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Sanz-Villafruela J, Bermejo-Casadesus C, Zafon E, Martínez-Alonso M, Durá G, Heras A, Soriano-Díaz I, Giussani A, Ortí E, Tebar F, Espino G, Massaguer A. Insights into the anticancer photodynamic activity of Ir(III) and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes bearing β-carboline ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116618. [PMID: 38972079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Ir(III) and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes are promising photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to their outstanding photophysical properties. Herein, one series of cyclometallated Ir(III) complexes and two series of Ru(II) polypyridyl derivatives bearing three different thiazolyl-β-carboline N^N' ligands have been synthesized, aiming to evaluate the impact of the different metal fragments ([Ir(C^N)2]+ or [Ru(N^N)2]2+) and N^N' ligands on the photophysical and biological properties. All the compounds exhibit remarkable photostability under blue-light irradiation and are emissive (605 < λem < 720 nm), with the Ru(II) derivatives displaying higher photoluminescence quantum yields and longer excited state lifetimes. The Ir PSs display pKa values between 5.9 and 7.9, whereas their Ru counterparts are less acidic (pKa > 9.3). The presence of the deprotonated form in the Ir-PSs favours the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) since, according to theoretical calculations, it features a low-lying ligand-centered triplet excited state (T1 = 3LC) with a long lifetime. All compounds have demonstrated anticancer activity. Ir(III) complexes 1-3 exhibit the highest cytotoxicity in dark conditions, comparable to cisplatin. Their activity is notably enhanced by blue-light irradiation, resulting in nanomolar IC50 values and phototoxicity indexes (PIs) between 70 and 201 in different cancer cell lines. The Ir(III) PSs are also activated by green (with PI between 16 and 19.2) and red light in the case of complex 3 (PI = 8.5). Their antitumor efficacy is confirmed by clonogenic assays and using spheroid models. The Ir(III) complexes rapidly enter cells, accumulating in mitochondria and lysosomes. Upon photoactivation, they generate ROS, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal damage and ultimately cell apoptosis. Additionally, they inhibit cancer cell migration, a crucial step in metastasis. In contrast, Ru(II) complex 6 exhibits moderate mitochondrial activity. Overall, Ir(III) complexes 1-3 show potential for selective light-controlled cancer treatment, providing an alternative mechanism to chemotherapy and the ability to inhibit lethal cancer cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sanz-Villafruela
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos S/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Cristina Bermejo-Casadesus
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Maria Aurelia Capmany 40, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Zafon
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Maria Aurelia Capmany 40, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Alonso
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos S/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Gema Durá
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica. Facultad de Químicas, Avda. Camilo J. Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Heras
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos S/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Iván Soriano-Díaz
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Angelo Giussani
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gustavo Espino
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos S/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Anna Massaguer
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Maria Aurelia Capmany 40, 17003, Girona, Spain.
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Rajaram J, Mende LK, Kuthati Y. A Review of the Efficacy of Nanomaterial-Based Natural Photosensitizers to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1120. [PMID: 39339158 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16091120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural photosensitizers (PS) are compounds derived from nature, with photodynamic properties. Natural PSs have a similar action to that of commercial PSs, where cancer cell death occurs by necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy through ROS generation. Natural PSs have garnered great interest over the last few decades because of their high biocompatibility and good photoactivity. Specific wavelengths could cause phytochemicals to produce harmful ROS for photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, natural PSs have some shortcomings, such as reduced solubility and lower uptake, making them less appropriate for PDT. Nanotechnology offers an opportunity to develop suitable carriers for various natural PSs for PDT applications. Various nanoparticles have been developed to improve the outcome with enhanced solubility, optical adsorption, and tumor targeting. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a phenomenon in which tumor cells develop resistance to a wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated drugs. Over the last decade, several researchers have extensively studied the effect of natural PS-based photodynamic treatment (PDT) on MDR cells. Though the outcomes of clinical trials for natural PSs were inconclusive, significant advancement is still required before PSs can be used as a PDT agent for treating MDR tumors. This review addresses the increasing literature on MDR tumor progression and the efficacy of PDT, emphasizing the importance of developing new nano-based natural PSs in the fight against MDR that have the required features for an MDR tumor photosensitizing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Rajaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Lokesh Kumar Mende
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yaswanth Kuthati
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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3
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Kazemi KS, Kazemi P, Mivehchi H, Nasiri K, Eshagh Hoseini SS, Nejati ST, Pour Bahrami P, Golestani S, Nabi Afjadi M. Photodynamic Therapy: A Novel Approach for Head and Neck Cancer Treatment with Focusing on Oral Cavity. Biol Proced Online 2024; 26:25. [PMID: 39154015 PMCID: PMC11330087 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-024-00252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral cancers, specifically oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), pose a significant global health challenge, with high incidence and mortality rates. Conventional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have limited effectiveness and can result in adverse reactions. However, as an alternative, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising option for treating oral cancers. PDT involves using photosensitizing agents in conjunction with specific light to target and destroy cancer cells selectively. The photosensitizers accumulate in the cancer cells and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon exposure to the activating light, leading to cellular damage and ultimately cell death. PDT offers several advantages, including its non-invasive nature, absence of known long-term side effects when administered correctly, and cost-effectiveness. It can be employed as a primary treatment for early-stage oral cancers or in combination with other therapies for more advanced cases. Nonetheless, it is important to note that PDT is most effective for superficial or localized cancers and may not be suitable for larger or deeply infiltrating tumors. Light sensitivity and temporary side effects may occur but can be managed with appropriate care. Ongoing research endeavors aim to expand the applications of PDT and develop novel photosensitizers to further enhance its efficacy in oral cancer treatment. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of PDT in treating oral cancers by analyzing a combination of preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Sadat Kazemi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Kazemi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hassan Mivehchi
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kamyar Nasiri
- Faculty of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Shayan Golestani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Nabi Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Aebisher D, Woźnicki P, Czarnecka-Czapczyńska M, Dynarowicz K, Szliszka E, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Bartusik-Aebisher D. Molecular Determinants for Photodynamic Therapy Resistance and Improved Photosensitizer Delivery in Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8708. [PMID: 39201395 PMCID: PMC11354549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas account for 24% of all the primary brain and Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors. These tumors are diverse in cellular origin, genetic profile, and morphology but collectively have one of the most dismal prognoses of all cancers. Work is constantly underway to discover a new effective form of glioma therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be one of them. It involves the local or systemic application of a photosensitive compound-a photosensitizer (PS)-which accumulates in the affected tissues. Photosensitizer molecules absorb light of the appropriate wavelength, initiating the activation processes leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species and the selective destruction of inappropriate cells. Research focusing on the effective use of PDT in glioma therapy is already underway with promising results. In our work, we provide detailed insights into the molecular changes in glioma after photodynamic therapy. We describe a number of molecules that may contribute to the resistance of glioma cells to PDT, such as the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette efflux transporter G2, glutathione, ferrochelatase, heme oxygenase, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1. We identify molecular targets that can be used to improve the photosensitizer delivery to glioma cells, such as the epithelial growth factor receptor, neuropilin-1, low-density lipoprotein receptor, and neuropeptide Y receptors. We note that PDT can increase the expression of some molecules that reduce the effectiveness of therapy, such as Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glutamate, and nitric oxide. However, the scientific literature lacks clear data on the effects of PDT on many of the molecules described, and the available reports are often contradictory. In our work, we highlight the gaps in this knowledge and point to directions for further research that may enhance the efficacy of PDT in the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of The Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Paweł Woźnicki
- English Division Science Club, Medical College of The Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Czarnecka-Czapczyńska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Szliszka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of The Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Ajuwon OR, Nsole-Biteghe FA, Ndong JD, Davids LM, Ajiboye BO, Brai B, Bamisaye FA, Falode JA, Odoh IM, Adegbite KI, Adegoke BO, Ntwasa M, Lebelo SL, Ayeleso AO. Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Response and Drug Efflux Transporters Upregulation as Possible Mechanisms of Resistance in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2024; 17:605-627. [PMID: 39131905 PMCID: PMC11313505 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s457749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a groundbreaking approach involving the induction of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) within tumors through visible light activation of photosensitizers (PS) in the presence of molecular oxygen. This innovative therapy has demonstrated success in treating various cancers. While PDT proves highly effective in most solid tumors, there are indications that certain cancers exhibit resistance, and some initially responsive cancers may develop intrinsic or acquired resistance to PDT. The molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance are not fully understood. Recent evidence suggests that, akin to other traditional cancer treatments, the activation of survival pathways, such as the KEAP1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, is emerging as an important mechanism of post-PDT resistance in many cancers. This article explores the dual role of Nrf2, highlighting evidence linking aberrant Nrf2 expression to treatment resistance across a range of cancers. Additionally, it delves into the specific role of Nrf2 in the context of photodynamic therapy for cancers, emphasizing evidence that suggests Nrf2-mediated upregulation of antioxidant responses and induction of drug efflux transporters are potential mechanisms of resistance to PDT in diverse cancer types. Therefore, understanding the specific role(s) of Nrf2 in PDT resistance may pave the way for the development of more effective cancer treatments using PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bartholomew Brai
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | | | - John Adeolu Falode
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Ikenna Maximillian Odoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
- Medical Center, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti-State, Nigeria
| | - Kabirat Iyabode Adegbite
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Basic Medical and Health Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Monde Ntwasa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Park 1709, Roodeport, South Africa
| | - Sogolo Lucky Lebelo
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Park 1709, Roodeport, South Africa
| | - Ademola Olabode Ayeleso
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Park 1709, Roodeport, South Africa
- Biochemistry Programme, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
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Magagnoli L, Ciceri P, Cozzolino M. Secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease: pathophysiology, current treatments and investigational drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:775-789. [PMID: 38881200 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2369307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It begins as an adaptive increase in parathyroid hormone levels to prevent calcium and phosphate derangements. Over time, this condition becomes maladaptive and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current therapies encompass phosphate-lowering strategies, vitamin D analogues, calcimimetics and parathyroidectomy. These approaches harbor inherent limitations, stimulating interest in the development of new drugs for SHPT to overcome these limitations and improve survival and quality of life among CKD patients. AREAS COVERED This review delves into the main pathophysiological mechanisms involved in SHPT, alongside the treatment options that are currently available and under active investigation. Data presented herein stem from a comprehensive search conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) spanning from 2000 onwards. EXPERT OPINION The advancements in investigational drugs for SHPT hold significant promise for enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects associated with conventional therapies. Although several challenges still hinder their adoption in clinical practice, ongoing research will likely continue to expand the available therapeutic options, refine treatment strategies, and tailor them to individual patient profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Magagnoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, IT, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Ciceri
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, IT, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Cozzolino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, IT, Milano, Italy
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Nkune NW, Abrahamse H. Combinatorial approach of cannabidiol and active-targeted-mediated photodynamic therapy in malignant melanoma treatment. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024:e202400191. [PMID: 39074910 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202400191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) continues to claim millions of lives around the world due to its limited therapeutic alternatives. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained popularity in cancer treatment due it increased potency and low off-target toxicity. Studies have pointed out that the heterogeneity of MM tumours reduces the efficacy of current therapeutic approaches, including PDT, leading to high chances of recurrences post-treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive derivative of cannabis, can synergise with various anticancer agents to increase their efficacy. However, CBD demonstrates low bioavailability, which is attributed to factors relating to poor water compatibility, poor absorption and rapid metabolism. Nanotechnology offers tools that address these issues and enhance the biological efficiency and targeted specificity of anticancer agents. Herein, we highlighted the standard therapeutic modalities of MM and their pitfalls, as well as pointed out the need for further investigation into PDT combination therapy with CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkune Williams Nkune
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
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8
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Simões MM, Paiva KLR, de Souza IF, Mello VC, Martins da Silva IG, Souza PEN, Muehlmann LA, Báo SN. The Potential of Photodynamic Therapy Using Solid Lipid Nanoparticles with Aluminum Phthalocyanine Chloride as a Nanocarrier for Modulating Immunogenic Cell Death in Murine Melanoma In Vitro. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:941. [PMID: 39065638 PMCID: PMC11280393 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses a photosensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that kill target cells. In cancer treatments, PDT can potentially induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), which is characterized by a well-controlled exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that activate dendritic cells (DCs) and consequently modulate the immune response in the tumor microenvironment. However, PDT still has limitations, such as the activity of photosensitizers in aqueous media and poor bioavailability. Therefore, a new photosensitizer system, SLN-AlPc, has been developed to improve the therapeutic efficacy of PDT. In vitro experiments showed that the light-excited nanocarrier increased ROS production in murine melanoma B16-F10 cells and modulated the profile of DCs. PDT induced cell death accompanied by the exposure of DAMPs and the formation of autophagosomes. In addition, the DCs exposed to PDT-treated B16-F10 cells exhibited morphological changes, increased expression of MHCII, CD86, CD80, and production of IL-12 and IFN-γ, suggesting immune activation towards an antitumor profile. These results indicate that the SLNs-AlPc protocol has the potential to improve PDT efficacy by inducing ICD and activating DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M. Simões
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (M.M.S.); (K.L.R.P.); (I.F.d.S.); (V.C.M.); (I.G.M.d.S.)
| | - Karen L. R. Paiva
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (M.M.S.); (K.L.R.P.); (I.F.d.S.); (V.C.M.); (I.G.M.d.S.)
| | - Isadora Florêncio de Souza
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (M.M.S.); (K.L.R.P.); (I.F.d.S.); (V.C.M.); (I.G.M.d.S.)
| | - Victor Carlos Mello
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (M.M.S.); (K.L.R.P.); (I.F.d.S.); (V.C.M.); (I.G.M.d.S.)
| | - Ingrid Gracielle Martins da Silva
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (M.M.S.); (K.L.R.P.); (I.F.d.S.); (V.C.M.); (I.G.M.d.S.)
| | - Paulo Eduardo Narcizo Souza
- Optical Spectroscopy Laboratory, Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil;
| | - Luis Alexandre Muehlmann
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Immunology, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil;
| | - Sônia Nair Báo
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (M.M.S.); (K.L.R.P.); (I.F.d.S.); (V.C.M.); (I.G.M.d.S.)
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Shi Z, Wang J, Li M, Gu L, Xu Z, Zhai X, Zhou S, Zhao J, Gu L, Chen L, Ju L, Zhou B, Hua H. Protective autophagy enhances antistress ability through AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway in human immortalized keratinocytes. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:821-834. [PMID: 38436129 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Keratinocytes, located in the outermost layer of human skin, are pivotal cells to resist environmental damage. Cellular autophagy plays a critical role in eliminating damaged organelles and maintaining skin cell homeostasis. Low-dose 5-Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) has been demonstrated to enhance skin's antistress ability; however, the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy in keratinocytes remain unclear. In this study, we treated immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) with low-dose ALA-PDT (0.5 mmol/L, 3 J/cm2). Through RNA-sequencing analysis, we identified that low-dose ALA-PDT modulated autophagy-related pathways in keratinocytes and pinpointed Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) as a key gene involved. Western blot results revealed that low-dose ALA-PDT treatment upregulated the expression of autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. Notably, low-dose ALA-PDT regulated autophagy by inducing an appropriate level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), transiently reducing mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreasing adenosine triphosphate production; all these processes functioned on the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/ULK1 pathway to activate autophagy. Finally, we simulated external environmental damage using ultraviolet B (UVB) at a dose of 60 mJ/cm2 and observed that low-dose ALA-PDT mitigated UVB-induced cell apoptosis; however, this protective effect was reversed when using the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. Overall, these findings highlight how low-dose ALA-PDT enhances antistress ability in HaCaT cells through controlling ROS generation and activating the AMPK/ULK1 pathway to arouse cellular autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinan Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Li Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhiyi Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhai
- Department of Dermatology, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jingting Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Liqun Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Nantong Institute of Liver Diseases, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Linling Ju
- Nantong Institute of Liver Diseases, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bingrong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Hua
- Department of Dermatology, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Wu R, Yuen J, Cheung E, Huang Z, Chu E. Review of three-dimensional spheroid culture models of gynecological cancers for photodynamic therapy research. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103975. [PMID: 38237651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.103975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a specific cancer treatment with minimal side effects. However, it remains challenging to apply PDT clinically, partially due to the difficulty of translating research findings to clinical settings as the conventional 2D cell models used for in vitro research are accepted as less physiologically relevant to a solid tumour. 3D spheroids offer a better model for testing PDT mechanisms and efficacy, particularly on photosensitizer uptake, cellular and subcellular distribution and interaction with cellular oxygen consumption. 3D spheroids are usually generated by scaffold-free and scaffold-based methods and are accepted as physiologically relevant models for PDT anticancer research. Scaffold-free methods offer researchers advantages including high efficiency, reproducible, and controlled microenvironment. While the scaffold-based methods offer an extracellular matrix-like 3D scaffold with the necessary architecture and chemical mediators to support the spheroid formation, the natural scaffold used may limit its usage because of low reproducibility due to patch-to-patch variation. Many studies show that the 3D spheroids do offer advantages to gynceologcial cancer PDT investigation. This article will provide a review of the applications of 3D spheroid culture models for the PDT research of gynaecological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rwk Wu
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jwm Yuen
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Eyw Cheung
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Z Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Photonics Science and Technology for Medicine, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Esm Chu
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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11
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Pashootan P, Saadati F, Fahimi H, Rahmati M, Strippoli R, Zarrabi A, Cordani M, Moosavi MA. Metal-based nanoparticles in cancer therapy: Exploring photodynamic therapy and its interplay with regulated cell death pathways. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123622. [PMID: 37989403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a non-invasive treatment strategy currently utilized in the clinical management of selected cancers and infections. This technique is predicated on the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) and subsequent irradiation with light of specific wavelengths, thereby generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) within targeted cells. The cellular effects of PDT are dependent on both the localization of the PS and the severity of ROS challenge, potentially leading to the stimulation of various cell death modalities. For many years, the concept of regulated cell death (RCD) triggered by photodynamic reactions predominantly encompassed apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. However, in recent decades, further explorations have unveiled additional cell death modalities, such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, and immunogenic cell death (ICD), which helps to achieve tumor cell elimination. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated substantial advantages over traditional PSs and become important components of PDT, due to their improved physicochemical properties, such as enhanced solubility and superior specificity for targeted cells. This review aims to summarize recent advancements in the applications of different metal-based NPs as PSs or delivery systems for optimized PDT in cancer treatment. Furthermore, it mechanistically highlights the contribution of RCD pathways during PDT with metal NPs and how these forms of cell death can improve specific PDT regimens in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parya Pashootan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saadati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran
| | - Hossein Fahimi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34396, Turkey; Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai - 600 077, India
| | - Marco Cordani
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran.
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12
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Merlin JPJ, Crous A, Abrahamse H. Nano-phototherapy: Favorable prospects for cancer treatment. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1930. [PMID: 37752098 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based phototherapies have drawn interest in the fight against cancer because of its noninvasiveness, high flexibility, and precision in terms of cancer targeting and drug delivery based on its surface properties and size. Phototherapy has made remarkable development in recent decades. Approaches to phototherapy, which utilize nanomaterials or nanotechnology have emerged to contribute to advances around nanotechnologies in medicine, particularly for cancers. A brief overviews of the development of photodynamic therapy as well as its mechanism in cancer treatment is provided. We emphasize the design of novel nanoparticles utilized in photodynamic therapy while summarizing the representative progress during the recent years. Finally, to forecast important future research in this area, we examine the viability and promise of photodynamic therapy systems based on nanoparticles in clinical anticancer treatment applications and briefly make mention of the elimination of all reactive metabolites pertaining to nano formulations inside living organisms providing insight into clinical mechanistic processes. Future developments and therapeutic prospects for photodynamic treatments are anticipated. Our viewpoints might encourage scientists to create more potent phototherapy-based cancer therapeutic modalities. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Jose Merlin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anine Crous
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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13
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Kessel D. Sites of sub-cellular photodamage: Apoptotic and autophagic responses. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:19-21. [PMID: 37212141 DOI: 10.1111/php.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Log dose-response curves relating to the effect of mitochondrial photodamage on clonogenic survival using benzoporphyrin derivative. With wild-type cells, autophagy produces a "shoulder" on the curve which is absent when an ATG5 knockdown is examined. Loss of ATG5 prevents the process of autophagy, which is seen to be cytoprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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14
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Melo BL, Lima-Sousa R, Alves CG, Correia IJ, de Melo-Diogo D. Sulfobetaine methacrylate-coated reduced graphene oxide-IR780 hybrid nanosystems for effective cancer photothermal-photodynamic therapy. Int J Pharm 2023; 647:123552. [PMID: 37884216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials with near infrared light absorption can mediate an antitumoral photothermal-photodynamic response that is weakly affected by cancer cells' resistance mechanisms. Such nanosystems are commonly prepared by loading photosensitizers into nanomaterials displaying photothermal capacity, followed by functionalization to achieve biological compatibility. However, the translation of these multifunctional nanomaterials has been limited by the fact that many of the photosensitizers are not responsive to near infrared light. Furthermore, the reliance on poly(ethylene glycol) for functionalizing the nanomaterials is also not ideal due to some immunogenicity reports. Herein, a novel photoeffective near infrared light-responsive nanosystem for cancer photothermal-photodynamic therapy was assembled. For such, dopamine-reduced graphene oxide was, for the first time, functionalized with sulfobetaine methacrylate-brushes, and then loaded with IR780 (IR780/SB/DOPA-rGO). This hybrid system revealed a nanometric size distribution, optimal surface charge and colloidal stability. The interaction of IR780/SB/DOPA-rGO with near infrared light prompted a temperature increase (photothermal effect) and production of singlet oxygen (photodynamic effect). In in vitro studies, the IR780/SB/DOPA-rGO per se did not elicit cytotoxicity (viability > 78 %). In contrast, the combination of IR780/SB/DOPA-rGO with near infrared light decreased breast cancer cells' viability to just 21 %, at a very low nanomaterial dose, highlighting its potential for cancer photothermal-photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna L Melo
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rita Lima-Sousa
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cátia G Alves
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ilídio J Correia
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; CIEPQPF - Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Duarte de Melo-Diogo
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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15
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Ibarra AMC, Aguiar EMG, Ferreira CBR, Siqueira JM, Corrêa L, Nunes FD, Franco ALDS, Cecatto RB, Hamblin MR, Rodrigues MFSD. Photodynamic therapy in cancer stem cells - state of the art. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:251. [PMID: 37919479 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant efforts to control cancer progression and to improve oncology treatment outcomes, recurrence and tumor resistance are frequently observed in cancer patients. These problems are partly related to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been developed as a therapeutic approach for solid tumors; however, it remains unclear how this therapy can affect CSCs. In this review, we focus on the effects of PDT on CSCs and the possible changes in the CSC population after PDT exposure. Tumor response to PDT varies according to the photosensitizer and light parameters employed, but most studies have reported the successful elimination of CSCs after PDT. However, some studies have reported that CSCs were more resistant to PDT than non-CSCs due to the increased efflux of photosensitizer molecules and the action of autophagy. Additionally, using different PDT approaches to target the CSCs resulted in increased sensitivity, reduction of sphere formation, invasiveness, stem cell phenotype, and improved response to chemotherapy. Lastly, although mainly limited to in vitro studies, PDT, combined with targeted therapies and/or chemotherapy, could successfully target CSCs in different solid tumors and promote the reduction of stemness, suggesting a promising therapeutic approach requiring evaluation in robust pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Melissa C Ibarra
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cássia B R Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Corrêa
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo - FOUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio D Nunes
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo - FOUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rebeca B Cecatto
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Fernanda S D Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Vadarevu H, Sorinolu AJ, Munir M, Vivero-Escoto JL. Autophagy Regulation Using Multimodal Chlorin e6-Loaded Polysilsesquioxane Nanoparticles to Improve Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051548. [PMID: 37242794 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising anticancer noninvasive technique that relies on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Unfortunately, PDT still has many limitations, including the resistance developed by cancer cells to the cytotoxic effect of ROS. Autophagy, which is a stress response mechanism, has been reported as a cellular pathway that reduces cell death following PDT. Recent studies have demonstrated that PDT in combination with other therapies can eliminate anticancer resistance. However, combination therapy is usually challenged by the differences in the pharmacokinetics of the drugs. Nanomaterials are excellent delivery systems for the efficient codelivery of two or more therapeutic agents. In this work, we report on the use of polysilsesquioxane (PSilQ) nanoparticles for the codelivery of chlorin-e6 (Ce6) and an autophagy inhibitor for early- or late-stage autophagy. Our results, obtained from a reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation assay and apoptosis and autophagy flux analyses, demonstrate that the reduced autophagy flux mediated by the combination approach afforded an increase in the phototherapeutic efficacy of Ce6-PSilQ nanoparticles. We envision that the promising results in the use of multimodal Ce6-PSilQ material as a codelivery system against cancer pave the way for its future application with other clinically relevant combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemapriyadarshini Vadarevu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- Nanoscale Science Program, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Adeola Julian Sorinolu
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Mariya Munir
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Juan L Vivero-Escoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- Nanoscale Science Program, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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17
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Fornel DG, Ferrisse TM, de Oliveira AB, Fontana CR. Photodynamic Therapy Can Modulate the Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Microenvironment Infected with the Epstein-Barr Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051344. [PMID: 37239013 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a malignancy from epithelial cells predominantly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and it is responsible for 140,000 deaths annually. There is a current need to develop new strategies to increase the efficacy of antineoplastic treatment and reduce side effects. Thus, the present study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the ability of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to modulate the tumor microenvironment and PDT efficacy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment. The reviewers conducted all steps in the systematic review. PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Scielo, Lilacs, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library databases were searched. The OHAT was used to assess the risk of bias. Meta-analysis was performed with a random-effects model (α = 0.05). Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells treated with PDT showed that IL-8, IL-1α, IL-1β, LC3BI, LC3BII, MMP2, and MMP9 levels were significantly higher than in groups that did not receive PDT. NF-ĸB, miR BART 1-5p, BART 16, and BART 17-5p levels were significantly lower in the PDT group than in the control group. Apoptosis levels and the viability of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (>70%) infected with EBV were effective after PDT. This treatment also increased LMP1 levels (0.28-0.50/p < 0.05) compared to the control group. PDT showed promising results for efficacy in killing nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells infected with EBV and modulating the tumor microenvironment. Further preclinical studies should be performed to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diógenes Germano Fornel
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Túlio Morandin Ferrisse
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Analú Barros de Oliveira
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil
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18
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Zeng Q, Liu J, Yan Y, Zhang G, Wang P, Zhang H, Liu X, Zhang L, Wang X. Modified 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy suppresses cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma through blocking Akt/mTOR-mediated autophagic flux. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1114678. [PMID: 37007013 PMCID: PMC10063783 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1114678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We previously found that modified 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (M-PDT) is painless and effective in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) treatment, however, the regulatory mechanism of M-PDT in cSCC is still unclear.Objective: To clarify the effect and relevant regulatory mechanism of M-PDT in cSCC.Methods: The cSCC apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry, TUNEL staining and Cleaved-caspase-3 immunofluorescence, respectively. The autophagy-related characterization was detected by monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), GFP-LC3B autophagic vacuoles localization and mRFP-EGFP tandem fluorescence-tagged LC3B construct, respectively. The expression of autophagy-related proteins and Akt/mTOR signaling molecules were examined by Western blot. ROS generation was measured by DCFH-DA probe.Results: We found that M-PDT induced cSCC apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, and this result was related to autophagic flux blockage. The phenomenon is confirmed by the results that M-PDT could induce autophagosomes accumulation and upregulate LC3-II and p62 expression. M-PDT elevated co-localization of RFP and GFP tandem-tagged LC3B puncta in cSCC cell, reflecting autophagic flux blockage, and this was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, we noticed that M-PDT induced accumulated autophagosomes-dependent apoptosis via targeting ROS-mediated Akt/mTOR signaling. Suppression of Akt potentiated M-PDT-induced upregulation of LC3-II and p62 levels, whereas Akt activation and ROS inhibition rendered resistance to these events. In addition, we observed that lysosomal dysfunction was involved in M-PDT-triggered accumulated autophagosomes-dependent cSCC apoptosis.Conclusion: Our data demonstrates that M-PDT inhibits cSCC through blocking Akt/mTOR-mediated autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiuli Wang
- *Correspondence: Linglin Zhang, ; Xiuli Wang,
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19
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de Melo Gomes LC, de Oliveira Cunha AB, Peixoto LFF, Zanon RG, Botelho FV, Silva MJB, Pinto-Fochi ME, Góes RM, de Paoli F, Ribeiro DL. Photodynamic therapy reduces cell viability, migration and triggers necroptosis in prostate tumor cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023:10.1007/s43630-023-00382-9. [PMID: 36867369 PMCID: PMC9983546 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American men, aside from skin cancer. As an alternative cancer treatment, photodynamic laser therapy (PDT) can be used to induce cell death. We evaluated the PDT effect, using methylene blue as a photosensitizer, in human prostate tumor cells (PC3). PC3 were subjected to four different conditions: DMEM (control); laser treatment (L-660 nm, 100 mW, 100 J.cm-2); methylene blue treatment (MB-25 μM, 30 min), and MB treatment followed by low-level red laser irradiation (MB-PDT). Groups were evaluated after 24 h. MB-PDT treatment reduced cell viability and migration. However, because MB-PDT did not significantly increase the levels of active caspase-3 and BCL-2, apoptosis was not the primary mode of cell death. MB-PDT, on the other hand, increased the acid compartment by 100% and the LC3 immunofluorescence (an autophagy marker) by 254%. Active MLKL level, a necroptosis marker, was higher in PC3 cells after MB-PDT treatment. Furthermore, MB-PDT resulted in oxidative stress due to a decrease in total antioxidant potential, catalase levels, and increased lipid peroxidation. According to these findings, MB-PDT therapy is effective at inducing oxidative stress and reducing PC3 cell viability. In such therapy, necroptosis is also an important mechanism of cell death triggered by autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calazans de Melo Gomes
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology. Institute of Biomedical Sciences-ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Amanda Branquinho de Oliveira Cunha
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology. Institute of Biomedical Sciences-ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Fernandes Peixoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology. Institute of Biomedical Sciences-ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Renata Graciele Zanon
- Department of Anatomy. Institute of Biomedical Sciences-ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Maria Etelvina Pinto-Fochi
- Faculdade de Medicina, União das Faculdades Dos Grandes Lagos, São José Do Rio Preto-São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane Maira Góes
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, São José Do Rio Preto-São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia de Paoli
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora-UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Daniele Lisboa Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology. Institute of Biomedical Sciences-ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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20
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Shikhevich S, Chadaeva I, Khandaev B, Kozhemyakina R, Zolotareva K, Kazachek A, Oshchepkov D, Bogomolov A, Klimova NV, Ivanisenko VA, Demenkov P, Mustafin Z, Markel A, Savinkova L, Kolchanov NA, Kozlov V, Ponomarenko M. Differentially Expressed Genes and Molecular Susceptibility to Human Age-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043996. [PMID: 36835409 PMCID: PMC9966505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mainstream transcriptome profiling of susceptibility versus resistance to age-related diseases (ARDs) is focused on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) specific to gender, age, and pathogeneses. This approach fits in well with predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory medicine and helps understand how, why, when, and what ARDs one can develop depending on their genetic background. Within this mainstream paradigm, we wanted to find out whether the known ARD-linked DEGs available in PubMed can reveal a molecular marker that will serve the purpose in anyone's any tissue at any time. We sequenced the periaqueductal gray (PAG) transcriptome of tame versus aggressive rats, identified rat-behavior-related DEGs, and compared them with their known homologous animal ARD-linked DEGs. This analysis yielded statistically significant correlations between behavior-related and ARD-susceptibility-related fold changes (log2 values) in the expression of these DEG homologs. We found principal components, PC1 and PC2, corresponding to the half-sum and the half-difference of these log2 values, respectively. With the DEGs linked to ARD susceptibility and ARD resistance in humans used as controls, we verified these principal components. This yielded only one statistically significant common molecular marker for ARDs: an excess of Fcγ receptor IIb suppressing immune cell hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Shikhevich
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Irina Chadaeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Bato Khandaev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- The Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Rimma Kozhemyakina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Karina Zolotareva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- The Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anna Kazachek
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- The Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry Oshchepkov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- The Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anton Bogomolov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- The Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Natalya V. Klimova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Ivanisenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- The Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Pavel Demenkov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Zakhar Mustafin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- The Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Arcady Markel
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- The Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ludmila Savinkova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nikolay A. Kolchanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- The Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kozlov
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology (RIFCI) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ponomarenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(383)-363-4963 (ext. 1311)
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Chen D, Zhang Y, Long W, Chai L, Myint TP, Zhou W, Zhou L, Wang M, Guo L. Visible light-driven photodynamic therapy for hypertrophic scars with MOF armored microneedles patch. Front Chem 2023; 11:1128255. [PMID: 36874068 PMCID: PMC9978826 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1128255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely used for the treatment of hypertrophic scars in clinical practice. However, the low transdermal delivery of photosensitizers in scar tissue and protective autophagy induced by Photodynamic therapy greatly reduces the therapeutic efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with these difficulties for overcoming obstacles in Photodynamic therapy treatment. In this study, a photosensitizer with photocatalytic performance was designed and synthesized using innovative MOFs (metal-organic frameworks). Additionally, the MOFs, together with an autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ), was loaded in a high mechanical strength microneedle patch (MNP) for transdermal delivery. With these functionalized MNP, photosensitizers and chloroquine were delivered deep inside hypertrophic scars. Inhibition of autophagy increases the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under high-intensity visible-light irradiation. Multiprong approaches have been used to remove obstacles in Photodynamic therapy and successfully enhance its anti-scarring effect. In vitro experiments indicated that the combined treatment increased the toxicity of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFs), downregulated the level of collagen type I expression as well as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)expression, decreased the autophagy marker protein LC3II/I ratio, increased the expression of P62. In vivo experiments showed that the MNP had good puncture performance, and significant therapeutic effects were observed in the rabbit ear scar model. These results indicate that functionalized MNP has high potential clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Long
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Langjie Chai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Thazin Phoone Myint
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Rezende TKL, Barbosa HP, dos Santos LF, de O. Lima K, Alves de Matos P, Tsubone TM, Gonçalves RR, Ferrari JL. Upconversion rare Earths nanomaterials applied to photodynamic therapy and bioimaging. Front Chem 2022; 10:1035449. [PMID: 36465861 PMCID: PMC9713237 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1035449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Light-based therapies and diagnoses including photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been used in many fields of medicine, including the treatment of non-oncological diseases and many types of cancer. PDT require a light source and a light-sensitive compound, called photosensitizer (PS), to detect and destroy cancer cells. After absorption of the photon, PS molecule gets excited from its singlet ground state to a higher electronically excited state which, among several photophysical processes, can emit light (fluorescence) and/or generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, the biological responses are activated only in specific areas of the tissue that have been submitted to exposure to light. The success of the PDT depends on many parameters, such as deep light penetration on tissue, higher PS uptake by undesired cells as well as its photophysical and photochemical characteristics. One of the challenges of PDT is the depth of penetration of light into biological tissues. Because photon absorption and scattering occur simultaneously, these processes depend directly on the light wavelength. Using PS that absorbs photons on "optical transparency windows" of biological tissues promises deeper penetration and less attenuation during the irradiation process. The traditional PS normally is excited by a higher energy photon (UV-Vis light) which has become the Achilles' heel in photodiagnosis and phototreatment of deep-seated tumors below the skin. Thus, the need to have an effective upconverter sensitizer agent is the property in which it absorbs light in the near-infrared (NIR) region and emits in the visible and NIR spectral regions. The red emission can contribute to the therapy and the green and NIR emission to obtain the image, for example. The absorption of NIR light by the material is very interesting because it allows greater penetration depth for in vivo bioimaging and can efficiently suppress autofluorescence and light scattering. Consequently, the penetration of NIR radiation is greater, activating the biophotoluminescent material within the cell. Thus, materials containing Rare Earth (RE) elements have a great advantage for these applications due to their attractive optical and physicochemical properties, such as several possibilities of excitation wavelengths - from UV to NIR, strong photoluminescence emissions, relatively long luminescence decay lifetimes (µs to ms), and high sensitivity and easy preparation. In resume, the relentless search for new systems continues. The contribution and understanding of the mechanisms of the various physicochemical properties presented by this system is critical to finding a suitable system for cancer treatment via PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís K. L. Rezende
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Materiais Inorgânicos com Terras Raras−DeMITeR, Instituto de Química−(IQ), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia−(UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Helliomar P. Barbosa
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Materiais Inorgânicos com Terras Raras−DeMITeR, Instituto de Química−(IQ), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia−(UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Luiz F. dos Santos
- Laboratório de Materiais Luminescentes Micro e Nanoestruturados−Mater Lumen, Departamento de Química, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo−(USP), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Karmel de O. Lima
- Laboratório de Materiais Luminescentes Micro e Nanoestruturados−Mater Lumen, Departamento de Química, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo−(USP), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Alves de Matos
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Fotobiologia e Biomoléculas (LIFeBio), Instituto de Química−(IQ), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia−(UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Tayana M. Tsubone
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Fotobiologia e Biomoléculas (LIFeBio), Instituto de Química−(IQ), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia−(UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Rogéria R. Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Materiais Luminescentes Micro e Nanoestruturados−Mater Lumen, Departamento de Química, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo−(USP), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Jefferson L. Ferrari
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Materiais Inorgânicos com Terras Raras−DeMITeR, Instituto de Química−(IQ), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia−(UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
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23
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Wang C, Li Y, Tian Y, Ma W, Sun Y. Effects of polymer carriers on the occurrence and development of autophagy in drug delivery. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3676-3688. [PMID: 36133340 PMCID: PMC9470016 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00355d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that can degrade cytoplasmic materials and recycle energy to maintain metabolite homeostasis in cells. Autophagy is closely related to various physiological or pathological processes. Macromolecular materials are widely used in drug delivery systems and disease treatments due to their intrinsic effects, such as altered pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Interaction of autophagic flux or the signal pathway with macromolecules may cause autophagy inhibition or autophagy cell death. This review covers autophagy regulation pathways and macromolecular materials (including functional micelles, biodegradable and pH-sensitive polymers, biomacromolecules, dendrimers, coordination polymers, and hybrid nanoparticles) mediated autophagy modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changduo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266000 China +86-532-82991203
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Qingdao 266000 China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266000 China +86-532-82991203
| | - Wenyuan Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266000 China +86-532-82991203
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266000 China +86-532-82991203
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24
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Qiang L, Li H, Wang Z, Wan L, Jiang G. Deconvoluting the complexity of autophagy in colorectal cancer: From crucial pathways to targeted therapies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1007509. [PMID: 36172152 PMCID: PMC9510924 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1007509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common gastrointestinal tumor with a high degree of malignancy, and most clinical cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which has unfortunately missed an opportunity for surgery; therefore, elucidation of the crucial pathways of CRC development and discovery of targeted therapeutic strategies should be anticipated. Autophagy, which is an evolutionarily highly conserved catabolic process, may promote tumorigenesis and development of CRC. On the contrary, autophagy can trigger programmed cell death to inhibit CRC progression. Correspondingly, several targeted therapeutic strategies have been reported in CRC, including small-molecule compounds, polypeptides, non-coding RNAs, photodynamic, and adjuvant therapies. Thus, in this review, we focus on summarizing the crucial pathways of autophagy in CRC, and further discuss the current therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy. Together, these findings may shed light on the key regulatory mechanisms of autophagy and provide more promising therapeutic approaches for the future CRC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Qiang
- Department of Gastroenterology Ward, Guang’an People’s Hospital, Guang’an, China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guang’an People’s Hospital, Guang’an, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guang’an People’s Hospital, Guang’an, China
| | - Lin Wan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guang’an People’s Hospital, Guang’an, China
| | - Guangfu Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guang’an People’s Hospital, Guang’an, China
- *Correspondence: Guangfu Jiang,
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25
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Ma Z, Lin K, Tang M, Ramachandran M, Qiu R, Li J, Solano LN, Huang Y, De Souza C, Abou-Adas S, Xiang B, Zhang L, Li M, Li Y. A pH-Driven Small-Molecule Nanotransformer Hijacks Lysosomes and Overcomes Autophagy-Induced Resistance in Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204567. [PMID: 35791769 PMCID: PMC9995155 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Smart conversion of supramolecular structures in vivo is an attractive strategy in cancer nanomedicine, which is usually achieved via specific peptide sequences. Here we developed a lysosomal targeting small-molecule conjugate, PBC, which self-assembles into nanoparticles at physiological pH and smartly converts to nanofibrils in lysosomes of tumor cells. Such a transformation mechanically leads to lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy inhibition, and unusual cytoplasmic vacuolation, thus granting PBC a unique anticancer activity as a monotherapy. Importantly, the photo-activated PBC elicits significant phototoxicity to lysosomes and shows enormous advantages in overcoming autophagy-caused treatment resistance frequently occurring in conventional phototherapy. This improved phototherapy achieves a complete cure of oral cancer xenografts upon limited administration. Our work provides a new paradigm for the construction of nonpeptide nanotransformers with biomedical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Kai Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Menghuan Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Mythili Ramachandran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Reng Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Lucas N Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Yanyu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Cristabelle De Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Sara Abou-Adas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Bai Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Minyong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yuanpei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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26
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Ma Z, Lin K, Tang M, Ramachandran M, Qiu R, Li J, Solano LN, Huang Y, De Souza C, Abou-Adas S, Xiang B, Zhang L, Li M, Li Y. A pH‐Driven Small‐Molecule Nanotransformer Hijacks Lysosomes and Overcomes Autophagy‐Induced Resistance in Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ma
- Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Kai Lin
- University of California Davis School of Medicine Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine UNITED STATES
| | - Menghuan Tang
- University of California Davis School of Medicine Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine UNITED STATES
| | - Mythili Ramachandran
- University of California Davis School of Medicine Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine UNITED STATES
| | - Reng Qiu
- University of California Davis School of Medicine Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine UNITED STATES
| | - Jin Li
- University of California Davis School of Medicine Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine UNITED STATES
| | - Lucas N. Solano
- University of California Davis School of Medicine Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine UNITED STATES
| | - Yanyu Huang
- University of California Davis Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine UNITED STATES
| | - Cristabelle De Souza
- University of California Davis School of Medicine Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine UNITED STATES
| | - Sara Abou-Adas
- University of California Davis Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine UNITED STATES
| | - Bai Xiang
- University of California Davis School of Medicine Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine UNITED STATES
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- Ocean University of China College of Food Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Minyong Li
- Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yuanpei Li
- University of California Davis School of Medicine Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine 2700 Stockton Blvd, Suite 2405 95817 Sacramento UNITED STATES
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27
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Brue CR, Dukes MW, Masotti M, Holmgren R, Meade TJ. Functional Disruption of Gli1-DNA Recognition via a Cobalt(III) Complex. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200025. [PMID: 35302712 PMCID: PMC10826845 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant activation of the Gli family of zinc finger transcription factors (ZFTFs) is associated with several types of human cancer, including medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma. We have reported the use of cobalt(III) Schiff-base complexes (Co(III)-sb) as potent inhibitors of ZFTFs in vivo. These complexes inhibit transcription by displacing the zinc finger domain's structural Zn(II) ion, destabilizing the alpha helix necessary for DNA recognition. Here, we describe the use of Co(III)-sb complexes for the selective inhibition of Gli1. Spectroscopic and computational studies of the Gli1 DNA binding domain found that Co(III)-sb displaced Zn(II) through direct coordination with the His residues of the Cys2 His2 Zn(II) binding site. As a result, there is a dose-dependent degradation of the alpha-helix content in the DNA binding domain of Gli1 and corresponding inhibition of consensus sequence recognition. We conclude that this strategy is well suited for the development of new and potent inhibitors of Gli1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Brue
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Meghan W Dukes
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Meghan Masotti
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Robert Holmgren
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Thomas J Meade
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
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28
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Hasan A, Rizvi SF, Parveen S, Pathak N, Nazir A, Mir SS. Crosstalk Between ROS and Autophagy in Tumorigenesis: Understanding the Multifaceted Paradox. Front Oncol 2022; 12:852424. [PMID: 35359388 PMCID: PMC8960719 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer formation is a highly regulated and complex process, largely dependent on its microenvironment. This complexity highlights the need for developing novel target-based therapies depending on cancer phenotype and genotype. Autophagy, a catabolic process, removes damaged and defective cellular materials through lysosomes. It is activated in response to stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is induced by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are multifaceted molecules that drive several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer. Moreover, autophagy also plays a dual role, initially inhibiting tumor formation but promoting tumor progression during advanced stages. Mounting evidence has suggested an intricate crosstalk between autophagy and ROS where they can either suppress cancer formation or promote disease etiology. This review highlights the regulatory roles of autophagy and ROS from tumor induction to metastasis. We also discuss the therapeutic strategies that have been devised so far to combat cancer. Based on the review, we finally present some gap areas that could be targeted and may provide a basis for cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Hasan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Suroor Fatima Rizvi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sana Parveen
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Neelam Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. RML Avadh University, Faizabad, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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29
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Modulating the Antioxidant Response for Better Oxidative Stress-Inducing Therapies: How to Take Advantage of Two Sides of the Same Medal? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040823. [PMID: 35453573 PMCID: PMC9029215 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-inducing therapies are characterized as a specific treatment that involves the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) by external or internal sources. To protect cells against oxidative stress, cells have evolved a strong antioxidant defense system to either prevent RONS formation or scavenge them. The maintenance of the redox balance ensures signal transduction, development, cell proliferation, regulation of the mechanisms of cell death, among others. Oxidative stress can beneficially be used to treat several diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, heart disease, cancer, and other diseases by regulating the antioxidant system. Understanding the mechanisms of various endogenous antioxidant systems can increase the therapeutic efficacy of oxidative stress-based therapies, leading to clinical success in medical treatment. This review deals with the recent novel findings of various cellular endogenous antioxidant responses behind oxidative stress, highlighting their implication in various human diseases, such as ulcers, skin pathologies, oncology, and viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2.
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30
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Bortot B, Apollonio M, Baj G, Andolfi L, Zupin L, Crovella S, di Giosia M, Cantelli A, Saporetti R, Ulfo L, Petrosino A, Di Lorenzo G, Romano F, Ricci G, Mongiat M, Danielli A, Calvaresi M, Biffi S. Advanced photodynamic therapy with an engineered M13 phage targeting EGFR: Mitochondrial localization and autophagy induction in ovarian cancer cell lines. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:242-251. [PMID: 34808331 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a potential synergistic approach to chemotherapy for treating ovarian cancer, the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Here we used M13 bacteriophage as a targeted vector for the efficient photodynamic killing of SKOV3 and COV362 cells. The M13 phage was refactored (M13r) to display an EGFR binding peptide in its tip that is frequently overexpressed in ovarian cancer. The refactored phage was conjugated with chlorin e6 (Ce6), one of the most widely used photosensitizers (M13r-Ce6). The new platform, upon irradiation, generated ROS by type I mechanism and showed activity in killing SKOV3 and COV362 cells even at concentrations in which Ce6 alone was ineffective. A microscopy analysis demonstrated an enhanced cellular uptake of M13r-Ce6 compared to free Ce6 and its mitochondrial localization. Western blot analysis revealed significant downregulation in the expression of EGFR in cells exposed to M13r-Ce6 after PDT. Following PDT treatment, autophagy induction was supported by an increased expression of LC3II, along with a raised autophagic fluorescent signal, as observed by fluorescence microscopy analysis for autophagosome visualization. As a conclusion we have herein proposed a bacteriophage-based receptor targeted photodynamic therapy for EGFR-positive ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bortot
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maura Apollonio
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Baj
- BRAIN Center for Neuroscience, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Andolfi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luisa Zupin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Matteo di Giosia
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Cantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Saporetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Ulfo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annapaola Petrosino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Lorenzo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Federico Romano
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ricci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mongiat
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy
| | - Alberto Danielli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefania Biffi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
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Yang L, Huang B, Hu S, An Y, Sheng J, Li Y, Wang Y, Gu N. Indocyanine green assembled free oxygen-nanobubbles towards enhanced near-infrared induced photodynamic therapy. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:4285-4293. [PMID: 35126878 PMCID: PMC8800431 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown a promising capability for cancer treatment with minimal side effects. Indocyanine green (ICG), the only clinically approved near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore, has been used as a photosensitizer for PDT in clinical application. However, the main obstacle of directly utilizing ICG in the clinic lies in its low singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yield (QY) and instability in aqueous solution. To improve the PDT efficacy of ICG, free ICG molecules were assembled with free oxygen nanobubbles (NBs-O2) to fabricate ICG-NBs-O2 by hydrophilic-hydrophobe interactions on the gas-liquid interface. Interestingly, 1O2 QY of ICG-NBs-O2 solution was significantly increased to 1.6%, which was estimated to be 8 times as high as that of free ICG solution. Meanwhile, ICG-NBs-O2 exhibited better aqueous solution stability compared with free ICG. Furthermore, through establishing tumor models in nude mice, the therapeutic efficacy of ICG-NBs-O2 was also assessed in the PDT treatment of oral cancer. The tumor volume in ICG-NBs-O2 treated group on day 14 decreased to 0.56 of the initial tumor size on day 1, while the tumor volume in free ICG treated group increased to 2.4 times. The results demonstrated that ICG-NBs-O2 showed excellent tumor ablation in vivo. Therefore, this facile method provided an effective strategy for enhanced PDT treatment of ICG and showed great potential in clinical application. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material (measurements of the singlet oxygen quantum yield of ICG-NBs-O2, time-dependent temperature changes during the laser irradiation, photographs of Cal27 tumor-bearing nude mice and complete blood count of health male balb/c mice analysis) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-022-4085-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, 210013 China
| | - Shiqi Hu
- Nanjing Stomatology Hospital, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Yuan An
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Jingyi Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Nanjing Stomatology Hospital, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
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Dobre M, Boscencu R, Neagoe IV, Surcel M, Milanesi E, Manda G. Insight into the Web of Stress Responses Triggered at Gene Expression Level by Porphyrin-PDT in HT29 Human Colon Carcinoma Cells. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071032. [PMID: 34371724 PMCID: PMC8309054 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a highly targeted therapy with acceptable side effects, has emerged as a promising therapeutic option in oncologic pathology. One of the issues that needs to be addressed is related to the complex network of cellular responses developed by tumor cells in response to PDT. In this context, this study aims to characterize in vitro the stressors and the corresponding cellular responses triggered by PDT in the human colon carcinoma HT29 cell line, using a new asymmetric porphyrin derivative (P2.2) as a photosensitizer. Besides investigating the ability of P2.2-PDT to reduce the number of viable tumor cells at various P2.2 concentrations and fluences of the activating light, we assessed, using qRT-PCR, the expression levels of 84 genes critically involved in the stress response of PDT-treated cells. Results showed a fluence-dependent decrease of viable tumor cells at 24 h post-PDT, with few cells that seem to escape from PDT. We highlighted following P2.2-PDT the concomitant activation of particular cellular responses to oxidative stress, hypoxia, DNA damage and unfolded protein responses and inflammation. A web of inter-connected stressors was induced by P2.2-PDT, which underlies cell death but also elicits protective mechanisms that may delay tumor cell death or even defend these cells against the deleterious effects of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dobre
- Radiobiology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rica Boscencu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionela Victoria Neagoe
- Radiobiology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Radiobiology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Milanesi
- Radiobiology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gina Manda
- Radiobiology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
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Co-Encapsulation of Methylene Blue and PARP-Inhibitor into Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles for Enhanced PDT of Cancer. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061514. [PMID: 34201069 PMCID: PMC8227603 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of resistance against photodamage triggered by photodynamic therapy (PDT) is ascribed mainly to the cellular redox defenses and repair. If the tumor tissue is not promptly eliminated by the first few PDT sessions, PDT-resistance can be favored, challenging the efficacy of the treatment. Although the mechanism of PDT resistance is still unclear, in vitro assays have evidenced that it can be developed through the PARP damage-repair signaling pathway. Therefore, inhibition of poly(adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose) polymerase (PARP) has the potential to increase PDT efficacy. This work reports on the synthesis of a controlled release system of a photosensitizer, methylene blue (MB) and a PARP-inhibitor, the veliparib. MB and veliparib were co-encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (VMB-NPs). A colloidal stable aqueous suspension of nanoparticles was obtained. The average hydrodynamic diameter was 90 nm and a narrow size distribution was obtained, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.08. The release kinetics of MB and veliparib from VMB-NPs showed an initial burst of 8.7% and 58.3% release of the total amounts of MB and veliparib respectively, in the first 6 h, and a delayed release of up to 11.3% and 70%, in 19 days, for MB and veliparib, respectively. The VMB-NPs showed no cytotoxicity in the dark but the viability of B16F10-Nex2 cells decreased by 36% when the cells were irradiated (102 J/cm2, 660 nm) and treated with VMB-NPs containing 1.0 µM of MB and 8.3 µM of veliparib. Considering the increased photoactivity even at low MB and veliparib concentrations and the absence of cytotoxicity in dark, the co-encapsulation of MB and veliparib was shown to be a promising strategy to improve the PDT efficacy.
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Martins WK, Silva MDND, Pandey K, Maejima I, Ramalho E, Olivon VC, Diniz SN, Grasso D. Autophagy-targeted therapy to modulate age-related diseases: Success, pitfalls, and new directions. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100033. [PMID: 34909664 PMCID: PMC8663935 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical metabolic process that supports homeostasis at a basal level and is dynamically regulated in response to various physiological and pathological processes. Autophagy has some etiologic implications that support certain pathological processes due to alterations in the lysosomal-degradative pathway. Some of the conditions related to autophagy play key roles in highly relevant human diseases, e.g., cardiovascular diseases (15.5%), malignant and other neoplasms (9.4%), and neurodegenerative conditions (3.7%). Despite advances in the discovery of new strategies to treat these age-related diseases, autophagy has emerged as a therapeutic option after preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we discuss the pitfalls and success in regulating autophagy initiation and its lysosome-dependent pathway to restore its homeostatic role and mediate therapeutic effects for cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiac diseases. The main challenge for the development of autophagy regulators for clinical application is the lack of specificity of the repurposed drugs, due to the low pharmacological uniqueness of their target, including those that target the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and AMPK pathway. Then, future efforts must be conducted to deal with this scenery, including the disclosure of key components in the autophagy machinery that may intervene in its therapeutic regulation. Among all efforts, those focusing on the development of novel allosteric inhibitors against autophagy inducers, as well as those targeting autolysosomal function, and their integration into therapeutic regimens should remain a priority for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska Kerllen Martins
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Maryana do Nascimento da Silva
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Kiran Pandey
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, Meyer Building, Room 823, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Ikuko Maejima
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 3718512, Japan
| | - Ercília Ramalho
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Vania Claudia Olivon
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Physiology, UNIDERP, Av. Ceará, 333. Vila Miguel Couto, Campo Grande, MS, 79003-010, Brazil
| | - Susana Nogueira Diniz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Daniel Grasso
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Junín 954 p4, Buenos Aires, C1113AAD, Argentina
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