckx A, van den Hauwe L, Pullens P, Verheyden J, Wintermark M, Dekeyzer S, Mac Donald CL, Maas AIR, Parizel PM. Imaging Findings in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury: a National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Common Data Element-Based Pictorial Review and Analysis of Over 4000 Admission Brain Computed Tomography Scans from the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) Study. J Neurotrauma 2024. [PMID: 38482818 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2010, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) created a set of common data elements (CDEs) to help standardize the assessment and reporting of imaging findings in traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, as opposed to other standardized radiology reporting systems, a visual overview and data to support the proposed standardized lexicon are lacking. We used over 4000 admission computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with TBI from the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study to develop an extensive pictorial overview of the NINDS TBI CDEs, with visual examples and background information on individual pathoanatomical lesion types, up to the level of supplemental and emerging information (e.g., location and estimated volumes). We documented the frequency of lesion occurrence, aiming to quantify the relative importance of different CDEs for characterizing TBI, and performed a critical appraisal of our experience with the intent to inform updating of the CDEs. In addition, we investigated the co-occurrence and clustering of lesion types and the distribution of six CT classification systems. The median age of the 4087 patients in our dataset was 50 years (interquartile range, 29-66; range, 0-96), including 238 patients under 18 years old (5.8%). Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (45.3%), skull fractures (37.4%), contusions (31.3%), and acute subdural hematoma (28.9%) were the most frequently occurring CT findings in acute TBI. The ranking of these lesions was the same in patients with mild TBI (baseline Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score 13-15) compared with those with moderate-severe TBI (baseline GCS score 3-12), but the frequency of occurrence was up to three times higher in moderate-severe TBI. In most TBI patients with CT abnormalities, there was co-occurrence and clustering of different lesion types, with significant differences between mild and moderate-severe TBI patients. More specifically, lesion patterns were more complex in moderate-severe TBI patients, with more co-existing lesions and more frequent signs of mass effect. These patients also had higher and more heterogeneous CT score distributions, associated with worse predicted outcomes. The critical appraisal of the NINDS CDEs was highly positive, but revealed that full assessment can be time consuming, that some CDEs had very low frequencies, and identified a few redundancies and ambiguity in some definitions. Whilst primarily developed for research, implementation of CDE templates for use in clinical practice is advocated, but this will require development of an abbreviated version. In conclusion, with this study, we provide an educational resource for clinicians and researchers to help assess, characterize, and report the vast and complex spectrum of imaging findings in patients with TBI. Our data provides a comprehensive overview of the contemporary landscape of TBI imaging pathology in Europe, and the findings can serve as empirical evidence for updating the current NINDS radiologic CDEs to version 3.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Vande Vyvere
- Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Radiology (MIRA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dana Pisică
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Wilms
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lene Claes
- icometrix, Research and Development, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Dyck
- Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Radiology (MIRA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annemiek Snoeckx
- Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Radiology (MIRA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc van den Hauwe
- Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pim Pullens
- Department of Imaging, University Hospital Ghent; IBITech/MEDISIP, Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University; Ghent Institute for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jan Verheyden
- icometrix, Research and Development, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Max Wintermark
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sven Dekeyzer
- Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christine L Mac Donald
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew I R Maas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul M Parizel
- Department of Radiology, Royal Perth Hospital (RPH) and University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Australia; Western Australia National Imaging Facility (WA NIF) node, Australia
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Noorbakhsh S, Keirsey M, Hess A, Bellu K, Laxton S, Byerly S, Filiberto DM, Kerwin AJ, Stein DM, Howley IW. Key Findings on Computed Tomography of the Head that Predict Death or the Need for Neurosurgical Intervention From Traumatic Brain Injury. Am Surg 2024; 90:616-623. [PMID: 37791615 DOI: 10.1177/00031348231204914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) requires rapid management to avoid secondary injury or death. This study evaluated if a simple schema for quickly interpreting CT head (CTH) imaging by trauma surgeons and trainees could be validated to predict need for neurosurgical intervention (NSI) or death from TBI within 24 hours. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed TBI patients presenting to our trauma center in 2020 with blunt mechanism and GCS ≤ 12. Primary independent variables were presence of 7 normal findings on CTH (CSF at foramen magnum, open fourth ventricle, CSF around quadrigeminal plate, CSF around cerebral peduncles, absence of midline shift, visible sulci/gyri, and gray-white differentiation). Trauma surgeons and trainees separately evaluated each patient's CTH, scoring findings as normal or abnormal. Primary outcome was NSI/death in 24 hours. RESULTS Our population consisted of 444 patients; 21.4% received NSI or died within 24 hours. By trainees' interpretation, 5.8% of patients without abnormal findings had NSI/death vs 52.0% of patients with ≥1 abnormality; attending interpretation was 8.7% and 54.9%, respectively (P < .001). Sulci/gyri effacement, midline shift, and cerebral peduncle effacement maximized sensitivity and specificity for predicting NSI/death. Considering pooled results, when ≥1 of those 3 findings was abnormal, sensitivity was 77.89%, specificity was 80.80%, positive predictive value was 52.48%, and negative predictive value was 93.07%. DISCUSSION Any single abnormality in this schema significantly predicted a large increase in NSI/death in 24 hours in TBI patients, and three particular findings were most predictive. This schema may help predict need for intervention and expedite management of moderate/severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Keirsey
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Alexis Hess
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kyle Bellu
- William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Steven Laxton
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Saskya Byerly
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Kerwin
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Deborah M Stein
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Isaac W Howley
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Fu H, Novak A, Robert D, Kumar S, Tanamala S, Oke J, Bhatia K, Shah R, Romsauerova A, Das T, Espinosa A, Grzeda MT, Narbone M, Dharmadhikari R, Harrison M, Vimalesvaran K, Gooch J, Woznitza N, Salik N, Campbell A, Khan F, Lowe DJ, Shuaib H, Ather S. AI assisted reader evaluation in acute CT head interpretation (AI-REACT): protocol for a multireader multicase study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e079824. [PMID: 38346874 PMCID: PMC10862304 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A non-contrast CT head scan (NCCTH) is the most common cross-sectional imaging investigation requested in the emergency department. Advances in computer vision have led to development of several artificial intelligence (AI) tools to detect abnormalities on NCCTH. These tools are intended to provide clinical decision support for clinicians, rather than stand-alone diagnostic devices. However, validation studies mostly compare AI performance against radiologists, and there is relative paucity of evidence on the impact of AI assistance on other healthcare staff who review NCCTH in their daily clinical practice. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A retrospective data set of 150 NCCTH will be compiled, to include 60 control cases and 90 cases with intracranial haemorrhage, hypodensities suggestive of infarct, midline shift, mass effect or skull fracture. The intracranial haemorrhage cases will be subclassified into extradural, subdural, subarachnoid, intraparenchymal and intraventricular. 30 readers will be recruited across four National Health Service (NHS) trusts including 10 general radiologists, 15 emergency medicine clinicians and 5 CT radiographers of varying experience. Readers will interpret each scan first without, then with, the assistance of the qER EU 2.0 AI tool, with an intervening 2-week washout period. Using a panel of neuroradiologists as ground truth, the stand-alone performance of qER will be assessed, and its impact on the readers' performance will be analysed as change in accuracy (area under the curve), median review time per scan and self-reported diagnostic confidence. Subgroup analyses will be performed by reader professional group, reader seniority, pathological finding, and neuroradiologist-rated difficulty. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the UK Healthcare Research Authority (IRAS 310995, approved 13 December 2022). The use of anonymised retrospective NCCTH has been authorised by Oxford University Hospitals. The results will be presented at relevant conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT06018545.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howell Fu
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Novak
- Emergency Medicine Research Oxford, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jason Oke
- Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kanika Bhatia
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruchir Shah
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Tilak Das
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abdalá Espinosa
- Emergency Medicine Research Oxford, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Mark Harrison
- Emergency Department, Northumbria Specialist Emergency Care Hospital, Cramlington, UK
| | - Kavitha Vimalesvaran
- Clinical Scientific Computing, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jane Gooch
- College of Health, Psychology & Social Care, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Nicholas Woznitza
- Radiology Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- School of Allied and Public Health Professions, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - Alan Campbell
- Radiology Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Farhaan Khan
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Haris Shuaib
- Clinical Scientific Computing, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarim Ather
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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5
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Flanders AE, Geis JR. NextGen Neuroradiology AI. Radiology 2023; 309:e231426. [PMID: 37987667 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.231426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Flanders
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Suite 1080B Main Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107 (A.E.F.); and Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo (J.R.G.)
| | - J Raymond Geis
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Suite 1080B Main Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107 (A.E.F.); and Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo (J.R.G.)
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Jiang B, Ozkara BB, Creeden S, Zhu G, Ding VY, Chen H, Lanzman B, Wolman D, Shams S, Trinh A, Li Y, Khalaf A, Parker JJ, Halpern CH, Wintermark M. Validation of a deep learning model for traumatic brain injury detection and NIRIS grading on non-contrast CT: a multi-reader study with promising results and opportunities for improvement. Neuroradiology 2023; 65:1605-1617. [PMID: 37269414 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-023-03170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess and externally validate the performance of a deep learning (DL) model for the interpretation of non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) scans of patients with suspicion of traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS This retrospective and multi-reader study included patients with TBI suspicion who were transported to the emergency department and underwent NCCT scans. Eight reviewers, with varying levels of training and experience (two neuroradiology attendings, two neuroradiology fellows, two neuroradiology residents, one neurosurgery attending, and one neurosurgery resident), independently evaluated NCCT head scans. The same scans were evaluated using the version 5.0 of the DL model icobrain tbi. The establishment of the ground truth involved a thorough assessment of all accessible clinical and laboratory data, as well as follow-up imaging studies, including NCCT and magnetic resonance imaging, as a consensus amongst the study reviewers. The outcomes of interest included neuroimaging radiological interpretation system (NIRIS) scores, the presence of midline shift, mass effect, hemorrhagic lesions, hydrocephalus, and severe hydrocephalus, as well as measurements of midline shift and volumes of hemorrhagic lesions. Comparisons using weighted Cohen's kappa coefficient were made. The McNemar test was used to compare the diagnostic performance. Bland-Altman plots were used to compare measurements. RESULTS One hundred patients were included, with the DL model successfully categorizing 77 scans. The median age for the total group was 48, with the omitted group having a median age of 44.5 and the included group having a median age of 48. The DL model demonstrated moderate agreement with the ground truth, trainees, and attendings. With the DL model's assistance, trainees' agreement with the ground truth improved. The DL model showed high specificity (0.88) and positive predictive value (0.96) in classifying NIRIS scores as 0-2 or 3-4. Trainees and attendings had the highest accuracy (0.95). The DL model's performance in classifying various TBI CT imaging common data elements was comparable to that of trainees and attendings. The average difference for the DL model in quantifying the volume of hemorrhagic lesions was 6.0 mL with a wide 95% confidence interval (CI) of - 68.32 to 80.22, and for midline shift, the average difference was 1.4 mm with a 95% CI of - 3.4 to 6.2. CONCLUSION While the DL model outperformed trainees in some aspects, attendings' assessments remained superior in most instances. Using the DL model as an assistive tool benefited trainees, improving their NIRIS score agreement with the ground truth. Although the DL model showed high potential in classifying some TBI CT imaging common data elements, further refinement and optimization are necessary to enhance its clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Sean Creeden
- Deparment of Neuroradiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Guangming Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Victoria Y Ding
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bryan Lanzman
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dylan Wolman
- Department of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sara Shams
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institution for Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Austin Trinh
- Department of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Khalaf
- Department of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jonathon J Parker
- Device-Based Neuroelectronics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Casey H Halpern
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Max Wintermark
- Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Leming MJ, Bron EE, Bruffaerts R, Ou Y, Iglesias JE, Gollub RL, Im H. Challenges of implementing computer-aided diagnostic models for neuroimages in a clinical setting. NPJ Digit Med 2023; 6:129. [PMID: 37443276 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in artificial intelligence have cultivated a strong interest in developing and validating the clinical utilities of computer-aided diagnostic models. Machine learning for diagnostic neuroimaging has often been applied to detect psychological and neurological disorders, typically on small-scale datasets or data collected in a research setting. With the collection and collation of an ever-growing number of public datasets that researchers can freely access, much work has been done in adapting machine learning models to classify these neuroimages by diseases such as Alzheimer's, ADHD, autism, bipolar disorder, and so on. These studies often come with the promise of being implemented clinically, but despite intense interest in this topic in the laboratory, limited progress has been made in clinical implementation. In this review, we analyze challenges specific to the clinical implementation of diagnostic AI models for neuroimaging data, looking at the differences between laboratory and clinical settings, the inherent limitations of diagnostic AI, and the different incentives and skill sets between research institutions, technology companies, and hospitals. These complexities need to be recognized in the translation of diagnostic AI for neuroimaging from the laboratory to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Leming
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Esther E Bron
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rose Bruffaerts
- Computational Neurology, Experimental Neurobiology Unit (ENU), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Yangming Ou
- Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juan Eugenio Iglesias
- Center for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Randy L Gollub
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyungsoon Im
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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