1
|
Bonfanti L, La Rosa C, Ghibaudi M, Sherwood CC. Adult neurogenesis and "immature" neurons in mammals: an evolutionary trade-off in plasticity? Brain Struct Funct 2023:10.1007/s00429-023-02717-9. [PMID: 37833544 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity can vary remarkably in its form and degree across animal species. Adult neurogenesis, namely the capacity to produce new neurons from neural stem cells through adulthood, appears widespread in non-mammalian vertebrates, whereas it is reduced in mammals. A growing body of comparative studies also report variation in the occurrence and activity of neural stem cell niches between mammals, with a general trend of reduction from small-brained to large-brained species. Conversely, recent studies have shown that large-brained mammals host large amounts of neurons expressing typical markers of neurogenesis in the absence of cell division. In layer II of the cerebral cortex, populations of prenatally generated, non-dividing neurons continue to express molecules indicative of immaturity throughout life (cortical immature neurons; cINs). After remaining in a dormant state for a very long time, these cINs retain the potential of differentiating into mature neurons that integrate within the preexisting neural circuits. They are restricted to the paleocortex in small-brained rodents, while extending into the widely expanded neocortex of highly gyrencephalic, large-brained species. The current hypothesis is that these populations of non-newly generated "immature" neurons might represent a reservoir of developmentally plastic cells for mammalian species that are characterized by reduced stem cell-driven adult neurogenesis. This indicates that there may be a trade-off between various forms of plasticity that coexist during brain evolution. This balance may be necessary to maintain a "reservoir of plasticity" in brain regions that have distinct roles in species-specific socioecological adaptations, such as the neocortex and olfactory structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Turin, Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Chiara La Rosa
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Marco Ghibaudi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Villard J, Chareyron LJ, Piguet O, Lambercy P, Lonchampt G, Lavenex PB, Amaral DG, Lavenex P. Structural plasticity in the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices following hippocampal lesions in rhesus monkeys. Hippocampus 2023; 33:1094-1112. [PMID: 37337377 PMCID: PMC10543642 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Immature neurons expressing the Bcl2 protein are present in various regions of the mammalian brain, including the amygdala and the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. Their functional role is unknown but we have previously shown that neonatal and adult hippocampal lesions increase their differentiation in the monkey amygdala. Here, we assessed whether hippocampal lesions similarly affect immature neurons in the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. Since Bcl2-positive cells were found mainly in areas Eo, Er, and Elr of the entorhinal cortex and in layer II of the perirhinal cortex, we also used Nissl-stained sections to determine the number and soma size of immature and mature neurons in layer III of area Er and layer II of area 36 of the perirhinal cortex. We found different structural changes in these regions following hippocampal lesions, which were influenced by the time of the lesion. In neonate-lesioned monkeys, the number of immature neurons in the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices was generally higher than in controls. The number of mature neurons was also higher in layer III of area Er of neonate-lesioned monkeys but no differences were found in layer II of area 36. In adult-lesioned monkeys, the number of immature neurons in the entorhinal cortex was lower than in controls but did not differ from controls in the perirhinal cortex. The number of mature neurons in layer III of area Er did not differ from controls, but the number of small, mature neurons in layer II of area 36 was lower than in controls. In sum, hippocampal lesions impacted populations of mature and immature neurons in discrete regions and layers of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices, which are interconnected with the amygdala and provide major cortical inputs to the hippocampus. These structural changes may contribute to some functional recovery following hippocampal injury in an age-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Villard
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc J. Chareyron
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Piguet
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Lambercy
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gianni Lonchampt
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pamela Banta Lavenex
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Switzerland
| | - David G. Amaral
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis
| | - Pierre Lavenex
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Benedetti B, Couillard-Despres S. Why Would the Brain Need Dormant Neuronal Precursors? Front Neurosci 2022; 16:877167. [PMID: 35464307 PMCID: PMC9026174 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.877167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dormant non-proliferative neuronal precursors (dormant precursors) are a unique type of undifferentiated neuron, found in the adult brain of several mammalian species, including humans. Dormant precursors are fundamentally different from canonical neurogenic-niche progenitors as they are generated exquisitely during the embryonic development and maintain a state of protracted postmitotic immaturity lasting up to several decades after birth. Thus, dormant precursors are not pluripotent progenitors, but to all effects extremely immature neurons. Recently, transgenic models allowed to reveal that with age virtually all dormant precursors progressively awaken, abandon the immature state, and become fully functional neurons. Despite the limited common awareness about these cells, the deep implications of recent discoveries will likely lead to revisit our understanding of the adult brain. Thus, it is timely to revisit and critically assess the essential evidences that help pondering on the possible role(s) of these cells in relation to cognition, aging, and pathology. By highlighting pivoting findings as well as controversies and open questions, we offer an exciting perspective over the field of research that studies these mysterious cells and suggest the next steps toward the answer of a crucial question: why does the brain need dormant neuronal precursors?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Benedetti
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Sebastien Couillard-Despres,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Coviello S, Gramuntell Y, Klimczak P, Varea E, Blasco-Ibañez JM, Crespo C, Gutierrez A, Nacher J. Phenotype and Distribution of Immature Neurons in the Human Cerebral Cortex Layer II. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:851432. [PMID: 35464133 PMCID: PMC9027810 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.851432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This work provides evidence of the presence of immature neurons in the human brain, specifically in the layer II of the cerebral cortex. Using surgical samples from epileptic patients and post-mortem tissue, we have found cells with different levels of dendritic complexity (type I and type II cells) expressing DCX and PSA-NCAM and lacking expression of the mature neuronal marker NeuN. These immature cells belonged to the excitatory lineage, as demonstrated both by the expression of CUX1, CTIP2, and TBR1 transcription factors and by the lack of the inhibitory marker GAD67. The type II cells had some puncta expressing inhibitory and excitatory synaptic markers apposed to their perisomatic and peridendritic regions and ultrastructural analysis suggest the presence of synaptic contacts. These cells did not present glial cell markers, although astroglial and microglial processes were found in close apposition to their somata and dendrites, particularly on type I cells. Our findings confirm the presence of immature neurons in several regions of the cerebral cortex of humans of different ages and define their lineage. The presence of some mature features in some of these cells suggests the possibility of a progressively integration as excitatory neurons, as described in the olfactory cortex of rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Coviello
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Yaiza Gramuntell
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Patrycja Klimczak
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Varea
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - José Miguel Blasco-Ibañez
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Carlos Crespo
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Antonio Gutierrez
- Unidad de Cirugía de la Epilepsia, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan Nacher,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bonfanti L, Seki T. The PSA-NCAM-Positive "Immature" Neurons: An Old Discovery Providing New Vistas on Brain Structural Plasticity. Cells 2021; 10:2542. [PMID: 34685522 PMCID: PMC8534119 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on brain plasticity have undertaken different roads, tackling a wide range of biological processes: from small synaptic changes affecting the contacts among neurons at the very tip of their processes, to birth, differentiation, and integration of new neurons (adult neurogenesis). Stem cell-driven adult neurogenesis is an exception in the substantially static mammalian brain, yet, it has dominated the research in neurodevelopmental biology during the last thirty years. Studies of comparative neuroplasticity have revealed that neurogenic processes are reduced in large-brained mammals, including humans. On the other hand, large-brained mammals, with respect to rodents, host large populations of special "immature" neurons that are generated prenatally but express immature markers in adulthood. The history of these "immature" neurons started from studies on adhesion molecules carried out at the beginning of the nineties. The identity of these neurons as "stand by" cells "frozen" in a state of immaturity remained un-detected for long time, because of their ill-defined features and because clouded by research ef-forts focused on adult neurogenesis. In this review article, the history of these cells will be reconstructed, and a series of nuances and confounding factors that have hindered the distinction between newly generated and "immature" neurons will be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Coviello S, Benedetti B, Jakubecova D, Belles M, Klimczak P, Gramuntell Y, Couillard-Despres S, Nacher J. PSA Depletion Induces the Differentiation of Immature Neurons in the Piriform Cortex of Adult Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5733. [PMID: 34072166 PMCID: PMC8198564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature neurons are maintained in cortical regions of the adult mammalian brain. In rodents, many of these immature neurons can be identified in the piriform cortex based on their high expression of early neuronal markers, such as doublecortin (DCX) and the polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM). This molecule plays critical roles in different neurodevelopmental events. Taking advantage of a DCX-CreERT2/Flox-EGFP reporter mice, we investigated the impact of targeted PSA enzymatic depletion in the piriform cortex on the fate of immature neurons. We report here that the removal of PSA accelerated the final development of immature neurons. This was revealed by a higher frequency of NeuN expression, an increase in the number of cells carrying an axon initial segment (AIS), and an increase in the number of dendrites and dendritic spines on the immature neurons. Taken together, our results demonstrated the crucial role of the PSA moiety in the protracted development of immature neurons residing outside of the neurogenic niches. More studies will be required to understand the intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting PSA-NCAM expression to understand how the brain regulates the incorporation of these immature neurons to the established neuronal circuits of the adult brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Coviello
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (S.C.); (M.B.); (P.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Bruno Benedetti
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (B.B.); (D.J.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominika Jakubecova
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (B.B.); (D.J.)
| | - Maria Belles
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (S.C.); (M.B.); (P.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Patrycja Klimczak
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (S.C.); (M.B.); (P.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yaiza Gramuntell
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (S.C.); (M.B.); (P.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (B.B.); (D.J.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (S.C.); (M.B.); (P.K.); (Y.G.)
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Implications of Extended Inhibitory Neuron Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105113. [PMID: 34066025 PMCID: PMC8150951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A prolonged developmental timeline for GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-expressing inhibitory neurons (GABAergic interneurons) is an amplified trait in larger, gyrencephalic animals. In several species, the generation, migration, and maturation of interneurons take place over several months, in some cases persisting after birth. The late integration of GABAergic interneurons occurs in a region-specific pattern, especially during the early postnatal period. These changes can contribute to the formation of functional connectivity and plasticity, especially in the cortical regions responsible for higher cognitive tasks. In this review, we discuss GABAergic interneuron development in the late gestational and postnatal forebrain. We propose the protracted development of interneurons at each stage (neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and network integration), as a mechanism for increased complexity and cognitive flexibility in larger, gyrencephalic brains. This developmental feature of interneurons also provides an avenue for environmental influences to shape neural circuit formation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sorrells SF, Paredes MF, Zhang Z, Kang G, Pastor-Alonso O, Biagiotti S, Page CE, Sandoval K, Knox A, Connolly A, Huang EJ, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Oldham MC, Yang Z, Alvarez-Buylla A. Positive Controls in Adults and Children Support That Very Few, If Any, New Neurons Are Born in the Adult Human Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2554-2565. [PMID: 33762407 PMCID: PMC8018729 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0676-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was originally discovered in rodents. Subsequent studies identified the adult neural stem cells and found important links between adult neurogenesis and plasticity, behavior, and disease. However, whether new neurons are produced in the human dentate gyrus (DG) during healthy aging is still debated. We and others readily observe proliferating neural progenitors in the infant hippocampus near immature cells expressing doublecortin (DCX), but the number of such cells decreases in children and few, if any, are present in adults. Recent investigations using dual antigen retrieval find many cells stained by DCX antibodies in adult human DG. This has been interpreted as evidence for high rates of adult neurogenesis, even at older ages. However, most of these DCX-labeled cells have mature morphology. Furthermore, studies in the adult human DG have not found a germinal region containing dividing progenitor cells. In this Dual Perspectives article, we show that dual antigen retrieval is not required for the detection of DCX in multiple human brain regions of infants or adults. We review prior studies and present new data showing that DCX is not uniquely expressed by newly born neurons: DCX is present in adult amygdala, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortex neurons despite being absent in the neighboring DG. Analysis of available RNA-sequencing datasets supports the view that DG neurogenesis is rare or absent in the adult human brain. To resolve the conflicting interpretations in humans, it is necessary to identify and visualize dividing neuronal precursors or develop new methods to evaluate the age of a neuron at the single-cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn F Sorrells
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Mercedes F Paredes
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. 200032 China
| | - Gugene Kang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Oier Pastor-Alonso
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Sean Biagiotti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Chloe E Page
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Kadellyn Sandoval
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Anthony Knox
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Andrew Connolly
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Michael C Oldham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. 200032 China
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Coviello S, Gramuntell Y, Castillo-Gomez E, Nacher J. Effects of Dopamine on the Immature Neurons of the Adult Rat Piriform Cortex. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:574234. [PMID: 33122993 PMCID: PMC7573248 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.574234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The layer II of the adult piriform cortex (PCX) contains a numerous population of immature neurons. Interestingly, in both mice and rats, most, if not all, these cells have an embryonic origin. Moreover, recent studies from our laboratory have shown that they progressively mature into typical excitatory neurons of the PCX layer II. Therefore, the adult PCX is considered a “non-canonical” neurogenic niche. These immature neurons express the polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), a molecule critical for different neurodevelopmental processes. Dopamine (DA) is a relevant neurotransmitter in the adult CNS, which also plays important roles in neural development and adult plasticity, including the regulation of PSA-NCAM expression. In order to evaluate the hypothetical effects of pharmacological modulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission on the differentiation of immature neurons of the adult PCX, we studied dopamine D2 receptor (D2r) expression in this region and the relationship between dopaminergic fibers and immature neurons (defined by PSA-NCAM expression). In addition, we analyzed the density of immature neurons after chronic treatments with an antagonist and an agonist of D2r: haloperidol and PPHT, respectively. Many dopaminergic fibers were observed in close apposition to PSA-NCAM-expressing neurons, which also coexpressed D2r. Chronic treatment with haloperidol significantly increased the number of PSA-NCAM immunoreactive cells, while PPHT treatment decreased it. These results indicate a prominent role of dopamine, through D2r and PSA-NCAM, on the regulation of the final steps of development of immature neurons in the adult PCX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Coviello
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Yaiza Gramuntell
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Esther Castillo-Gomez
- Department of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain.,Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.,Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rotheneichner P, Belles M, Benedetti B, König R, Dannehl D, Kreutzer C, Zaunmair P, Engelhardt M, Aigner L, Nacher J, Couillard-Despres S. Cellular Plasticity in the Adult Murine Piriform Cortex: Continuous Maturation of Dormant Precursors Into Excitatory Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2610-2621. [PMID: 29688272 PMCID: PMC5998952 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the healthy adult murine brain is based on proliferation and integration of stem/progenitor cells and is thought to be restricted to 2 neurogenic niches: the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus. Intriguingly, cells expressing the immature neuronal marker doublecortin (DCX) and the polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule reside in layer II of the piriform cortex. Apparently, these cells progressively disappear along the course of ageing, while their fate and function remain unclear. Using DCX-CreERT2/Flox-EGFP transgenic mice, we demonstrate that these immature neurons located in the murine piriform cortex do not vanish in the course of aging, but progressively resume their maturation into glutamatergic (TBR1+, CaMKII+) neurons. We provide evidence for a putative functional integration of these newly differentiated neurons as indicated by the increase in perisomatic puncta expressing synaptic markers, the development of complex apical dendrites decorated with numerous spines and the appearance of an axonal initial segment. Since immature neurons found in layer II of the piriform cortex are generated prenatally and devoid of proliferative capacity in the postnatal cortex, the gradual maturation and integration of these cells outside of the canonical neurogenic niches implies that they represent a valuable, but nonrenewable reservoir for cortical plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rotheneichner
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Belles
- Neurobiology Unit, BIOTECMED, Universitat de València, Spanish Network for Mental Health Research CIBERSAM, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bruno Benedetti
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard König
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dominik Dannehl
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Neuroanatomy, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christina Kreutzer
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Pia Zaunmair
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maren Engelhardt
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit, BIOTECMED, Universitat de València, Spanish Network for Mental Health Research CIBERSAM, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kobro-Flatmoen A, Witter MP. Neuronal chemo-architecture of the entorhinal cortex: A comparative review. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3627-3662. [PMID: 31293027 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The identification of neuronal markers, that is, molecules selectively present in subsets of neurons, contributes to our understanding of brain areas and the networks within them. Specifically, recognizing the distribution of different neuronal markers facilitates the identification of borders between functionally distinct brain areas. Detailed knowledge about the localization and physiological significance of neuronal markers may also provide clues to generate new hypotheses concerning aspects of normal and abnormal brain functioning. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the distribution within the entorhinal cortex of neuronal markers and the morphology of the neurons they reveal. Emphasis is on the comparative distribution of several markers, with a focus on, but not restricted to rodent, monkey and human data, allowing to infer connectional features, across species, associated with these markers, based on what is revealed by mainly rodent data. The overall conclusion from this review is that there is an emerging pattern in the distribution of neuronal markers in the entorhinal cortex when aligning data along a comparable coordinate system in various species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asgeir Kobro-Flatmoen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sorrells SF, Paredes MF, Velmeshev D, Herranz-Pérez V, Sandoval K, Mayer S, Chang EF, Insausti R, Kriegstein AR, Rubenstein JL, Manuel Garcia-Verdugo J, Huang EJ, Alvarez-Buylla A. Immature excitatory neurons develop during adolescence in the human amygdala. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2748. [PMID: 31227709 PMCID: PMC6588589 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human amygdala grows during childhood, and its abnormal development is linked to mood disorders. The primate amygdala contains a large population of immature neurons in the paralaminar nuclei (PL), suggesting protracted development and possibly neurogenesis. Here we studied human PL development from embryonic stages to adulthood. The PL develops next to the caudal ganglionic eminence, which generates inhibitory interneurons, yet most PL neurons express excitatory markers. In children, most PL cells are immature (DCX+PSA-NCAM+), and during adolescence many transition into mature (TBR1+VGLUT2+) neurons. Immature PL neurons persist into old age, yet local progenitor proliferation sharply decreases in infants. Using single nuclei RNA sequencing, we identify the transcriptional profile of immature excitatory neurons in the human amygdala between 4-15 years. We conclude that the human PL contains excitatory neurons that remain immature for decades, a possible substrate for persistent plasticity at the interface of the hippocampus and amygdala.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn F Sorrells
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Mercedes F Paredes
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Dmitry Velmeshev
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, 46980, Valencia, Spain
- Predepartamental Unit of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Kadellyn Sandoval
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Simone Mayer
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Edward F Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ricardo Insausti
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, School of Medicine and CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - John L Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Rock Hall, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158-2324, USA
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
La Rosa C, Parolisi R, Palazzo O, Lévy F, Meurisse M, Bonfanti L. Clusters of DCX+ cells "trapped" in the subcortical white matter of early postnatal Cetartiodactyla (Tursiops truncatus, Stenella coeruloalba and Ovis aries). Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3613-3632. [PMID: 29980931 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeletal protein doublecortin (DCX) is a marker for neuronal cells retaining high potential for structural plasticity, originating from both embryonic and adult neurogenic processes. Some of these cells have been described in the subcortical white matter of neonatal and postnatal mammals. In mice and humans it has been shown they are young neurons migrating through the white matter after birth, reaching the cortex in a sort of protracted neurogenesis. Here we show that DCX+ cells in the white matter of neonatal and young Cetartiodactyla (dolphin and sheep) form large clusters which are not newly generated (in sheep, and likely neither in dolphins) and do not reach the cortical layers, rather appearing "trapped" in the white matter tissue. No direct contact or continuity can be observed between the subventricular zone region and the DCX+ clusters, thus indicating their independence from any neurogenic source (in dolphins further confirmed by the recent demonstration that periventricular neurogenesis is inactive since birth). Cetartiodactyla include two orders of large-brained, relatively long-living mammals (cetaceans and artiodactyls) which were recognized as two separate monophyletic clades until recently, yet, despite the evident morphological distinctions, they are monophyletic in origin. The brain of Cetartiodactyla is characterized by an advanced stage of development at birth, a feature that might explain the occurrence of "static" cell clusters confined within their white matter. These results further confirm the existence of high heterogeneity in the occurrence, distribution and types of structural plasticity among mammals, supporting the emerging view that multiple populations of DCX+, non-newly generated cells can be abundant in large-brained, long-living species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Rosa
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Roberta Parolisi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy
| | - Ottavia Palazzo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy
| | - Frederic Lévy
- UMR INRA, CNRS/Universitè F. Rabelais, IFCE Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
| | - Maryse Meurisse
- UMR INRA, CNRS/Universitè F. Rabelais, IFCE Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy. .,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Neurochemical Characterization of PSA-NCAM + Cells in the Human Brain and Phenotypic Quantification in Alzheimer’s Disease Entorhinal Cortex. Neuroscience 2018; 372:289-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
15
|
Non-Newly Generated, "Immature" Neurons in the Sheep Brain Are Not Restricted to Cerebral Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 38:826-842. [PMID: 29217680 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1781-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly proposed form of brain structural plasticity consists of non-newly generated, "immature" neurons of the adult cerebral cortex. Similar to newly generated neurons, these cells express the cytoskeletal protein Doublecortin (DCX), yet they are generated prenatally and then remain in a state of immaturity for long periods. In rodents, the immature neurons are restricted to the paleocortex, whereas in other mammals, they are also found in neocortex. Here, we analyzed the DCX-expressing cells in the whole sheep brain of both sexes to search for an indicator of structural plasticity at a cellular level in a relatively large-brained, long-living mammal. Brains from adult and newborn sheep (injected with BrdU and analyzed at different survival times) were processed for DCX, cell proliferation markers (Ki-67, BrdU), pallial/subpallial developmental origin (Tbr1, Sp8), and neuronal/glial antigens for phenotype characterization. We found immature-like neurons in the whole sheep cortex and in large populations of DCX-expressing cells within the external capsule and the surrounding gray matter (claustrum and amygdala). BrdU and Ki-67 detection at neonatal and adult ages showed that all of these DCX+ cells were generated during embryogenesis, not after birth. These results show that the adult sheep, unlike rodents, is largely endowed with non-newly generated neurons retaining immature features, suggesting that such plasticity might be particularly important in large-brained, long-living mammals.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Brain plasticity is important in adaptation and brain repair. Structural changes span from synaptic plasticity to adult neurogenesis, the latter being highly reduced in large-brained, long-living mammals (e.g., humans). The cerebral cortex contains "immature" neurons, which are generated prenatally and then remain in an undifferentiated state for long periods, being detectable with markers of immaturity. We studied the distribution and developmental origin of these cells in the whole brain of sheep, relatively large-brained, long-living mammals. In addition to the expected cortical location, we also found populations of non-newly generated neurons in several subcortical regions (external capsule, claustrum, and amygdala). These results suggests that non-neurogenic, parenchymal structural plasticity might be more important in large mammals with respect to adult neurogenesis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Vadodaria KC, Yanpallewar SU, Vadhvani M, Toshniwal D, Liles LC, Rommelfanger KS, Weinshenker D, Vaidya VA. Noradrenergic regulation of plasticity marker expression in the adult rodent piriform cortex. Neurosci Lett 2017; 644:76-82. [PMID: 28237805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The adult rodent piriform cortex has been reported to harbor immature neurons that express markers associated with neurodevelopment and plasticity, namely polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) and doublecortin (DCX). We characterized the expression of PSA-NCAM and DCX across the rostrocaudal axis of the rat piriform cortex and observed higher numbers of PSA-NCAM and DCX positive cells in the posterior subdivision. As observed in the rat piriform cortex, Nestin-GFP reporter mice also revealed a similar gradient of GFP-positive cells with an increasing rostro-caudal gradient of expression. Given the extensive noradrenergic innervation of the piriform cortex and its role in regulating piriform cortex function and synaptic plasticity, we addressed the influence of norepinephrine (NE) on piriform cortex plasticity marker expression. Depletion of NE by treatment with the noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP-4 significantly increased the number of DCX and PSA-NCAM immunopositive cells in the piriform cortex of adult rats. Similarly, DSP-4 treated Nestin-GFP reporter mice revealed a robust induction of GFP-positive cells within the piriform cortex following NE depletion. Genetic loss of NE in dopamine β-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh -/-) mice phenocopied the effects of DSP-4, with an increase noted in PSA-NCAM and DCX positive cells in the piriform cortex. Further, chronic α2-adrenergic receptor stimulation with the agonist guanabenz increased PSA-NCAM and DCX positive cells in the piriform cortex of adult rats and GFP-positive cells in the piriform cortex of Nestin-GFP mice. By contrast, chronic α2-adrenergic receptor blockade with the antagonist yohimbine reduced PSA-NCAM and DCX positive cells in the piriform cortex of adult rats. Our results provide novel evidence for a role of NE in regulating the expression of plasticity markers, including PSA-NCAM, DCX, and nestin, within the adult mouse and rat piriform cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Vadodaria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India, India
| | - Sudhirkumar U Yanpallewar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India, India
| | - Mayur Vadhvani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India, India
| | - Devyani Toshniwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India, India
| | - L Cameron Liles
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, USA
| | - Karen S Rommelfanger
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, USA
| | - Vidita A Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Murray HC, Low VF, Swanson ME, Dieriks BV, Turner C, Faull RL, Curtis MA. Distribution of PSA-NCAM in normal, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease human brain. Neuroscience 2016; 330:359-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
18
|
Distribution and fate of DCX/PSA-NCAM expressing cells in the adult mammalian cortex: A local reservoir for adult cortical neuroplasticity? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-016-1403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
19
|
Rubio A, Belles M, Belenguer G, Vidueira S, Fariñas I, Nacher J. Characterization and isolation of immature neurons of the adult mouse piriform cortex. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:748-63. [PMID: 26487449 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Physiological studies indicate that the piriform or primary olfactory cortex of adult mammals exhibits a high degree of synaptic plasticity. Interestingly, a subpopulation of cells in the layer II of the adult piriform cortex expresses neurodevelopmental markers, such as the polysialylated form of neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) or doublecortin (DCX). This study analyzes the nature, origin, and potential function of these poorly understood cells in mice. As previously described in rats, most of the PSA-NCAM expressing cells in layer II could be morphologically classified as tangled cells and only a small proportion of larger cells could be considered semilunar-pyramidal transitional neurons. Most were also immunoreactive for DCX, confirming their immature nature. In agreement with this, detection of PSA-NCAM combined with that of different cell lineage-specific antigens revealed that most PSA-NCAM positive cells did not co-express markers of glial cells or mature neurons. Their time of origin was evaluated by birthdating experiments with halogenated nucleosides performed at different developmental stages and in adulthood. We found that virtually all cells in this paleocortical region, including PSA-NCAM-positive cells, are born during fetal development. In addition, proliferation analyses in adult mice revealed that very few cells were cycling in layer II of the piriform cortex and that none of them was PSA-NCAM-positive. Moreover, we have established conditions to isolate and culture these immature neurons in the adult piriform cortex layer II. We find that although they can survive under certain conditions, they do not proliferate in vitro either. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 748-763, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rubio
- Departamento De Biología Celular, Universidad De Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Spain.,Centro De Investigaciones Biomédicas En Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - M Belles
- Departamento De Biología Celular, Universidad De Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
| | - G Belenguer
- Departamento De Biología Celular, Universidad De Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Spain.,Centro De Investigaciones Biomédicas En Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - S Vidueira
- Departamento De Biología Celular, Universidad De Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
| | - I Fariñas
- Departamento De Biología Celular, Universidad De Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Spain.,Centro De Investigaciones Biomédicas En Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - J Nacher
- Departamento De Biología Celular, Universidad De Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Spain.,CIBERSAM: Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Spain.,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico De Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang Y, Xie MX, Li JM, Hu X, Patrylo PR, Luo XG, Cai Y, Li Z, Yan XX. Prenatal genesis of layer II doublecortin expressing neurons in neonatal and young adult guinea pig cerebral cortex. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:109. [PMID: 26321922 PMCID: PMC4530311 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells expressing doublecortin (DCX+) occur at cortical layer II, predominantly over the paleocortex in mice/rats, but also across the neocortex among larger mammals. Here, we explored the time of origin of these cells in neonatal and 2-month-old guinea pigs following prenatal BrdU pulse-chasing. In the neocortex, BrdU+ cells birth-dated at embryonic day 21 (E21), E28, and E35 laminated over the cortical plate with an inside-out order. In the piriform cortex, cells generated at E21 and E28 occurred with a greater density in layer II than III. Many cells were generated at later time points until birth, occurring in the cortex without a laminar preference. DCX+ cells in the neocortex and piriform cortex partially co-colocalized with BrdU (up to 7.5%) in the newborns after pulse-chasing from E21 to E49 and in the 2 month-old animals after pulse-chasing from E28 to E60/61, with higher rates seen among the E21-E35 groups. Together, layer II DCX+ cells in neonatal and young adult guinea pigs may be produced over a wide prenatal time window, but mainly during the early phases of corticogenesis. Our data also show an earlier establishment of the basic lamination in the piriform relative to neocortical areas in guinea pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medicine Changsha, China ; Department of Nursing in Internal Medicine, Xiangtan Vocational and Technical College Xiangtan, China
| | - Mi-Xin Xie
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medicine Changsha, China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- Neuroscience Research Center, Changsha Medical University Changsha, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medicine Changsha, China
| | - Peter R Patrylo
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medicine Changsha, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medicine Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medicine Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medicine Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nacher J, Bonfanti L. New neurons from old beliefs in the adult piriform cortex? A Commentary on: "Occurrence of new neurons in the piriform cortex". Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:62. [PMID: 26052272 PMCID: PMC4440910 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València Valencia, Spain ; CIBERSAM: Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health Spain ; Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA Valencia, Spain
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Orbassano, Italy ; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schnaar RL, Gerardy-Schahn R, Hildebrandt H. Sialic acids in the brain: gangliosides and polysialic acid in nervous system development, stability, disease, and regeneration. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:461-518. [PMID: 24692354 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Every cell in nature carries a rich surface coat of glycans, its glycocalyx, which constitutes the cell's interface with its environment. In eukaryotes, the glycocalyx is composed of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans, the compositions of which vary among different tissues and cell types. Many of the linear and branched glycans on cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids of vertebrates are terminated with sialic acids, nine-carbon sugars with a carboxylic acid, a glycerol side-chain, and an N-acyl group that, along with their display at the outmost end of cell surface glycans, provide for varied molecular interactions. Among their functions, sialic acids regulate cell-cell interactions, modulate the activities of their glycoprotein and glycolipid scaffolds as well as other cell surface molecules, and are receptors for pathogens and toxins. In the brain, two families of sialoglycans are of particular interest: gangliosides and polysialic acid. Gangliosides, sialylated glycosphingolipids, are the most abundant sialoglycans of nerve cells. Mouse genetic studies and human disorders of ganglioside metabolism implicate gangliosides in axon-myelin interactions, axon stability, axon regeneration, and the modulation of nerve cell excitability. Polysialic acid is a unique homopolymer that reaches >90 sialic acid residues attached to select glycoproteins, especially the neural cell adhesion molecule in the brain. Molecular, cellular, and genetic studies implicate polysialic acid in the control of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, intermolecular interactions at cell surfaces, and interactions with other molecules in the cellular environment. Polysialic acid is essential for appropriate brain development, and polymorphisms in the human genes responsible for polysialic acid biosynthesis are associated with psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism, and bipolar disorder. Polysialic acid also appears to play a role in adult brain plasticity, including regeneration. Together, vertebrate brain sialoglycans are key regulatory components that contribute to proper development, maintenance, and health of the nervous system.
Collapse
|
23
|
He X, Zhang XM, Wu J, Fu J, Mou L, Lu DH, Cai Y, Luo XG, Pan A, Yan XX. Olfactory experience modulates immature neuron development in postnatal and adult guinea pig piriform cortex. Neuroscience 2013; 259:101-12. [PMID: 24316472 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immature neurons expressing doublecortin (DCX+) are present around cortical layer II in various mammals including guinea pigs and humans, especially enriched in the paleocortex. However, little is known whether and how functional experience affects the development of this population of neurons. We attempted to explore a modulation by experience to layer II DCX+ cells in the primary olfactory cortex in postnatal and adult guinea pigs. Neonatal and 1-year-old guinea pigs were subjected to unilateral naris-occlusion, followed 1 and 2months later by morphometry of DCX+ cells in the piriform cortex. DCX+ somata and processes were reduced in the deprived relative to the non-deprived piriform cortex in both age groups at the two surviving time points. The number of DCX+ cells was decreased in the deprived side relative to internal control at 1 and 2months in the youths and at 2months in the adults post-occlusion. The mean somal area of DCX+ cells showed a trend of decrease in the deprived side relative to the internal control in the youths. In addition, DCX+ cells in the deprived side exhibited a lower frequency of colocalization with the neuron-specific nuclear antigen (NeuN) relative to counterparts. These results suggest that normal olfactory experience is required for the maintenance and development of DCX+ immature neurons in postnatal and adult guinea pig piriform cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X He
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - X-M Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - J Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - J Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - L Mou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - D-H Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Y Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - X-G Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - A Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - X-X Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Martí-Mengual U, Varea E, Crespo C, Blasco-Ibáñez JM, Nacher J. Cells expressing markers of immature neurons in the amygdala of adult humans. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 37:10-22. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulisses Martí-Mengual
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences. Cell Biology Department; Universitat de València; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
| | - Emilio Varea
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences. Cell Biology Department; Universitat de València; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
| | - Carlos Crespo
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences. Cell Biology Department; Universitat de València; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
| | - José Miguel Blasco-Ibáñez
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences. Cell Biology Department; Universitat de València; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Djordjevic A, Djordjevic J, Elaković I, Adzic M, Matić G, Radojcic MB. Effects of fluoxetine on plasticity and apoptosis evoked by chronic stress in rat prefrontal cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 693:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
27
|
Chronic lead exposure reduces doublecortin-expressing immature neurons in young adult guinea pig cerebral cortex. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:82. [PMID: 22812564 PMCID: PMC3444321 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic lead (Pb) poisoning remains an environmental risk especially for the pediatric population, and it may affect brain development. Immature neurons expressing doublecortin (DCX+) exist around cortical layer II in various mammals, including adult guinea pigs and humans. Using young adult guinea pigs as an experimental model, the present study explored if chronic Pb exposure affects cortical DCX + immature neurons and those around the subventricular and subgranular zones (SVZ, SGZ). Results Two month-old guinea pigs were treated with 0.2% lead acetate in drinking water for 2, 4 and 6 months. Blood Pb levels in these animals reached 10.27 ± 0.62, 16.25 ± 0.78 and 19.03 ± 0.86 μg/dL at the above time points, respectively, relative to ~3 μg/dL in vehicle controls. The density of DCX + neurons was significantly reduced around cortical layer II, SVZ and SGZ in Pb-treated animals surviving 4 and 6 months relative to controls. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) pulse-chasing studies failed to find cellular colocalization of this DNA synthesis indicator in DCX + cells around layer II in Pb-treated and control animals. These cortical immature neurons were not found to coexist with active caspase-3 or Fluoro-Jade C labeling. Conclusion Chronic Pb exposure can lead to significant reduction in the number of the immature neurons around cortical layer II and in the conventional neurogenic sites in young adult guinea pigs. No direct evidence could be identified to link the reduced cortical DCX expression with alteration in local neurogenesis or neuronal death.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bonfanti L, Nacher J. New scenarios for neuronal structural plasticity in non-neurogenic brain parenchyma: the case of cortical layer II immature neurons. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 98:1-15. [PMID: 22609484 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system, due to its interaction with the environment, must be endowed with plasticity. Conversely, the nervous tissue must be substantially static to ensure connectional invariability. Structural plasticity can be viewed as a compromise between these requirements. In adult mammals, brain structural plasticity is strongly reduced with respect to other animal groups in the phylogenetic tree. It persists under different forms, which mainly consist of remodeling of neuronal shape and connectivity, and, to a lesser extent, the production of new neurons. Adult neurogenesis is mainly restricted within two neurogenic niches, yet some gliogenic and neurogenic processes also occur in the so-called non-neurogenic tissue, starting from parenchymal progenitors. In this review we focus on a population of immature, non-newly generated neurons in layer II of the cerebral cortex, which were previously thought to be newly generated since they heavily express the polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule and doublecortin. These unusual neurons exhibit characteristics defining an additional type of structural plasticity, different from either synaptic plasticity or adult neurogenesis. Evidences concerning their morphology, antigenic features, ultrastructure, phenotype, origin, fate, and reaction to different kind of stimulations are gathered and analyzed. Their possible role is discussed in the context of an enriched complexity and heterogeneity of mammalian brain structural plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano (TO), and Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Decimo I, Bifari F, Krampera M, Fumagalli G. Neural stem cell niches in health and diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:1755-83. [PMID: 22394166 PMCID: PMC3343380 DOI: 10.2174/138161212799859611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Presence of neural stem cells in adult mammalian brains, including human, has been clearly demonstrated by several studies. The functional significance of adult neurogenesis is slowly emerging as new data indicate the sensitivity of this event to several "every day" external stimuli such as physical activity, learning, enriched environment, aging, stress and drugs. In addition, neurogenesis appears to be instrumental for task performance involving complex cognitive functions. Despite the growing body of evidence on the functional significance of NSC and despite the bulk of data concerning the molecular and cellular properties of NSCs and their niches, several critical questions are still open. In this work we review the literature describing i) old and new sites where NSC niche have been found in the CNS; ii) the intrinsic factors regulating the NSC potential; iii) the extrinsic factors that form the niche microenvironment. Moreover, we analyse NSC niche activation in iv) physiological and v) pathological conditions. Given the not static nature of NSCs that continuously change phenotype in response to environmental clues, a unique "identity card" for NSC identification is still lacking. Moreover, the multiple location of NSC niches that increase in diseases, leaves open the question of whether and how these structures communicate throughout long distance. We propose a model where all the NSC niches in the CNS may be connected in a functional network using the threads of the meningeal net as tracks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Decimo
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Krampera
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Castillo-Gómez E, Varea E, Blasco-Ibáñez JM, Crespo C, Nacher J. Polysialic acid is required for dopamine D2 receptor-mediated plasticity involving inhibitory circuits of the rat medial prefrontal cortex. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29516. [PMID: 22216301 PMCID: PMC3247286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased expression of dopamine D2 receptors (D2R), dysfunction of inhibitory neurotransmission and impairments in the structure and connectivity of neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and major depression, but the relationship between these changes remains unclear. The polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), a plasticity-related molecule, may serve as a link. This molecule is expressed in cortical interneurons and dopamine, via D2R, modulates its expression in parallel to that of proteins related to synapses and inhibitory neurotransmission, suggesting that D2R-targeted antipsychotics/antidepressants may act by affecting the plasticity of mPFC inhibitory circuits. To understand the role of PSA-NCAM in this plasticity, rats were chronically treated with a D2R agonist (PPHT) after cortical PSA depletion. PPHT-induced increases in GAD67 and synaptophysin (SYN) neuropil expression were blocked when PSA was previously removed, indicating a role for PSA-NCAM in this plasticity. The number of PSA-NCAM expressing interneuron somata also increased after PPHT treatment, but the percentages of these cells belonging to different interneuronal subpopulations did not change. Cortical pyramidal neurons did not express PSA-NCAM, but puncta co-expressing this molecule and parvalbumin could be found surrounding their somata. PPHT treatment increased the number of PSA-NCAM and parvalbumin expressing perisomatic puncta, but decreased the percentage of parvalbumin puncta that co-expressed SYN. PSA depletion did not block these effects on the perisomatic region, but increased further the number of parvalbumin expressing puncta and increased the percentage of puncta co-expressing SYN and parvalbumin, suggesting that the polysialylation of NCAM may regulate perisomatic inhibition of mPFC principal neurons. Summarizing, the present results indicate that dopamine acting on D2R influences structural plasticity of mPFC interneurons and point to PSA-NCAM as a key player in this remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Castillo-Gómez
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio Varea
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Miguel Blasco-Ibáñez
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Crespo
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fung SJ, Joshi D, Allen KM, Sivagnanasundaram S, Rothmond DA, Saunders R, Noble PL, Webster MJ, Weickert CS. Developmental patterns of doublecortin expression and white matter neuron density in the postnatal primate prefrontal cortex and schizophrenia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25194. [PMID: 21966452 PMCID: PMC3180379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal neurogenesis occurs in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus, and evidence suggests that new neurons may be present in additional regions of the mature primate brain, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Addition of new neurons to the PFC implies local generation of neurons or migration from areas such as the subventricular zone. We examined the putative contribution of new, migrating neurons to postnatal cortical development by determining the density of neurons in white matter subjacent to the cortex and measuring expression of doublecortin (DCX), a microtubule-associated protein involved in neuronal migration, in humans and rhesus macaques. We found a striking decline in DCX expression (human and macaque) and density of white matter neurons (humans) during infancy, consistent with the arrival of new neurons in the early postnatal cortex. Considering the expansion of the brain during this time, the decline in white matter neuron density does not necessarily indicate reduced total numbers of white matter neurons in early postnatal life. Furthermore, numerous cells in the white matter and deep grey matter were positive for the migration-associated glycoprotein polysialiated-neuronal cell adhesion molecule and GAD65/67, suggesting that immature migrating neurons in the adult may be GABAergic. We also examined DCX mRNA in the PFC of adult schizophrenia patients (n = 37) and matched controls (n = 37) and did not find any difference in DCX mRNA expression. However, we report a negative correlation between DCX mRNA expression and white matter neuron density in adult schizophrenia patients, in contrast to a positive correlation in human development where DCX mRNA and white matter neuron density are higher earlier in life. Accumulation of neurons in the white matter in schizophrenia would be congruent with a negative correlation between DCX mRNA and white matter neuron density and support the hypothesis of a migration deficit in schizophrenia.
Collapse
|