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Domingo-Sanz VA. Persistence of primitive reflexes associated with asymmetries in fixation and ocular motility values. J Eye Mov Res 2024; 17. [PMID: 39246715 PMCID: PMC11379514 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined eye movement performance in patients aged 4 to 16 years. Measurements of eye movements were obtained before and after performing therapy for inhibition of four primitive reflexes, asymmetric tonic neck reflex, symmetric tonic neck reflex, labyrinthine tonic reflex and Moro reflex. Subsequently the scores of the four primitive reflexes were compared with the results of five variables: fixation maintenance, % mean saccade size, motility excursions, fixations during excursions and mean duration of fixations. The comparisons showed a significant reduction in evidence of fixation maintenance as well as mean saccade size due to the inhibition of the four primitive reflexes. There was also a significant increase in ocular motility while fixations per saccade and average duration of fixations also decreased significantly. Visual balance between values of both eyes improved in all tests. A device called VisagraphTM III, which measures eye movements, was used for data collection. These results suggest that the oculomotor improvements reflect the involvement of other maturational processes such as the emergence and inhibition of primitive reflexes, the whole reorganization being key to future reading and attentional processes.
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McCarthy JE, Attaluri P, Nicksic P. On the Physiology of the Sensory-Collapse Test. J Hand Surg Am 2024; 49:603-606. [PMID: 38456864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The sensory-collapse test (formerly the scratch-collapse test) is a physical examination finding describing a momentary inhibition of external shoulder rotation following light stimulation of an injured nerve in the ipsilateral limb. Similar to other physical examination tests designed to interrogate nerve compression, such as the Phalen or Tinel tests, its test characteristics demonstrate variation. There remains speculation about the test's existence and anatomic basis. The literature of mammalian reflex physiology was reviewed with an emphasis on the sensory pathways from the upper extremity, the extrapyramidal system, and newly discovered pathways and concepts of nociception. A clear reflex pathway is described connecting the stimulus within an injured nerve through the afferent pathways in the fasciculus cuneatus in the spinal cord directly to the lateral reticulospinal tract, resulting in the inhibition of extensor muscles in the proximal limb (eg, shoulder) and activation of the limb flexors by acting upon alpha and gamma motor neurons. The sensory-collapse test represents a reflex pathway that teleologically provides a mechanism to protect an injured nerve by withdrawal toward the trunk and away from the noxious environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E McCarthy
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Legacy Health, Portland, OR.
| | - Pradeep Attaluri
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Peter Nicksic
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Dupuis O, Van Gaever M, Montel V, Dereumetz J, Coq JO, Canu MH, Dupont E. Early movement restriction affects the acquisition of neurodevelopmental reflexes in rat pups. Brain Res 2024; 1828:148773. [PMID: 38244757 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Childhood is a period of construction of the organism, during which interactions with the environment and regular physical activity are necessary for the maturation of the neuronal networks. An atypical sensorimotor activity during childhood (due to bed-rest or neurodevelopmental disorders) impacts the development of the neuromuscular system. A model of sensorimotor restriction (SMR) developed in rats has shown that casting pups' hind limbs from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P28 induced a severe perturbation of motor behavior, due to muscle weakness as well as disturbances within the central nervous system. In the present study, our objective was to determine whether SMR affects the early postnatal ontogenesis. We explored the neuromuscular development through the determination of the age for achievement of the main neurodevelopmental reflexes, which represent reliable indicators of neurological and behavioral development. We also evaluated the maturation of postural control. Our results demonstrate that SMR induces a delay in the motor development, illustrated by a several days delay in the acquisition of a mature posture and in the acquisition reflexes: hind limb grasping, righting, hind limb placing, cliff avoidance, negative geotaxis. In conclusion, impaired physical activity and low interactions with environment during early development result in altered maturation of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlane Dupuis
- Univ Lille, Univ Artois, Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369, URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Melanie Van Gaever
- Univ Lille, Univ Artois, Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369, URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Valerie Montel
- Univ Lille, Univ Artois, Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369, URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Dereumetz
- Univ Lille, Univ Artois, Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369, URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Coq
- Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement (ISM), Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Helene Canu
- Univ Lille, Univ Artois, Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369, URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F59000 Lille, France.
| | - Erwan Dupont
- Univ Lille, Univ Artois, Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369, URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F59000 Lille, France
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Melillo RJ, Leisman G, Machado C, Carmeli E. Identification and reduction of retained primitive reflexes by sensory stimulation in autism spectrum disorder: effects on qEEG networks and cognitive functions. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e255285. [PMID: 38154865 PMCID: PMC10759118 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-255285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several authors have reported finding retained primitive reflexes (RPRs) in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This case report describes the reduction of RPRs and changes in cognitive function after transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of muscle. Three individuals were examined in a study at the Institute for Neurology and Neurosurgery in Havana, Cuba. Two child neurologists, not involved in the study, conducted clinical examinations on each participant and diagnosed each with ASD based on DSM-V criteria and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (an autism evaluation tool). Each child with ASD possessed a triad of impairments in three domains: social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviour. Individuals were evaluated by quantitative electroencephalographic measures and tested by standardised cognitive function tests before and after 12 weeks of intervention. These interventions were associated with reduced ASD symptoms in the three domains, significant changes in qEEG network connectivity and significantly improved performance on standardised cognitive tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert John Melillo
- Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gerry Leisman
- Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, Haifa, Israel
- Institute for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Calixto Machado
- Clinical Neurophysiology, Instituto de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Eli Carmeli
- Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Melillo R, Leisman G, Machado C, Machado-Ferrer Y, Chinchilla-Acosta M, Melillo T, Carmeli E. The Relationship between Retained Primitive Reflexes and Hemispheric Connectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1147. [PMID: 37626503 PMCID: PMC10452103 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13081147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can be identified by a general tendency toward a reduction in the expression of low-band, widely dispersed integrative activities, which is made up for by an increase in localized, high-frequency, regionally dispersed activity. The study assessed ASD children and adults all possessing retained primitive reflexes (RPRs) compared with a control group that did not attempt to reduce or remove those RPRs and then examined the effects on qEEG and brain network connectivity. METHODS Analysis of qEEG spectral and functional connectivity was performed, to identify associations with the presence or absence of retained primitive reflexes (RPRs), before and after an intervention based on TENS unilateral stimulation. RESULTS The results point to abnormal lateralization in ASD, including long-range underconnectivity, a greater left-over-right qEEG functional connectivity ratio, and short-range overconnectivity in ASD. CONCLUSIONS Clinical improvement and the absence of RPRs may be linked to variations in qEEG frequency bands and more optimized brain networks, resulting in more developmentally appropriate long-range connectivity links, primarily in the right hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Melillo
- Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Gerry Leisman
- Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
- Department of Neurology, University of the Medical Sciences of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Calixto Machado
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Yanin Machado-Ferrer
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | | | - Ty Melillo
- Northeast College of the Health Sciences, Seneca Falls, New York, NY 13148, USA
| | - Eli Carmeli
- Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
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Wang M, Yu J, Kim HD, Cruz AB. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with (a)symmetric tonic neck primitive reflexes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1175974. [PMID: 37484683 PMCID: PMC10361412 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1175974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Investigation on the association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and primary reflexes is in the initial stage, with considerable differences in the findings. This study evaluated the association between ADHD and primitive reflexes using systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods Data were obtained from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EBSCO (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, American Psychological Association Psyclnfo, and Education Resources Information Center), Embase, Scopus, and ProQuest. Articles were searched from the date of inception of the respective databases to January 01, 2023, and StataCorp Stata (version 15) was used for the analysis. Results Four articles with 229 samples were included in the meta-analysis. Results showed a significant positive and moderate correlation between ADHD and primitive reflexes, particularly asymmetric tonic neck reflex: summary r value = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.27-0.64; symmetric tonic neck reflex: summary r value = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.25-0.52. Overall, findings from the sub-group analysis indicate that the behavioral problem measuring tool (Conners' scale), sex, and primitive reflex test could significantly moderate the relationships between ADHD and ATNR and STNR primitive reflexes. Conclusion ADHD symptoms in children are closely related to the non-integration of (a)symmetric tonic neck primitive reflexes. Longitudinal or experimental studies should be conducted to reveal the causal relationship between ADHD and primitive reflexes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Sports Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hyun-Duck Kim
- Department of Sport Marketing, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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