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Yilmaz AY, Ruzicka E, Jankovic J. Leg stereotypy syndrome: phenomenological and quantitative analysis. J Neurol 2024; 271:5519-5524. [PMID: 38898269 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leg stereotypy syndrome (LSS) is a very common, yet underrecognized condition. The pathophysiology of the condition is not well understood. OBJECTIVE To evaluate and describe the visual kinematic characteristics of the repetitive leg movements in individuals with LSS. METHODS In this study, we identified and videotaped individuals diagnosed with LSS at the Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas between 2000 and 2023. Only patients with LSS and without any co-morbidities were included in the study. Their medical records were carefully reviewed, and the demographic and clinical data were entered into a database. Video recordings of the repetitive leg movements were then analyzed using TremAn software. RESULTS We identified 14 individuals with LSS who were videotaped at our center. The videos of the 5 cases were too brief and therefore not suitable for TremAn quantitative analysis. The remaining 9 individuals exhibited regular rhythmic oscillations of the legs. Among these, two individuals displayed rhythmic movements only in video segments where their legs were in crossed positions. The other 7 individuals had regular rhythmic oscillations, always with the toes resting on the floor with the heels raised. Frequency analysis showed values between 4.5 and 6.5 Hz, fairly consistent with a variance below 0.5 Hz in individual cases. The oscillation frequency changed from 5.7 Hz to 2.7 Hz while standing. CONCLUSION In this study, 6 of 9 individuals with LSS showed 4.5-6.5 Hz regular rhythmic leg movements. Studies involving a larger LSS population with additional electrophysiological evaluations are needed to obtain further insights into this common movement disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Yasir Yilmaz
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030-4202, USA
| | - Evzen Ruzicka
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030-4202, USA.
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Hollý P, Hubená T, Čihák M, Pavlíková A, Kemlink D, Ulmanová O, Rusz J, Jech R, Krupička R, Růžička E. Estimating Disability in Patients with Essential Tremor: Comparison of Tremor Rating Scale, Spiral Drawing, and Accelerometric Tremor Power. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2024. [PMID: 38989643 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although performance rating scales, spiral drawing, water pouring, and accelerometry are commonly used to assess tremor severity, the extent to which their results correlate with impairment in activities of daily living (ADL) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim was to identify the most effective predictors of ADL in essential tremor (ET). METHODS Forty ET patients were examined using The Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Scale (TETRAS), spiral drawing, volume of water spilled, and accelerometric tremor power. Root-mean-square error, R2, and F-test were calculated for models predicting TETRAS ADL subscore. RESULTS TETRAS Performance Subscale explained the variability in TETRAS ADL with an R2 value of 0.686. Models incorporating spiral rating and accelerometric tremor power (R2 = 0.731) and water spillage volume (R2 = 0.756) were not statistically superior. CONCLUSIONS TETRAS performance subscore predicted nearly 70% ADL impairment in ET patients. Incorporating the spiral rating, accelerometric tremor power, and water pouring test did not enhance ADL estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Hollý
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Hubená
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Čihák
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Pavlíková
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - David Kemlink
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Ulmanová
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rusz
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Krupička
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Růžička
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Riis TS, Losser AJ, Kassavetis P, Moretti P, Kubanek J. Noninvasive modulation of essential tremor with focused ultrasonic waves. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:016033. [PMID: 38335553 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad27ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Objective: Transcranial focused low-intensity ultrasound has the potential to noninvasively modulate confined regions deep inside the human brain, which could provide a new tool for causal interrogation of circuit function in humans. However, it has been unclear whether the approach is potent enough to modulate behavior.Approach: To test this, we applied low-intensity ultrasound to a deep brain thalamic target, the ventral intermediate nucleus, in three patients with essential tremor.Main results: Brief, 15 s stimulations of the target at 10% duty cycle with low-intensity ultrasound, repeated less than 30 times over a period of 90 min, nearly abolished tremor (98% and 97% tremor amplitude reduction) in 2 out of 3 patients. The effect was observed within seconds of the stimulation onset and increased with ultrasound exposure time. The effect gradually vanished following the stimulation, suggesting that the stimulation was safe with no harmful long-term consequences detected.Significance: This result demonstrates that low-intensity focused ultrasound can robustly modulate deep brain regions in humans with notable effects on overt motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Riis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States of America
| | - Adam J Losser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States of America
| | - Panagiotis Kassavetis
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States of America
| | - Paolo Moretti
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States of America
- George E. Wahlen, VA, Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, United States of America
| | - Jan Kubanek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States of America
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Paredes-Acuna N, Utpadel-Fischler D, Ding K, Thakor NV, Cheng G. Upper limb intention tremor assessment: opportunities and challenges in wearable technology. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:8. [PMID: 38218890 PMCID: PMC10787996 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tremors are involuntary rhythmic movements commonly present in neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and multiple sclerosis. Intention tremor is a subtype associated with lesions in the cerebellum and its connected pathways, and it is a common symptom in diseases associated with cerebellar pathology. While clinicians traditionally use tests to identify tremor type and severity, recent advancements in wearable technology have provided quantifiable ways to measure movement and tremor using motion capture systems, app-based tasks and tools, and physiology-based measurements. However, quantifying intention tremor remains challenging due to its changing nature. METHODOLOGY & RESULTS This review examines the current state of upper limb tremor assessment technology and discusses potential directions to further develop new and existing algorithms and sensors to better quantify tremor, specifically intention tremor. A comprehensive search using PubMed and Scopus was performed using keywords related to technologies for tremor assessment. Afterward, screened results were filtered for relevance and eligibility and further classified into technology type. A total of 243 publications were selected for this review and classified according to their type: body function level: movement-based, activity level: task and tool-based, and physiology-based. Furthermore, each publication's methods, purpose, and technology are summarized in the appendix table. CONCLUSIONS Our survey suggests a need for more targeted tasks to evaluate intention tremors, including digitized tasks related to intentional movements, neurological and physiological measurements targeting the cerebellum and its pathways, and signal processing techniques that differentiate voluntary from involuntary movement in motion capture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Paredes-Acuna
- Institute for Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333, Munich, Germany.
| | - Daniel Utpadel-Fischler
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Keqin Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nitish V Thakor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gordon Cheng
- Institute for Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333, Munich, Germany
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van der Linden C, Berger T, Brandt GA, Strelow JN, Jergas H, Baldermann JC, Visser-Vandewalle V, Fink GR, Barbe MT, Petry-Schmelzer JN, Dembek TA. Accelerometric Classification of Resting and Postural Tremor Amplitude. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8621. [PMID: 37896714 PMCID: PMC10611060 DOI: 10.3390/s23208621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Clinical rating scales for tremors have significant limitations due to low resolution, high rater dependency, and lack of applicability in outpatient settings. Reliable, quantitative approaches for assessing tremor severity are warranted, especially evaluating treatment effects, e.g., of deep brain stimulation (DBS). We aimed to investigate how different accelerometry metrics can objectively classify tremor amplitude of Essential Tremor (ET) and tremor in Parkinson's Disease (PD). We assessed 860 resting and postural tremor trials in 16 patients with ET and 25 patients with PD under different DBS settings. Clinical ratings were compared to different metrics, based on either spectral components in the tremorband or pure acceleration, derived from simultaneous triaxial accelerometry captured at the index finger and wrist. Nonlinear regression was applied to a training dataset to determine the relationship between accelerometry and clinical ratings, which was then evaluated in a holdout dataset. All of the investigated accelerometry metrics could predict clinical tremor ratings with a high concordance (>70%) and substantial interrater reliability (Cohen's weighted Kappa > 0.7) in out-of-sample data. Finger-worn accelerometry performed slightly better than wrist-worn accelerometry. We conclude that triaxial accelerometry reliably quantifies resting and postural tremor amplitude in ET and PD patients. A full release of our dataset and software allows for implementation, development, training, and validation of novel methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina van der Linden
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.v.d.L.); (J.N.P.-S.)
| | - Thea Berger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.v.d.L.); (J.N.P.-S.)
| | - Gregor A. Brandt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.v.d.L.); (J.N.P.-S.)
| | - Joshua N. Strelow
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.v.d.L.); (J.N.P.-S.)
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah Jergas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.v.d.L.); (J.N.P.-S.)
| | - Juan Carlos Baldermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.v.d.L.); (J.N.P.-S.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Veerle Visser-Vandewalle
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R. Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.v.d.L.); (J.N.P.-S.)
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael T. Barbe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.v.d.L.); (J.N.P.-S.)
| | - Jan Niklas Petry-Schmelzer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.v.d.L.); (J.N.P.-S.)
| | - Till A. Dembek
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.v.d.L.); (J.N.P.-S.)
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Ni C, Lin Y, Lu L, Wang J, Liu W, Kuo S, Pan M. Tracking motion kinematics and tremor with intrinsic oscillatory property of instrumental mechanics. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10432. [PMID: 36925695 PMCID: PMC10013767 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracking kinematic details of motor behaviors is a foundation to study the neuronal mechanism and biology of motor control. However, most of the physiological motor behaviors and movement disorders, such as gait, balance, tremor, dystonia, and myoclonus, are highly dependent on the overall momentum of the whole-body movements. Therefore, tracking the targeted movement and overall momentum simultaneously is critical for motor control research, but it remains an unmet need. Here, we introduce the intrinsic oscillatory property (IOP), a fundamental mechanical principle of physics, as a method for motion tracking in a force plate. The overall kinetic energy of animal motions can be transformed into the oscillatory amplitudes at the designed IOP frequency of the force plate, while the target movement has its own frequency features and can be tracked simultaneously. Using action tremor as an example, we reported that force plate-based IOP approach has superior performance and reliability in detecting both tremor severity and tremor frequency, showing a lower level of coefficient of variation (CV) compared with video- and accelerometer-based motion tracking methods and their combination. Under the locomotor suppression effect of medications, therapeutic effects on tremor severity can still be quantified by dynamically adjusting the overall locomotor activity detected by IOP. We further validated IOP method in optogenetic-induced movements and natural movements, confirming that IOP can represent the intensity of general rhythmic and nonrhythmic movements, thus it can be generalized as a common approach to study kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Lun Ni
- Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- The Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and TremorNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Yi‐Ting Lin
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei CityTaiwan
- Department of PsychologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei CityTaiwan
| | - Liang‐Yin Lu
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei CityTaiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei CityTaiwan
| | - Jia‐Huei Wang
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei CityTaiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei CityTaiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of PharmacologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipei CityTaiwan
| | - Wen‐Chuan Liu
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei CityTaiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei CityTaiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of PharmacologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipei CityTaiwan
| | - Sheng‐Han Kuo
- Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- The Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and TremorNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ming‐Kai Pan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei CityTaiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei CityTaiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of PharmacologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipei CityTaiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipei CityTaiwan
- Cerebellar Research CenterNational Taiwan University Hospital, Yun‐Lin BranchYun‐LinTaiwan
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