1
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Laninga-Wijnen L, Pouwels JL, Giletta M, Salmivalli C. Feeling better now? Being defended diminishes daily mood problems and self-blame in victims of bullying. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39327225 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND School bullying is a group phenomenon in which being defended by peer bystanders may buffer against the development of psychological problems in victims. AIMS This registered report examines whether being defended diminished victims' daily mood problems and self-blame, both from a within- and between-person perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS Daily diary data were collected from n = 1669 Finnish 7th-9th grade students (M age = 14.45; 55.5% girl) across 3 weeks. In n = 1329 out of 12,366 assessments (10.7%), students indicated that schoolmates victimized them on the day of bullying. RESULTS Multi-level regression analyses indicated that students reported lower depressed mood, greater positive mood and lower self-blame on days that they were victimized and defended as compared to days when they were victimized but non-defended. Effect sizes were medium for depressed mood and small for positive mood and self-blame. Repeated victims (n = 144) were less likely to blame themselves for victimization on days they were defended, which, in turn, diminished feelings of humiliation (mediation). DISCUSSION Our findings indicate that being defended benefits victims of bullying by mitigating mood problems, both directly and indirectly via diminished self-blame. CONCLUSION Anti-bullying programmes that encourage peer defending have the potential to improve victims' psychological adjustment, even on a daily basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Loes Pouwels
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Giletta
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christina Salmivalli
- INVEST/Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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2
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Song J, Lian T, Zhang Y, Cao M, Jiao Z. Social exclusion: differences in neural mechanisms underlying direct versus vicarious experience. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1368214. [PMID: 39257410 PMCID: PMC11385857 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1368214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Social exclusion stands as a source of social discord and holds substantial research value. Prior investigations on social exclusion have overlooked the interactive relationship between the excluded individuals and the observers. Hence, this study comparatively explores the neural mechanisms underlying the psychological responses of two distinct roles within the same social exclusion context. A total of 35 pairs (19 pairs of females) participated in the experiment. Within each pair, one individual assumed the role of a socially excluded participant (target), while the other acted as a social exclusion observer. Targets engaged in an online ball-passing game where controlled ball allocations to the participants created an exclusion scenario. Meanwhile, observers spectated the targets playing the game. Throughout the ball-passing activity, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) recorded the blood oxygen data in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and temporoparietal junction (TPJ) of both participants. Our findings revealed varied levels of rejection sensitivity elicited by direct or observed social exclusion experiences. Additionally, distinct patterns of neural activation were observed: targets displayed conditional differences in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), while male observers exhibited conditional activation differences in the mPFC, and female observers showed conditional activation differences in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). This study juxtaposes the behavioral and neural activation variances between targets and observers within the same social context, offering a novel perspective on investigating the neural mechanisms of social exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Song
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Lian
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factor & Ergonomics, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjing Cao
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhibin Jiao
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
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3
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Ghandchi A, Golbabaei S, Borhani K. Effects of two different social exclusion paradigms on ambiguous facial emotion recognition. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:296-314. [PMID: 38678446 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2285862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Social exclusion is an emotionally painful experience that leads to various alterations in socio-emotional processing. The perceptual and emotional consequences that may arise from experiencing social exclusion can vary depending on the paradigm used to manipulate it. Exclusion paradigms can vary in terms of the severity and duration of the leading exclusion experience, thereby classifying it as either a short-term or long-term experience. The present study aimed to study the impact of exclusion on socio-emotional processing using different paradigms that caused experiencing short-term and imagining long-term exclusion. Ambiguous facial emotions were used as socio-emotional cues. In study 1, the Ostracism Online paradigm was used to manipulate short-term exclusion. In study 2, a new sample of participants imagined long-term exclusion through the future life alone paradigm. Participants of both studies then completed a facial emotion recognition task consisting of morphed ambiguous facial emotions. By means of Point of Subjective Equivalence analyses, our results indicate that the experience of short-term exclusion hinders recognising happy facial expressions. In contrast, imagining long-term exclusion causes difficulties in recognising sad facial expressions. These findings extend the current literature, suggesting that not all social exclusion paradigms affect socio-emotional processing similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Ghandchi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroosh Golbabaei
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khatereh Borhani
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Gamble RS, Henry JD, Decety J, Vanman EJ. The role of external factors in affect-sharing and their neural bases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 157:105540. [PMID: 38211739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Affect-sharing, the ability to vicariously feel another person's emotions, is the primary component of empathy that is typically thought to rely on the observer's capacity to feel the emotions of others. However, external signals, such as the target's physical characteristics, have been demonstrated to influence affect-sharing in the neuroscientific literature that speaks to the underappreciated role of external factors in eliciting affect-sharing. We consider factors that influence affect-sharing, including physical cues, emotional cues, situational factors, and observer-target relationships, as well as the neural circuits involved in these processes. Our review reveals that, while neural network activation is primarily responsible for processing affect-sharing, external factors also co-activate a top-down cognitive processing network to modulate the conscious process of affect-sharing. From this knowledge, an integrative framework of external factor interactions with affect-sharing are explained in detail. Finally, we identify critical areas for future research in social and affective neuroscience, including research gaps and incorporation of ecologically valid paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Gamble
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Julie D Henry
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric J Vanman
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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5
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Vanhollebeke G, Aers F, Goethals L, Raedt RD, Baeken C, Mierlo PV, Vanderhasselt MA. Uncovering the underlying factors of ERP changes in the cyberball paradigm: A systematic review investigating the impact of ostracism and paradigm characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105464. [PMID: 37977278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The Cyberball is the most commonly employed paradigm for the investigation of the effects of social exclusion, also called ostracism. The analysis of event-related potentials (ERPs), short-term stimulus-induced fluctuations in the EEG signal, has been employed for the identification of time-sensitive neural responses to ostracism-related information. Changes in ERPs during the Cyberball are normally attributed to the effect of ostracism, but it has been argued that characteristics of the paradigm, not ostracism, are the driving force for these changes. To elucidate the origin of the ERP changes in the Cyberball, we systematically reviewed the Cyberball-ERP literature of healthy, adult populations, and evaluated whether the social context of ostracism or characteristics of the paradigm are better suited for the explanation of the found results. Our results show that for many components no clear origin can be identified, but that expectancy violations, not ostracism, best explains the results of the P3 complex. Future research should therefore also employ other paradigms for the research into the effects of ostracism on ERPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Vanhollebeke
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Medical Image and Signal Processing Group (MEDISIP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Fiebe Aers
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lauren Goethals
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital (UZBrussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter van Mierlo
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Medical Image and Signal Processing Group (MEDISIP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Gillard J, Werner-Seidler A, Dalgleish T, Stretton J. Script-driven imagery of socially salient autobiographical memories in major depressive disorder. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14577. [PMID: 37666926 PMCID: PMC10477266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cues of social rejection and affiliation represent proximal risk and protective factors in the onset and maintenance of depression. Such cues are thought to activate an evolutionarily primed neuro-cognitive alarm system, alerting the agent to the benefits of inclusion or the risk of social exclusion within social hierarchies focused on ensuring continued access to resources. In tandem, autobiographical memory is thought to be over-general and negatively biased in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) which can contribute to maintenance and relapse. How memories of social rejection and affiliation are experienced and processed in MDD remains unexplored. Eighteen participants with recurrent and chronic MDD and 18 never-depressed controls listened to and vividly revisited autobiographical social experiences in an ecologically valid script-driven imagery paradigm using naturalistic memory narratives in an fMRI paradigm. Memories of Social Inclusion and Social Rejection broadly activated a common network of regions including the bilateral insula, thalamus and pre/postcentral gyrus across both groups. However, having a diagnosis of MDD was associated with an increased activation of the right middle frontal gyrus irrespective of memory type. Changes in positive affect were associated with activity in the dorsal ACC in the MDD group and in the insular cortex of the Control group. Our findings add to the evidence for complex representations for both positive and negative social signals in MDD and suggest neural sensitivity in MDD towards any socially salient information as opposed to selective sensitivity towards negative social experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tim Dalgleish
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Jason Stretton
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK.
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7
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van de Groep IH, Bos MGN, Popma A, Crone EA, Jansen LMC. A neurocognitive model of early onset persistent and desistant antisocial behavior in early adulthood. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1100277. [PMID: 37533586 PMCID: PMC10392129 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear which functional and neurobiological mechanisms are associated with persistent and desistant antisocial behavior in early adulthood. We reviewed the empirical literature and propose a neurocognitive social information processing model for early onset persistent and desistant antisocial behavior in early adulthood, focusing on how young adults evaluate, act upon, monitor, and learn about their goals and self traits. Based on the reviewed literature, we propose that persistent antisocial behavior is characterized by domain-general impairments in self-relevant and goal-related information processing, regulation, and learning, which is accompanied by altered activity in fronto-limbic brain areas. We propose that desistant antisocial development is associated with more effortful information processing, regulation and learning, that possibly balances self-relevant goals and specific situational characteristics. The proposed framework advances insights by considering individual differences such as psychopathic personality traits, and specific emotional characteristics (e.g., valence of social cues), to further illuminate functional and neural mechanisms underlying heterogenous developmental pathways. Finally, we address important open questions and offer suggestions for future research to improve scientific knowledge on general and context-specific expression and development of antisocial behavior in early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse H. van de Groep
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychosocial Care, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marieke G. N. Bos
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Arne Popma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychosocial Care, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eveline A. Crone
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lucres M. C. Jansen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychosocial Care, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Minervini A, LaVarco A, Zorns S, Propper R, Suriano C, Keenan JP. Excitatory Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Increases Social Anxiety. Brain Sci 2023; 13:989. [PMID: 37508921 PMCID: PMC10377502 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13070989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Social exclusion refers to the experience of rejection by one or more people during a social event and can induce pain-related sensations. Cyberball, a computer program, is one of the most common tools for analyzing social exclusion. Regions of the brain that underlie social pain include networks linked to the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Specifically, self-directed negative socially induced exclusion is associated with changes in DLPFC activity. Direct manipulation of this area may provide a better understanding of how the DLPFC can influence the perception of social exclusion and determine a causal role of the DLPFC. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied to both the left and right DLPFC to gauge different reactions to the Cyberball experience. It was found that there were elevated exclusion indices following right DLPFC rTMS; participants consistently felt more excluded when the right DLPFC was excited. This may relate to greater feelings of social pain when the right DLPFC is manipulated. These data demonstrate that direct manipulation of the DLPFC results in changes in responses to social exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Minervini
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Adriana LaVarco
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Samantha Zorns
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Ruth Propper
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Christos Suriano
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Julian Paul Keenan
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
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9
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Pabst A, Bollen Z, Masson N, Billaux P, de Timary P, Maurage P. An eye-tracking study of biased attentional processing of emotional faces in severe alcohol use disorder. J Affect Disord 2023; 323:778-787. [PMID: 36529408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social cognition impairments in severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD) are increasingly established. However, fundamental aspects of social cognition, and notably the attentional processing of socio-affective information, remain unexplored, limiting our understanding of underlying mechanisms. Here, we determined whether patients with SAUD show attentional biases to specific socio-affective cues, namely emotional faces. METHOD In a modified dot-probe paradigm, 30 patients with SAUD and 30 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) were presented with pairs of neutral-emotional (angry, disgusted, happy, sad) faces while having their eye movements recorded. Indices of early/automatic (first fixations, latency to first fixations) and later/controlled (number of fixations, dwell-time) processes were computed. RESULTS Patients with SAUD did not differ from HC in their attention to angry/disgusted/sad vs. neutral faces. However, patients with SAUD fixated/dwelled less on happy vs. neutral faces in the first block of stimuli than HC, who presented an attentional bias to happy faces. LIMITATIONS Sample-size was determined to detect medium-to-large effects and subtler ones may have been missed. Further, our cross-sectional design provides no explanation as to whether the evidenced biases precede or are a consequence of SAUD. CONCLUSIONS These results extend the social cognition literature in SAUD to the attentional domain, by evidencing the absence of a controlled attentional bias toward positive social cues in SAUD. This may reflect reduced sensitivity to social reward and could contribute to higher order social cognition difficulties and social dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Pabst
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology research group (LEP), Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Zoé Bollen
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology research group (LEP), Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Masson
- Numerical Cognition Group, Psychological Sciences Research Institute and Neuroscience Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Cognitive Science and Assessment Institute, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Pauline Billaux
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology research group (LEP), Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Philippe de Timary
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology research group (LEP), Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Department of Adult Psychiatry, Saint-Luc Academic Hospital & Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology research group (LEP), Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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10
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Zhang P, Zhu M, Hu J, Gao X. The electrophysiological characteristics of social exclusion: the perspective of close and distant relationships. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1010493. [PMID: 37179855 PMCID: PMC10172667 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1010493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sources of social exclusion are very wide, ranging from the closest people to strangers. However, current studies mainly reveal the electrophysiological characteristics of social exclusion by means of binary comparison between social exclusion and social inclusion, and lack of in-depth analysis of the differences caused by different sources of exclusion. In this study, a static passing ball paradigm system including close and distant relationship identity information was used to reveal the electrophysiological characteristics of individuals when they were excluded by people with different close and distant relationships. The results showed that there was a degree effect of P2, P3a, and LPC components when individuals were excluded by people with different close and distant relationships. Specifically, the amplitude of P2, P3a, and LPC components was larger when individuals were excluded by more distant people. The results indicated that individuals would become more alert and perceive stronger exclusion experience when they were excluded by more distant people, which provided more diversified evidence for the conclusion that electrophysiological components were larger under the condition of exclusion, and revealed the electrophysiological basis behind the multiple motivation models. The results also helped to explain the physiological reasons behind individuals' different coping behaviors toward excluder with different importance of relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Social Work and Management, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Gao
- Academic Affairs Office, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangping Gao,
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11
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Raufelder D, Neumann N, Domin M, Lorenz RC, Gleich T, Golde S, Romund L, Beck A, Hoferichter F. Do Belonging and Social Exclusion at School Affect Structural Brain Development During Adolescence? Child Dev 2021; 92:2213-2223. [PMID: 34156088 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Students' sense of belonging presents an essential resource for academic and health outcomes, whereas social exclusion at school negatively impacts students' well-being and academic performance. Aiming to understand how feelings of school-related belonging and exclusion shape the structural brain development, this study applied longitudinal questionnaire-based data and MRI data from 71 adolescent students (37 females, Mage at t1 = 15.0; t2 = 16.1 years). All were white participants from Germany. Voxel-based morphometry revealed only an association of social exclusion (and not of belonging) and gray matter volume in the left anterior insula: From t1 to t2, there was less gray matter decrease, the more social exclusion students perceived. School-related social exclusion and disturbed neurodevelopment are thus significantly associated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Neumann
- University Medicine Greifswald - Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology
| | - Martin Domin
- University Medicine Greifswald - Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Beck
- Charité-University Medicine.,HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam
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12
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Zhang H, Zhang S, Lu J, Lei Y, Li H. Social exclusion increases the executive function of attention networks. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9494. [PMID: 33947874 PMCID: PMC8096936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in humans have shown that brain regions activating social exclusion overlap with those related to attention. However, in the context of social exclusion, how does behavioral monitoring affect individual behavior? In this study, we used the Cyberball game to induce the social exclusion effect in a group of participants. To explore the influence of social exclusion on the attention network, we administered the Attention Network Test (ANT) and compared results for the three subsystems of the attention network (orienting, alerting, and executive control) between exclusion (N = 60) and inclusion (N = 60) groups. Compared with the inclusion group, the exclusion group showed shorter overall response time and better executive control performance, but no significant differences in orienting or alerting. The excluded individuals showed a stronger ability to detect and control conflicts. It appears that social exclusion does not always exert a negative influence on individuals. In future research, attention to network can be used as indicators of social exclusion. This may further reveal how social exclusion affects individuals' psychosomatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huoyin Zhang
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, No. 5, Jing'an Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610068, China.,College of Psychology and Society, University of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518067, China
| | - Shiyunmeng Zhang
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, No. 5, Jing'an Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610068, China.,College of Psychology and Society, University of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518067, China
| | - Jiachen Lu
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, No. 5, Jing'an Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610068, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, No. 5, Jing'an Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610068, China. .,College of Psychology and Society, University of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518067, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, No. 5, Jing'an Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610068, China.,College of Psychology and Society, University of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518067, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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13
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Mwilambwe-Tshilobo L, Spreng RN. Social exclusion reliably engages the default network: A meta-analysis of Cyberball. Neuroimage 2020; 227:117666. [PMID: 33359341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Social exclusion refers to the experience of being disregarded or rejected by others and has wide-ranging negative consequences for well-being and cognition. Cyberball, a game where a ball is virtually tossed between players, then leads to the exclusion of the research participant, is a common method used to examine the experience of social exclusion. The neural correlates of social exclusion remain a topic of debate, particularly with regards to the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the concept of social pain. Here we conducted a quantitative meta-analysis using activation likelihood estimation (ALE) to identify brain activity reliably engaged by social exclusion during Cyberball task performance (Studies = 53; total N = 1,817 participants). Results revealed consistent recruitment in ventral anterior cingulate and posterior cingulate cortex, inferior and superior frontal gyri, posterior insula, and occipital pole. No reliable activity was observed in dACC. Using a probabilistic atlas to define dACC, fewer than 15% of studies reported peak coordinates in dACC. Meta-analytic connectivity mapping suggests patterns of co-activation are consistent with the topography of the default network. Reverse inference for cognition associated with reliable Cyberball activity computed in Neurosynth revealed social exclusion to be associated with cognitive terms Social, Autobiographical, Mental States, and Theory of Mind. Taken together, these findings highlight the role of the default network in social exclusion and warns against interpretations of the dACC as a key region involved in the experience of social exclusion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Mwilambwe-Tshilobo
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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14
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Mood and neural responses to social rejection do not seem to be altered in resilient adolescents with a history of adversity. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:411-423. [PMID: 30895920 PMCID: PMC7260057 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Childhood adversity (CA) increases the risk of subsequent mental health problems. Adolescent social support (from family and/or friends) reduces the risk of mental health problems after CA. However, the mechanisms of this effect remain unclear, and we speculate that they are manifested on neurodevelopmental levels. Therefore, we investigated whether family and/or friendship support at ages 14 and 17 function as intermediate variables for the relationship between CA before age 11 and affective or neural responses to social rejection feedback at age 18. We studied 55 adolescents with normative mental health at age 18 (26 with CA and therefore considered "resilient"), from a longitudinal cohort. Participants underwent a Social Feedback Task in the magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Social rejection feedback activated the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the left anterior insula. CA did not predict affective or neural responses to social rejection at age 18. Yet, CA predicted better friendships at age 14 and age 18, when adolescents with and without CA had comparable mood levels. Thus, adolescents with CA and normative mood levels have more adolescent friendship support and seem to have normal mood and neural responses to social rejection.
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15
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Williams K, Elliott R, McKie S, Zahn R, Barnhofer T, Anderson IM. Changes in the neural correlates of self-blame following mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in remitted depressed participants. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 304:111152. [PMID: 32717664 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness-Based-Cognitive-Therapy (MBCT) reduces vulnerability for relapse into depression by helping individuals to counter tendencies to engage in maladaptive repetitive patterns of thinking and respond more compassionately to negative self-judgment. However, little is known about the neural correlates underlying these effects. To elucidate these correlates, we investigated fMRI brain activation during a task eliciting feelings of blaming oneself or others. Sixteen participants in remission from major depressive disorder (MDD) completed fMRI assessments before and after MBCT, alongside self-reported levels of self-compassion, mindfulness, and depression symptoms. Analyses of self-blame versus other-blame contrasts showed a reduction in activation in the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate/medial superior frontal gyrus after MBCT compared to baseline. Further, exploratory analyses showed that increases in self-kindness after MBCT correlated with reduced activation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus in self-blame versus rest contrasts. These findings suggest that MBCT is associated with a reduction in activations in cortical midline regions to self-blame which may be mediated by increasing self-kindness. However, this is a small, uncontrolled study with 16 participants and therefore our results will need confirmation in a controlled study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Williams
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Shane McKie
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Roland Zahn
- Centre for Affective Disorders, King's College London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | | | - Ian M Anderson
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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16
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Negative affect moderates the effect of social rejection on frontal and anterior cingulate cortex activation in borderline personality disorder. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 19:1273-1285. [PMID: 31165440 PMCID: PMC6785570 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have a heightened sensitivity to social exclusion. Experimental manipulations have produced inconsistent findings and suggested that baseline negative affect (NA) might influence the experience of exclusion. We administered a standardized social exclusion protocol (Cyberball paradigm) in BPD (n = 39) and age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 29) to investigate the association of NA on social exclusion and activation in brain regions previously implicated in this paradigm. Compared with controls, patients with BPD showed higher activation during social exclusion in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and in the right precuneus. Prescan NA ratings were associated with higher brain activation in the ACC and mPFC over all conditions, and post hoc t tests revealed that differences between the groups were only significant when controlling for NA. Brain activation during exclusion was correlated with NA separately for each group. Only BPD patients showed a significant association of NA and exclusion related precuneus activation (r = .52 p = .001). Additionally, BPD patients experienced less feelings of belonging compared with a healthy control (HC) group during inclusion and exclusion, although they estimated their ball possessions significantly higher than did the HC. These findings suggest that baseline NA has a crucial impact on Cyberball-related brain activation. The results underscore the importance of considering levels of NA in social exclusion protocols for participants high in this trait.
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17
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Pabst A, Heeren A, Maurage P. Socio-affective processing biases in severe alcohol use disorders: Experimental and therapeutic perspectives. Addict Behav 2020; 106:106382. [PMID: 32171955 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous literature has consistently reported socio-affective information processing impairments in patients with severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD). Some recent studies have also suggested that these patients might exhibit biases toward stimuli indicating social threat, such as angry or disgusted faces. Such biases have been largely documented in other psychopathological disorders like anxiety, where they play a critical role in the emergence and maintenance of the disorder. A comprehensive understanding of these biases in SAUD would thus deepen the understanding of interpersonal difficulties and relapse-related factors. However, to date, no study has directly explored these biases in SAUD. In order to initiate efforts to address this issue, we first review preliminary evidence supporting the hypothesis of biased processing of social threat in SAUD. Then, we identify possible pathways through which such biases might negatively impact the course of the disorder. Finally, we provide precise recommendations and available materials to develop research in this promising field, and underline the related theoretical and clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Pabst
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Heeren
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Clinical Neuroscience Division, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Clinical Neuroscience Division, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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18
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Bayer JB, Hauser DJ, Shah KM, O'Donnell MB, Falk EB. Social Exclusion Shifts Personal Network Scope. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1619. [PMID: 31396126 PMCID: PMC6667635 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Social exclusion has the potential to alter subsequent social interactions with the members of personal networks, especially given their online availability in contemporary life. Nonetheless, there is minimal research examining how social challenges such as exclusion alter ensuing interactions with personal ties. Here, we tested whether being excluded during a social interaction changed which relationships are most salient in an ostensibly unrelated, online news sharing task. Across three operationalizations of tie strength, exclusion (vs. inclusion) increased sharing to close friends, but (unexpectedly) decreased sharing to close family members. The findings provide preliminary evidence that negative encounters may shift attention toward certain types of network ties and away from others. Future work is needed to examine how social experiences influence personal network scope – i.e., who comes to mind – in the background of daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Bayer
- School of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Communication Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David J Hauser
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kinari M Shah
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Matthew Brook O'Donnell
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Emily B Falk
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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19
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Dean KK, Wentworth G, LeCompte N. Social exclusion and perceived vulnerability to physical harm. SELF AND IDENTITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2017.1370389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristy K. Dean
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Grace Wentworth
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Nikole LeCompte
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
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20
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Brain gray and white matter abnormalities in preterm-born adolescents: A meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203498. [PMID: 30303972 PMCID: PMC6179190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies using voxel-based morphometry report variable and inconsistent abnormalities of gray matter volume (GMV) and white matter volume (WMV) in brains of preterm-born adolescents (PBA). In such circumstances a meta-analysis can help identify the most prominent and consistent abnormalities. Method We identified 9 eligible studies by systematic search of the literature up to October 2017. We used Seed-based d Mapping to analyze GMV and WMV alterations between PBA and healthy controls. Results In the GMV meta-analysis, PBA compared to healthy controls showed: increased GMV in left cuneus cortex, left superior frontal gyrus, and right anterior cingulate cortex; decreased GMV in bilateral inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), left superior frontal gyrus, and right caudate nucleus. In the WMV meta-analysis, PBA showed: increased WMV in right fusiform gyrus and precuneus; decreased WMV in bilateral ITG, and right inferior frontal gyrus. In meta-regression analysis, the percentage of male PBA negatively correlated with decreased GMV of bilateral ITG. Interpretation PBA show widespread GMV and WMV alterations in the default mode network, visual recognition network, and salience network. These changes may be causally relevant to socialization difficulties and cognitive impairments. The meta-regression results perhaps reveal the structural underpinning of the cognition-related sex differences in PBA.
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21
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Gorka SM, Phan KL, Hosseini B, Chen EY, McCloskey MS. Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation during social exclusion mediates the relation between intolerance of uncertainty and trait aggression. Clin Psychol Sci 2018; 6:810-821. [PMID: 30643671 DOI: 10.1177/2167702618776947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is an important individual difference factor that may contribute to trait-like aggression. Deficient engagement of the ventrolateral PFC (vlPFC) during social situations may also be a mechanism that links these two constructs. The aim of the current study was to test a proposed mediation model whereby IU is associated with trait aggression through neural activation of the vlPFC during a social exclusion task. Fifty-three adults with a range of impulsive-aggressive traits completed validated assessments of IU and trait aggression, and the 'Cyberball' social exclusion task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Results supported the mediation model such that greater levels of IU were associated with greater trait aggression through hypoactivation of the vlPFC during social exclusion. This study is the first to provide evidence suggesting that individuals higher in IU have difficulties engaging regulatory neural processes, which in-turn may increase the propensity for aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Gorka
- University of Illinois-Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, 1747 West Roosevelt Road Chicago, IL 60608
| | - K Luan Phan
- University of Illinois-Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, 1747 West Roosevelt Road Chicago, IL 60608.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center; Mental Health Service Line, 820 S. Damen Avenue Chicago, IL 60612.,University of Illinois-Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, & the Graduate Program in Neuroscience, 808 S. Wood Street Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Bobak Hosseini
- University of Illinois-Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, 1747 West Roosevelt Road Chicago, IL 60608
| | - Eunice Y Chen
- Temple University; Department of Psychology, 1701 North 13 Street Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Michael S McCloskey
- Temple University; Department of Psychology, 1701 North 13 Street Philadelphia, PA 19122
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22
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Radke S, Seidel EM, Boubela RN, Thaler H, Metzler H, Kryspin-Exner I, Moser E, Habel U, Derntl B. Immediate and delayed neuroendocrine responses to social exclusion in males and females. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 93:56-64. [PMID: 29702443 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Social exclusion is a complex phenomenon, with wide-ranging immediate and delayed effects on well-being, hormone levels, brain activation and motivational behavior. Building upon previous work, the current fMRI study investigated affective, endocrine and neural responses to social exclusion in a more naturalistic Cyberball task in 40 males and 40 females. As expected, social exclusion elicited well-documented affective and neural responses, i.e., increased anger and distress, as well as increased exclusion-related activation of the anterior insula, the posterior-medial frontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cortisol and testosterone decreased over the course of the experiment, whereas progesterone showed no changes. Hormone levels were not correlated with subjective affect, but they were related to exclusion-induced neural responses. Exclusion-related activation in frontal areas was associated with decreases in cortisol and increases in testosterone until recovery. Given that results were largely independent of sex, the current findings have important implications regarding between-sex vs. within-sex variations and the conceptualization of state vs. trait neuroendocrine functions in social neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Radke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA) - BRAIN Institute 1, Brain Structure-Function Relationships: Decoding the Human Brain at Systemic Levels, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - E M Seidel
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria; Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - R N Boubela
- MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - H Thaler
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - H Metzler
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria; Laboratoire de neurosciences cognitives, Département d'études cognitives, École normale supérieure, INSERM, PSL Research University, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - I Kryspin-Exner
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - E Moser
- MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - U Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA) - BRAIN Institute 1, Brain Structure-Function Relationships: Decoding the Human Brain at Systemic Levels, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - B Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; LEAD Graduate School, University of Tübingen, Gartenstr. 29, 72074 Tübingen,Germany
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23
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van den Berg LJM, Tollenaar MS, Pittner K, Compier-de Block LHCG, Buisman RSM, van IJzendoorn MH, Elzinga BM. Pass it on? The neural responses to rejection in the context of a family study on maltreatment. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:616-627. [PMID: 29897537 PMCID: PMC6022637 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rejection by parents is an important aspect of child maltreatment. Altered neural responses to social rejection have been observed in maltreated individuals. The current study is the first to examine the impact of experienced and perpetrated abuse and neglect on neural responses to social exclusion by strangers versus family using a multigenerational family design, including 144 participants. The role of neural reactivity to social exclusion in the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment was also examined. Exclusion by strangers was especially associated with increased activation in the left insula, while exclusion by a family member was mainly associated with increased activation in the ACC. Neural reactivity to social exclusion by strangers in the insula, ACC and dmPFC, was associated with experienced maltreatment but not with perpetrated maltreatment. In abusive parents, altered neural reactivity during exclusion was found in other brain areas, indicating different neural correlates of experienced and perpetrated maltreatment. Hence, no mechanisms could be identified that are involved in the transmission of maltreatment. Hypersensitivity to social rejection by strangers in neglected individuals underscores the importance to distinguish between effects of abuse and neglect and suggests that the impact of experiencing rejection and maltreatment by your own parents extends beyond the family context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J M van den Berg
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University Medical Center
| | - Marieke S Tollenaar
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University Medical Center
| | - Katharina Pittner
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University Medical Center
- Department of Child and Family Studies, Leiden University
| | | | | | | | - Bernet M Elzinga
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University Medical Center
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24
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Wu X, Chen Y, Chen B, Guan L, Zhao Y. The Relationship between Regional Gray Matter Volume of Social Exclusion Regions and Personal Self-Esteem Is Moderated by Collective Self-Esteem. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1989. [PMID: 29204132 PMCID: PMC5699166 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
According to sociometer theory, self-esteem is an internal monitor of positive social bonds to others. Social exclusion can break or threaten social bonds, which might be reflected by the brain structure of social exclusion regions. Thus, self-esteem might be influenced by structurally individual differences in these regions. It has been suggested that self-esteem can be divided into personal (PSE) and collective (CSE) self-esteem and CSE can bring individuals many benefits, such as acceptance, belonging, and social support, which could further maintain or increase their PSE. Based on this, we hypothesized that CSE might moderate the relationship between structurally individual differences in social exclusion regions and PSE. Therefore, in the present study, the moderating effect of CSE on the relationships between PSE and individual differences in regional gray matter volume (rGMV) of 10 social exclusion regions from previous meta-analysis of social exclusion were investigated using voxel-based morphometry. The results showed that CSE played a moderating role in the relationship between PSE and rGMV of the left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Specifically, PSE was positively associated with rGMV of left PCC in lower CSE, while there was no significant relationship between PSE and rGMV of left PCC in higher CSE. Therefore, we believe that compared with a higher CSE, because of lack of acceptance, belonging, and social support from valued groups, lower CSE individuals might be more prone to be influenced by social exclusion with decreased rGMV of the left PCC, which makes them more prone to develop lower PSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lili Guan
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yufang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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25
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Cittern D, Edalat A. A Neural Model of Empathic States in Attachment-Based Psychotherapy. COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2017; 1:132-167. [PMID: 30090856 PMCID: PMC6067830 DOI: 10.1162/cpsy_a_00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We build on a neuroanatomical model of how empathic states can motivate caregiving behavior, via empathy circuit-driven activation of regions in the hypothalamus and amygdala, which in turn stimulate a mesolimbic-ventral pallidum pathway, by integrating findings related to the perception of pain in self and others. On this basis, we propose a network to capture states of personal distress and (weak and strong forms of) empathic concern, which are particularly relevant for psychotherapists conducting attachment-based interventions. This model is then extended for the case of self-attachment therapy, in which conceptualized components of the self serve as both the source of and target for empathic resonance. In particular, we consider how states of empathic concern involving an other that is perceived as being closely related to the self might enhance the motivation for self-directed bonding (which in turn is proposed to lead the individual toward more compassionate states) in terms of medial prefrontal cortex-mediated activation of these caregiving pathways. We simulate our model computationally and discuss the interplay between the bonding and empathy protocols of the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cittern
- Algorithmic Human Development, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abbas Edalat
- Algorithmic Human Development, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Zinchenko O, Arsalidou M. Brain responses to social norms: Meta-analyses of fMRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:955-970. [PMID: 29160930 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Social norms have a critical role in everyday decision-making, as frequent interaction with others regulates our behavior. Neuroimaging studies show that social-based and fairness-related decision-making activates an inconsistent set of areas, which sometimes includes the anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and others lateral prefrontal cortices. Social-based decision-making is complex and variability in findings may be driven by socio-cognitive activities related to social norms. To distinguish among social-cognitive activities related to social norms, we identified 36 eligible articles in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature, which we separate into two categories (a) social norm representation and (b) norm violations. The majority of original articles (>60%) used tasks associated with fairness norms and decision-making, such as ultimatum game, dictator game, or prisoner's dilemma; the rest used tasks associated to violation of moral norms, such as scenarios and sentences of moral depravity ratings. Using quantitative meta-analyses, we report common and distinct brain areas that show concordance as a function of category. Specifically, concordance in ventromedial prefrontal regions is distinct to social norm representation processing, whereas concordance in right insula, dorsolateral prefrontal, and dorsal cingulate cortices is distinct to norm violation processing. We propose a neurocognitive model of social norms for healthy adults, which could help guide future research in social norm compliance and mechanisms of its enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Zinchenko
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marie Arsalidou
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Canada
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Wang H, Braun C, Enck P. How the brain reacts to social stress (exclusion) – A scoping review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:80-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Schmälzle R, Brook O'Donnell M, Garcia JO, Cascio CN, Bayer J, Bassett DS, Vettel JM, Falk EB. Brain connectivity dynamics during social interaction reflect social network structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5153-5158. [PMID: 28465434 PMCID: PMC5441802 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616130114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Social ties are crucial for humans. Disruption of ties through social exclusion has a marked effect on our thoughts and feelings; however, such effects can be tempered by broader social network resources. Here, we use fMRI data acquired from 80 male adolescents to investigate how social exclusion modulates functional connectivity within and across brain networks involved in social pain and understanding the mental states of others (i.e., mentalizing). Furthermore, using objectively logged friendship network data, we examine how individual variability in brain reactivity to social exclusion relates to the density of participants' friendship networks, an important aspect of social network structure. We find increased connectivity within a set of regions previously identified as a mentalizing system during exclusion relative to inclusion. These results are consistent across the regions of interest as well as a whole-brain analysis. Next, examining how social network characteristics are associated with task-based connectivity dynamics, we find that participants who showed greater changes in connectivity within the mentalizing system when socially excluded by peers had less dense friendship networks. This work provides insight to understand how distributed brain systems respond to social and emotional challenges and how such brain dynamics might vary based on broader social network characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Schmälzle
- Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Javier O Garcia
- Human Research and Engineering Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
| | - Christopher N Cascio
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joseph Bayer
- School of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jean M Vettel
- Human Research and Engineering Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Emily B Falk
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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Leibenluft E. Pediatric Irritability: A Systems Neuroscience Approach. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21:277-289. [PMID: 28274677 PMCID: PMC5366079 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Irritability, defined as an increased propensity to exhibit increased anger relative to one's peers, is a common clinical problem in youth. Irritability can be conceptualized as aberrant responses to frustration (where frustration is the emotional response to blocked goal attainment) and/or aberrant 'approach' responses to threat. Irritable youth show hyper-reactivity to threat mediated by dysfunction in amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula, striatum, and association cortex. Irritable youth also show abnormalities in reward learning, cognitive control, and responses to frustration. These abnormalities are mediated by circuitry that includes the inferior frontal gyrus (iFG), striatum, ACC, and parietal cortex. Effective treatments for irritability are lacking, but pathophysiological research could lead to more precisely targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Leibenluft
- Section on Bipolar Spectrum Disorders, Emotion and Development Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Contextual exclusion processing: an fMRI study of rejection in a performance-related context. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 11:874-886. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Dedovic K, Slavich GM, Muscatell KA, Irwin MR, Eisenberger NI. Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex Responses to Repeated Social Evaluative Feedback in Young Women with and without a History of Depression. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:64. [PMID: 27065828 PMCID: PMC4815251 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is recruited when a person is socially rejected or negatively evaluated. However, it remains to be fully understood how this region responds to repeated exposure to personally-relevant social evaluation, in both healthy populations and those vulnerable to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), as well as how responding in these regions is associated with subsequent clinical functioning. To address this gap in the literature, we recruited 17 young women with past history of MDD (previously depressed) and 31 healthy controls and exposed them to a social evaluative session in a neuroimaging environment. In two bouts, participants received an equal amount of positive, negative, and neutral feedback from a confederate. All participants reported increases in feelings of social evaluation in response to the evaluative task. However, compared to healthy controls, previously depressed participants tended to show greater increases in depressed mood following the task. At the neural level, in response to negative (vs. positive) feedback, no main effect of group or evaluation periods was observed. However, a significant interaction between group and evaluation periods was found. Specifically, over the two bouts of evaluation, activity in the dACC decreased among healthy participants while it increased among previously depressed individuals. Interestingly and unexpectedly, in the previously depressed group specifically, this increased activity in dACC over time was associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms at baseline and at 6-months following the evaluation session (controlling for baseline levels). Thus, the subset of previously depressed participants who showed increases in the recruitment of the dACC over time in response to the negative evaluation seemed to fair better emotionally. These findings suggest that examining how the dACC responds to repeated bouts of negative evaluation reveals a new dimension to the role of the dACC in processing exclusion and contributing to mental health outcomes in a population vulnerable to MDD. Further, investigation of the dynamics of the dACC response to negative social evaluation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Dedovic
- Social and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Addiction Research Studies and Laboratory, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - George M Slavich
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keely A Muscatell
- The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health and Society Scholars Program, University of California, San Francisco/University of CaliforniaBerkeley, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Irwin
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naomi I Eisenberger
- Social and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kawamoto T, Nittono H, Ura M. Trait rejection sensitivity is associated with vigilance and defensive response rather than detection of social rejection cues. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1516. [PMID: 26483750 PMCID: PMC4591508 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies suggest that psychological difficulties arise from higher trait Rejection Sensitivity (RS)-heightened vigilance and differential detection of social rejection cues and defensive response to. On the other hand, from an evolutionary perspective, rapid and efficient detection of social rejection cues can be considered beneficial. We conducted a survey and an electrophysiological experiment to reconcile this seeming contradiction. We compared the effects of RS and Rejection Detection Capability (RDC) on perceived interpersonal experiences (Study 1) and on neurocognitive processes in response to cues of social rejection (disgusted faces; Study 2). We found that RS and RDC were not significantly related, although RS was positively related to perceived social rejection experiences and RDC was positively related to perceived social inclusion experiences. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) revealed that higher RS was related to cognitive avoidance (i.e., P1) and heightened motivated attention (i.e., late positive potential: LPP), but not to facial expression encoding (i.e., N170) toward disgusted faces. On the other hand, higher RDC was related to heightened N170 amplitude, but not to P1 and LPP amplitudes. These findings imply that sensitivity to rejection is apparently distinct from the ability to detect social rejection cues and instead reflects intense vigilance and defensive response to those cues. We discussed an alternative explanation of the relationship between RS and RDC from a signal detection perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Kawamoto
- Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceTokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoMeguro-ku, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nittono
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ura
- Department of Psychology, Otemon Gakuin UniversityIbaraki, Japan
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Polymorphism in the µ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) modulates neural processing of physical pain, social rejection and error processing. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2517-26. [PMID: 26019010 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Variations of the µ-opioid receptor gene OPRM1 have been shown to modulate pain perception with some evidence pointing towards a modulation of not only physical but also "psychological pain". In line with suggestions of a common neural network involved in the processing of physical pain and negative and distressing stimuli, like social rejection as a psychologically harmful event, we examined the influence of the A118G polymorphism on the neural processing of physical and non-physical pain. Using fMRI, we investigated a sample of 23 females with the more frequent AA genotype, and eight females with the relatively rare but more pain-sensitive AG genotype during electrical stimulation to the dorsum of the non-dominant hand. Non-physical pain was investigated using Cyberball, a virtual ball-tossing game, to induce experiences of non-self-dependent social rejection. A Go/NoGo task with an increased risk of self-dependent erroneous performance was used as a control task to investigate the effects of negative feedback as a more cognitive form of distress. Relative to A118G homozygous A-allele carriers, G-allele carriers showed significantly increased activation of the supplementary motor area/superior frontal gyrus and the precentral gyrus during electrical stimulation. Increased activation of the secondary sensorimotor cortex (SII) was found during social exclusion and during negative feedback. We demonstrate that brain regions particularly related to the somatosensory component of pain processing are modulated by variations in OPRM1. Influences were evident for both physical and psychological pain processing supporting the assumption of shared neural pathways.
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