1
|
Choi HS, Kim BS, Yoon S, Oh SO, Lee D. Leukemic Stem Cells and Hematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6639. [PMID: 38928344 PMCID: PMC11203822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between leukemic stem cells (LSCs) and leukemia development has been widely established in the context of genetic alterations, epigenetic pathways, and signaling pathway regulation. Hematopoietic stem cells are at the top of the bone marrow hierarchy and can self-renew and progressively generate blood and immune cells. The microenvironment, niche cells, and complex signaling pathways that regulate them acquire genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations due to aging, a chronic inflammatory environment, stress, and cancer, resulting in hematopoietic stem cell dysregulation and the production of abnormal blood and immune cells, leading to hematological malignancies and blood cancer. Cells that acquire these mutations grow at a faster rate than other cells and induce clone expansion. Excessive growth leads to the development of blood cancers. Standard therapy targets blast cells, which proliferate rapidly; however, LSCs that can induce disease recurrence remain after treatment, leading to recurrence and poor prognosis. To overcome these limitations, researchers have focused on the characteristics and signaling systems of LSCs and therapies that target them to block LSCs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the types of hematopoietic malignancies, the characteristics of leukemic stem cells that cause them, the mechanisms by which these cells acquire chemotherapy resistance, and the therapies targeting these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seon Choi
- Department of Convergence Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byoung Soo Kim
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sik Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.); (S.-O.O.)
| | - Sae-Ock Oh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.); (S.-O.O.)
| | - Dongjun Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea;
- Transplantation Research Center, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kishida M, Fujisawa M, Steidl C. Molecular biomarkers in classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Semin Hematol 2024:S0037-1963(24)00069-6. [PMID: 38969539 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma is a unique B-cell derived malignancy featuring rare malignant Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg (HRS) cells that are embedded in a quantitively dominant tumor microenvironment (TME). Treatment of classic Hodgkin lymphoma has significantly evolved in the past decade with improving treatment outcomes for newly diagnosed patients and the minority of patients suffering from disease progression. However, the burden of toxicity and treatment-related long-term sequelae remains high in a typically young patient population. This highlights the need for better molecular biomarkers aiding in risk-adapted treatment strategies and predicting response to an increasing number of available treatments that now prominently involve multiple immunotherapy options. Here, we review modern molecular biomarker approaches that reflect both the biology of the malignant HRS cells and cellular components in the TME, while holding the promise to improve diagnostic frameworks for clinical decision-making and be feasible in clinical trials and routine practice. In particular, technical advances in sequencing and analytic pipelines using liquid biopsies, as well as deep phenotypic characterization of tissue architecture at single-cell resolution, have emerged as the new frontier of biomarker development awaiting further validation and implementation in routine diagnostic procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kishida
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer department, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Manabu Fujisawa
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer department, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Christian Steidl
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer department, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muhsen IN, Hill LC, Ramos CA. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Hodgkin and T-Cell Lymphomas. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2023; 37:1107-1124. [PMID: 37357070 PMCID: PMC10697615 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The authors review the current use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-transduced T cells (CAR-T) in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and T-cell lymphomas (TCL) and discuss the data on CD30-targeting CAR-T cells, which seem to be safe and effective in HL. In addition, the authors examine the use of CAR-T cells targeting CD30, CD5, or CD7 in TCL, while highlighting the unique challenges of their use in this subset of lymphomas. Furthermore, the authors present future directions and ongoing trials investigating the use of CAR-T cells in TCL and HL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim N Muhsen
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - LaQuisa C Hill
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carlos A Ramos
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karsten H, Matrisch L, Cichutek S, Fiedler W, Alsdorf W, Block A. Broadening the horizon: potential applications of CAR-T cells beyond current indications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285406. [PMID: 38090582 PMCID: PMC10711079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering immune cells to treat hematological malignancies has been a major focus of research since the first resounding successes of CAR-T-cell therapies in B-ALL. Several diseases can now be treated in highly therapy-refractory or relapsed conditions. Currently, a number of CD19- or BCMA-specific CAR-T-cell therapies are approved for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), multiple myeloma (MM), and follicular lymphoma (FL). The implementation of these therapies has significantly improved patient outcome and survival even in cases with previously very poor prognosis. In this comprehensive review, we present the current state of research, recent innovations, and the applications of CAR-T-cell therapy in a selected group of hematologic malignancies. We focus on B- and T-cell malignancies, including the entities of cutaneous and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (T-ALL, PTCL, CTCL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), classical Hodgkin-Lymphoma (HL), Burkitt-Lymphoma (BL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM). While these diseases are highly heterogenous, we highlight several similarly used approaches (combination with established therapeutics, target depletion on healthy cells), targets used in multiple diseases (CD30, CD38, TRBC1/2), and unique features that require individualized approaches. Furthermore, we focus on current limitations of CAR-T-cell therapy in individual diseases and entities such as immunocompromising tumor microenvironment (TME), risk of on-target-off-tumor effects, and differences in the occurrence of adverse events. Finally, we present an outlook into novel innovations in CAR-T-cell engineering like the use of artificial intelligence and the future role of CAR-T cells in therapy regimens in everyday clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Karsten
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Matrisch
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sophia Cichutek
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Walter Fiedler
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Alsdorf
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Block
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ferreira RC, Duarte SS, de Sousa VM, de Souza RRM, Marques KKG, de Abrantes RA, do Nascimento YM, de Sousa NF, Scotti MT, Scotti L, Tavares JF, Gonçalves JCR, da Silva MS, Sobral MV. The Essential Oil from Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist (Asteraceae) Exerts an In Vitro Antimelanoma Effect by Inducing Apoptosis and Modulating the MAPKs, NF-κB, and PKB/AKT Signaling Pathways. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1553. [PMID: 38004419 PMCID: PMC10674350 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization and cytotoxicity of the essential oil from Conyza bonariensis (L.) aerial parts (CBEO) were previously conducted. The major compound was (Z)-2-lachnophyllum ester (EZ), and CBEO exhibited significant ROS-dependent cytotoxicity in the melanoma cell line SK-MEL-28. Herein, we employed the Molegro Virtual Docker v.6.0.1 software to investigate the interactions between the EZ and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs), the Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB), and the Protein Kinase B (PKB/AKT). Additionally, in vitro assays were performed in SK-MEL-28 cells to assess the effect of CBEO on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and these signaling pathways by flow cytometry and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using MAPKs inhibitors. CBEO induced a significant increase in the sub-G1 peak, as well as biochemical and morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis. The in-silico results indicated that EZ interacts with Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1 (ERK1), c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 1 (JNK1), p38α MAPK, NF-κB, and PKB/AKT. Moreover, CBEO modulated the ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK, NF-κB, and PKB/AKT activities in SK-MEL-28 cells. Furthermore, CBEO's cytotoxicity against SK-MEL-28 cells was significantly altered in the presence of MAPKs inhibitors. These findings support the in vitro antimelanoma effect of CBEO through apoptosis induction, and the modulation of ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK, NF-κB, and PKB/AKT activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marianna Vieira Sobral
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil (R.R.M.d.S.); (K.K.G.M.)
| |
Collapse
|