1
|
Kwon D, Kim Y, Cho SH. Antidepressant Effects of Ginsenoside Rc on L-Alpha-Aminoadipic Acid-Induced Astrocytic Ablation and Neuroinflammation in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9673. [PMID: 39273621 PMCID: PMC11396248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent and debilitating mental disorder that affects millions worldwide. Current treatments, such as antidepressants targeting the serotonergic system, have limitations, including delayed onset of action and high rates of treatment resistance, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies. Ginsenoside Rc (G-Rc) has shown potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, but its antidepressant properties remain unexplored. This study investigated the antidepressant effects of G-Rc in an L-alpha-aminoadipic acid (L-AAA)-induced mouse model of depression, which mimics the astrocytic pathology and neuroinflammation observed in major depressive disorder. Mice were administered G-Rc, vehicle, or imipramine orally after L-AAA injection into the prefrontal cortex. G-Rc significantly reduced the immobility time in forced swimming and tail suspension tests compared to vehicle treatment, with more pronounced effects than imipramine. It also attenuated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, lipocalin-2) and alleviated astrocytic degeneration, as indicated by increased GFAP and decreased IBA-1 levels. Additionally, G-Rc modulated apoptosis-related proteins, decreasing caspase-3 and increasing Bcl-2 levels compared to the L-AAA-treated group. These findings suggest that G-Rc exerts antidepressant effects by regulating neuroinflammation, astrocyte-microglia crosstalk, and apoptotic pathways in the prefrontal cortex, highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic agent for depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dohyung Kwon
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunna Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Research Group of Neuroscience, East-West Medical Research Institute, WHO Collaborating Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Cho
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Research Group of Neuroscience, East-West Medical Research Institute, WHO Collaborating Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bai JJ, Ao M, Xing A, Yu LJ, Tong HY, Bao WY, Wang Y. Areca Thirteen Pill Improves Depression in Rat by Modulation of the Chemokine/Chemokine Receptor Axis. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4633-4647. [PMID: 38110645 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Depressive disorder is a severe and complex mental illness. There are a few anti-depressive medications that can reduce depressive symptoms, but with adverse or side effects. GaoYou-13 (GY-13), commonly known as Areca Thirteen Pill, is a traditional medicine for depression treatment with significant clinical impact. However, the molecular mechanism of GY-13 has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to explore and explain the action and mechanism of GY-13 in treatment for depression. SD male rats were stimulated differently daily for 42 days to construct a depression rat model and divided into six groups: the control, CUMS model, GY-13L, GY-13 M, GY-13H, and FLUO. The body weight of was measured on day 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 or different days, and the behavioral tests (Open-field test, Sucrose preference test, Morris water maze) were made alongside. After the rats were decapitated, the rat brains were stained with Nissl or H&E dyes. The serums of TNF-α and IL-1β were tested. The protein of p-IKKα, p-IкBα, and p-NFкBp65 was traced. Then nano-LC-MS/MS analysis was made to detect the mechanism of GY-13. The active ingredients, drug targets, and key pathways of GY-13 in treating depression were analyzed through network pharmacology and molecular docking. With immunohistochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR, and western-blot techniques, the therapeutic mechanism of GY-13 was traced and analyzed. This study revealed that GY-13 significantly enhances autonomous and exploratory behavior, sucrose consumption, learning and memory ability, and hippocampal neuronal degeneration, which inhibits inflammation. In addition, omics analysis showed several proteins were altered in the hippocampus of rats following CUMS and GY-13 treatment. Bioinformatics analysis and network pharmacology revealed the antidepressant effects of GY-13 are related to the chemokine/chemokine receptor axis. Immunohistochemistry, western blotting and RT-PCR assay further support the findings of omics analysis. We highlighted the importance of the chemokine/chemokine receptor axis in the treatment of depression, as well as showed GY-13 can be used as a novel targeted therapy for depression treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563006, People's Republic of China
- Tongliao Institute of agriculture and animal husbandry, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Ao
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - An Xing
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Yu
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ying Tong
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu-Ye Bao
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563006, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen H, Zhao X, Ma X, Ma H, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Peng Z, Xue S, Cai M. Effects of esketamine and fluoxetine on depression-like behaviors in chronic variable stress: a role of plasma inflammatory factors. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1388946. [PMID: 38812484 PMCID: PMC11133692 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1388946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence has identified the rapid and sustained antidepressive and anxiolytic-like effects of esketamine. However, the underlying mechanism of this no-monoamine target rapid-onset antidepressant is still underexplored. Immune-inflammatory pathways and cell-mediated immune activation, mainly including inflammatory cytokines in plasma, play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder and are also a potential therapeutic target for MDD. The current study was designed to clarify the role of esketamine on the expression of plasma cytokines in a depressive-like model introduced by chronic variable stress (CVS). In this study, a 21-day consecutive CVS protocol was applied to produce depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. After the single dose or 7-day repeated administration of esketamine or fluoxetine, the depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in plasma were examined. Both a single dose of esketamine and 7-days repeated fluoxetine administration elicited anti-depressive and anxiolytic effects in mice exposed to CVS. Additionally, CVS produced significant changes in the plasma inflammatory factors, notably increasing the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, TNFα, IL-4, IL-9, IL-24, IL-37, IFN-β, and CXCL12, while reducing IL-10 and IL-33. With the administration of esketamine and fluoxetine, CVS-produced inflammatory disturbances were partially normalized. Together, our findings provide a novel insight that acute esketamine treatment could rescue CVS-produced depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviors in mice by normalizing the expression of inflammatory cytokines; this effect was similar to the repeated administration of fluoxetine. These results contributed to the understating of rapid anti-depressant effects elicited by esketamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Chen
- The College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinxu Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongzhe Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cuihong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengwu Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Xue
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Cai
- The College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun L, Wilke Saliba S, Apweiler M, Akmermer K, Herlan C, Grathwol C, de Oliveira ACP, Normann C, Jung N, Bräse S, Fiebich BL. Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of a Macrocyclic Peptide-Peptoid Hybrid in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV2 Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4462. [PMID: 38674048 PMCID: PMC11049839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation processes of the central nervous system (CNS) play a vital role in the pathogenesis of several neurological and psychiatric disorders like depression. These processes are characterized by the activation of glia cells, such as microglia. Clinical studies showed a decrease in symptoms associated with the mentioned diseases after the treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs. Therefore, the investigation of novel anti-inflammatory drugs could hold substantial potential in the treatment of disorders with a neuroinflammatory background. In this in vitro study, we report the anti-inflammatory effects of a novel hexacyclic peptide-peptoid hybrid in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. The macrocyclic compound X15856 significantly suppressed Interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), c-c motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), and CXCL10 expression and release in LPS-treated BV2 microglial cells. The anti-inflammatory effects of the compound are partially explained by the modulation of the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), p42/44 MAPK (ERK 1/2), protein kinase C (PKC), and the nuclear factor (NF)-κB, respectively. Due to its remarkable anti-inflammatory properties, this compound emerges as an encouraging option for additional research and potential utilization in disorders influenced by inflammation, such as depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Soraya Wilke Saliba
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Apweiler
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kamil Akmermer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (K.A.); (C.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Claudine Herlan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (K.A.); (C.H.); (S.B.)
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Grathwol
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Claus Normann
- Mechanisms of Depression Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (K.A.); (C.H.); (S.B.)
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (K.A.); (C.H.); (S.B.)
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernd L. Fiebich
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Wang H, Zhou J, Wang C. Research progress on the correlation between transforming growth factor- β level and symptoms of depression. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2023; 52:646-652. [PMID: 37916311 PMCID: PMC10630060 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a group of cytokines with anti-inflammatory effects in the TGF family, which participates in the development of stress and depression-related mechanisms, and plays roles in the regulation of inflammatory response in depression and the recovery of various cytokine imbalances. The core symptoms of depression is associated with TGF-β level, and the psychological symptoms of depression are related to TGF-β gene polymorphism. Various antidepressants may up-regulate TGF-β level through the complex interaction between neurotransmitters and inflammatory factors, inhibiting inflammatory response and regulating cytokine imbalance to improve depressive symptoms. Studies have shown that recombinant TGF-β1 protein has beneficial effects in mouse depression models, indicating TGF-β1 might be a potential therapeutic target for depression and nasal sprays having the advantage of being fast acting delivery method. This article reviews the research progress on dynamic changes of TGF-β level before and after depression treatment and the application of TGF-β level as an indicator for the improvement of depressive symptoms. We provide ideas for the development of new antidepressants and for the evaluation of the treatment efficacy in depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Li
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Henan Psychological Aid Cloud Platform and Application Engineering Research Center, Xinxiang 453002, Henan Province, China.
| | - Huiying Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Henan Psychological Aid Cloud Platform and Application Engineering Research Center, Xinxiang 453002, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiansong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, National Clinical Medical Research Center for Ment, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Changhong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Henan Psychological Aid Cloud Platform and Application Engineering Research Center, Xinxiang 453002, Henan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morais-Silva G, Campbell RR, Nam H, Basu M, Pagliusi M, Fox ME, Chan CS, Iñiguez SD, Ament S, Cramer N, Marin MT, Lobo MK. Molecular, Circuit, and Stress Response Characterization of Ventral Pallidum Npas1-Neurons. J Neurosci 2023; 43:405-418. [PMID: 36443000 PMCID: PMC9864552 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0971-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered activity of the ventral pallidum (VP) underlies disrupted motivation in stress and drug exposure. The VP is a very heterogeneous structure composed of many neuron types with distinct physiological properties and projections. Neuronal PAS 1-positive (Npas1+) VP neurons are thought to send projections to brain regions critical for motivational behavior. While Npas1+ neurons have been characterized in the globus pallidus external, there is limited information on these neurons in the VP. To address this limitation, we evaluated the projection targets of the VP Npas1+ neurons and performed RNA-sequencing on ribosome-associated mRNA from VP Npas1+ neurons to determine their molecular identity. Finally, we used a chemogenetic approach to manipulate VP Npas1+ neurons during social defeat stress (SDS) and behavioral tasks related to anxiety and motivation in Npas1-Cre mice. We used a similar approach in females using the chronic witness defeat stress (CWDS). We identified VP Npas1+ projections to the nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, medial and lateral habenula, lateral hypothalamus, thalamus, medial and lateral septum, and periaqueductal gray area. VP Npas1+ neurons displayed distinct translatome representing distinct biological processes. Chemogenetic activation of hM3D(Gq) receptors in VP Npas1+ neurons increased susceptibility to a subthreshold SDS and anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze and open field while the activation of hM4D(Gi) receptors in VP Npas1+ neurons enhanced resilience to chronic SDS and CWDS. Thus, the activity of VP Npas1+ neurons modulates susceptibility to social stressors and anxiety-like behavior. Our studies provide new information on VP Npas1+ neuron circuitry, molecular identity, and their role in stress response.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ventral pallidum (VP) is a structure connected to both reward-related and aversive brain centers. It is a key brain area that signals the hedonic value of natural rewards. Disruption in the VP underlies altered motivation in stress and substance use disorder. However, VP is a very heterogeneous area with multiple neuron subtypes. This study characterized the projection pattern and molecular signatures of VP Neuronal PAS 1-positive (Npas1+) neurons. We further used tools to alter receptor signaling in VP Npas1+ neurons in stress to demonstrate a role for these neurons in stress behavioral outcomes. Our studies have implications for understanding brain cell type identities and their role in brain disorders, such as depression, a serious disorder that is precipitated by stressful events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gessynger Morais-Silva
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14800903, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos/Sao Paulo State University, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos/Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Rianne R Campbell
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Hyungwoo Nam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Mahashweta Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Marco Pagliusi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, SP-13083-872, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Megan E Fox
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Sergio D Iñiguez
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902
| | - Seth Ament
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Nathan Cramer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Marcelo Tadeu Marin
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14800903, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos/Sao Paulo State University, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos/Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fractalkine/CX3CR1-Dependent Modulation of Synaptic and Network Plasticity in Health and Disease. Neural Plast 2023; 2023:4637073. [PMID: 36644710 PMCID: PMC9833910 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4637073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CX3CR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed exclusively by microglia within the brain parenchyma. The only known physiological CX3CR1 ligand is the chemokine fractalkine (FKN), which is constitutively expressed in neuronal cell membranes and tonically released by them. Through its key role in microglia-neuron communication, the FKN/CX3CR1 axis regulates microglial state, neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and a variety of synaptic functions, as well as neuronal excitability via cytokine release modulation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Thus, the absence of CX3CR1 or any failure in the FKN/CX3CR1 axis has been linked to alterations in different brain functions, including changes in synaptic and network plasticity in structures such as the hippocampus, cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Since synaptic plasticity is a basic phenomenon in neural circuit integration and adjustment, here, we will review its modulation by the FKN/CX3CR1 axis in diverse brain circuits and its impact on brain function and adaptation in health and disease.
Collapse
|
8
|
Santiago-López L, Almada-Corral A, García HS, Mata-Haro V, González-Córdova AF, Vallejo-Cordoba B, Hernández-Mendoza A. Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effects of Fermented Huauzontle, a Prehispanic Mexican Pseudocereal. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010053. [PMID: 36613269 PMCID: PMC9818389 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the potential antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects of huauzontle fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp22. The possible association between oxidative stress/inflammation biomarkers and unconditional behavioural tests was also evaluated. Red light-induced stress mice C57Bl/6 (n = 5 per group) received orally either fermented or unfermented huauzontle, diazepam or fluoxetine. A non-stressed group which received saline solution was also included. Then, anxiety-related and depression-related behaviour tests were performed; after that, blood and tissues samples were collected to determine oxidative stress/inflammation biomarkers. The mice receiving both fermented and unfermented huauzontle spent more time (94 s) in open arms in the elevated plus maze test p < 0.05; besides, travelled longer distance (p < 0.05) and increased by more than 50% the exploration time for the open field, as well as the time spent in the illuminated zone (197 s) in the light/dark test. Furthermore, reduced immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swim tests (23.1 and 15.85, respectively), and anhedonia was no detected in the sucrose preference test. The oxidative stress index was lower in the liver of fermented huauzontle-treated mice, while enhanced levels of IL-10, MCP-1 and BDNF in plasma, and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in the hippocampus were found. Finally, PCA revealed a positive correlation among LOX and BDNF and parameters determined in the anxiety tests, as between catalase activity and immobility time in the depression test. These findings indicate the novel potential therapeutic applications of fermented huauzontle on depression and anxiety-like behaviours possibly mediated by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Santiago-López
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Arantxa Almada-Corral
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Hugo S. García
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, M.A. de Quevedo 2779, Col. Formando Hogar, Veracruz 91897, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Verónica Mata-Haro
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Aarón F. González-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Belinda Vallejo-Cordoba
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Adrián Hernández-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fidilio A, Grasso M, Caruso G, Musso N, Begni V, Privitera A, Torrisi SA, Campolongo P, Schiavone S, Tascedda F, Leggio GM, Drago F, Riva MA, Caraci F. Prenatal stress induces a depressive-like phenotype in adolescent rats: The key role of TGF-β1 pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1075746. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1075746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful experiences early in life, especially in the prenatal period, can increase the risk to develop depression during adolescence. However, there may be important qualitative and quantitative differences in outcome of prenatal stress (PNS), where some individuals exposed to PNS are vulnerable and develop a depressive-like phenotype, while others appear to be resilient. PNS exposure, a well-established rat model of early life stress, is known to increase vulnerability to depression and a recent study demonstrated a strong interaction between transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene and PNS in the pathogenesis of depression. Moreover, it is well-known that the exposure to early life stress experiences induces brain oxidative damage by increasing nitric oxide levels and decreasing antioxidant factors. In the present work, we examined the role of TGF-β1 pathway in an animal model of adolescent depression induced by PNS obtained by exposing pregnant females to a stressful condition during the last week of gestation. We performed behavioral tests to identify vulnerable or resilient subjects in the obtained litters (postnatal day, PND > 35) and we carried out molecular analyses on hippocampus, a brain area with a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. We found that female, but not male, PNS adolescent rats exhibited a depressive-like behavior in forced swim test (FST), whereas both male and female PNS rats showed a deficit of recognition memory as assessed by novel object recognition test (NOR). Interestingly, we found an increased expression of type 2 TGF-β1 receptor (TGFβ-R2) in the hippocampus of both male and female resilient PNS rats, with higher plasma TGF-β1 levels in male, but not in female, PNS rats. Furthermore, PNS induced the activation of oxidative stress pathways by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) and NOX2 levels in the hippocampus of both male and female PNS adolescent rats. Our data suggest that high levels of TGF-β1 and its receptor TGFβ-R2 can significantly increase the resiliency of adolescent rats to PNS, suggesting that TGF-β1 pathway might represent a novel pharmacological target to prevent adolescent depression in rats.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kang JY, Baek DC, Son CG, Lee JS. Succinum extracts inhibit microglial-derived neuroinflammation and depressive-like behaviors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:991243. [PMID: 36052132 PMCID: PMC9425083 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.991243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are emerging as important targets for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The phagocytic microglial phenotype and the resulting neuroinflammation lead to synaptic loss and neuronal cell death. To explore potential candidates that inhibit microglial hyperactivation, we first investigated ten candidate extracts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Among the candidates, Pinus spp. succinum extract (PSE) was superior; thus, we further investigated its pharmacological activity and underlying mechanisms both in vitro and in vivo. Pretreatment with PSE (10, 20, and 40 μg/ml) attenuated the increases in inflammatory factors (nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α), translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and phenotypic transformations (phagocytic and migratory) in a dose-dependent manner. These inhibitory effects of PSE on microglia were supported by its regulatory effects on the CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1)/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. In particular, intragastric administration of PSE (100 mg/kg) considerably improved sickness, anxiety, and depressive-like behaviors in mice subjected to chronic restraint stress (CRS). Our results suggest that PSE has strong antineuroinflammatory and antidepressant properties, and the underlying mechanisms may involve not only the regulation of NF-κB translocation but also the normalization of the CX3CR1/Nrf2 pathway.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang H, He Y, Sun Z, Ren S, Liu M, Wang G, Yang J. Microglia in depression: an overview of microglia in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:132. [PMID: 35668399 PMCID: PMC9168645 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a highly debilitating psychiatric disorder involving the dysfunction of different cell types in the brain. Microglia are the predominant resident immune cells in the brain and exhibit a critical role in depression. Recent studies have suggested that depression can be regarded as a microglial disease. Microglia regulate inflammation, synaptic plasticity, and the formation of neural networks, all of which affect depression. In this review, we highlighted the role of microglia in the pathology of depression. First, we described microglial activation in animal models and clinically depressed patients. Second, we emphasized the possible mechanisms by which microglia recognize depression-associated stress and regulate conditions. Third, we described how antidepressants (clinical medicines and natural products) affect microglial activation. Thus, this review aimed to objectively analyze the role of microglia in depression and focus on potential antidepressants. These data suggested that regulation of microglial actions might be a novel therapeutic strategy to counteract the adverse effects of devastating mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Siyu Ren
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Mingxia Liu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Gang Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China. .,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China. .,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang X, Yi S, Liu Q, Su D, Li L, Xiao C, Zhang J. Asperosaponin VI ameliorates the CMS-induced depressive-like behaviors by inducing a neuroprotective microglial phenotype in hippocampus via PPAR-γ pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:115. [PMID: 35610721 PMCID: PMC9131532 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02478-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The natural compound asperosaponin VI has shown potential as an antidepressant, but how it works is unclear. Here, we explored its effects on mice exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS) and the underlying molecular pathways. Methods Mice were exposed to CMS for 3 weeks followed by asperosaponin VI (40 mg/kg) or imipramine (20 mg/kg) for another 3 weeks. Depression-like behaviors were assessed in the forced swimming test (FST), sucrose preference test (SPT), tail suspension test (TST). Microglial phenotypes were evaluated using immunofluorescence staining, real-time quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in hippocampus of mice. In some experiments, stressed animals were treated with the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 to examine its involvement in the effects of asperosaponin VI. Blockade of PPAR-γ in asperosaponin VI-treated primary microglia in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was executed synchronously. The nuclear transfer of PPAR-γ in microglia was detected by immunofluorescence staining in vitro and in vivo. A co-cultured model of neuron and microglia was used for evaluating the regulation of ASA VI on the microglia–neuron crosstalk molecules. Results Asperosaponin VI ameliorated depression-like behaviors of CMS mice based on SPT, TST and FST, and this was associated with a switch of hippocampal microglia from a pro-inflammatory (iNOS+-Iba1+) to neuroprotective (Arg-1+-Iba1+) phenotype. CMS reduced the expression levels of PPAR-γ and phosphorylated PPAR-γ in hippocampus, which asperosaponin VI partially reversed. GW9662 treatment prevented the nuclear transfer of PPAR-γ in asperosaponin VI-treated microglia and inhibited the induction of Arg-1+ microglia. Blockade of PPAR-γ signaling also abolished the ability of asperosaponin VI to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines while elevating anti-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of CMS mice. The asperosaponin VI also promoted interactions between hippocampal microglia and neurons by enhancing CX3CL1/CX3CR1 and CD200/CD200R, and preserved synaptic function based on PSD95, CamKII β and GluA levels, but not in the presence of GW9662. Blockade of PPAR-γ signaling also abolished the antidepressant effects of asperosaponin VI in the SPT, TST and FST. Conclusion CMS in mice induces a pro-inflammatory microglial phenotype that causes reduced crosstalk between microglia and neuron, inflammation and synaptic dysfunction in the hippocampus, ultimately leading to depression-like behaviors. Asperosaponin VI may ameliorate the effects of CMS by inducing microglia to adopt a PPAR-γ-dependent neuroprotective phenotype. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02478-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Saini Yi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Dapeng Su
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Liangyuan Li
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Chenghong Xiao
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Phytoestrogen genistein modulates neuron-microglia signaling in a mouse model of chronic social defeat stress. Neuropharmacology 2022; 206:108941. [PMID: 34990615 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, resident immune cells in the brain, are shown to mediate the crosstalk between psychological stress and depression. Interestingly, increasing evidence indicates that sex hormones, particularly estrogen, are involved in the regulation of immune system. In this study, we aimed to understand the potential effects of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) and genistein (GEN), an estrogenic compound of the plant origin, on neuron-microglia interactions in the mouse hippocampus. The time spent in the avoidance zone in the social interaction test was increased by CSDS 1 day after the exposure, while the avoidance behavior returned to control levels 14 days after the CSDS exposure. Similar results were obtained from the elevated plus-maze test. However, the immobility time in the forced swim test was increased by CSDS 14 days after the exposure, and the depression-related behavior was in part alleviated by GEN. The numerical densities of microglia in the hippocampus were increased by CSDS, and they were decreased by GEN. The voxel densities of synaptic structures and synaptic puncta colocalized with microglia were decreased by CSDS, and they were increased by GEN. Neither CSDS nor GEN affected the gene expressions of major pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conversely, the expression levels of genes related to neurotrophic factors were decreased by CSDS, and they were partially reversed by GEN. These findings show that GEN may in part alleviate stress-related symptoms, and the effects of GEN may be associated with the modulation of neuron-microglia signaling via chemokines and neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus.
Collapse
|
14
|
Simmons SJ, Oliver CF, McCloskey NS, Reitz AB, Nayak SU, Watson MN, Rawls SM. Paradoxical anxiolytic effect of the 'bath salt' synthetic cathinone MDPV during early abstinence is inhibited by a chemokine CXCR4 or CCR5 receptor antagonist. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 230:109204. [PMID: 34871976 PMCID: PMC8729820 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine CXCR4 and CCR5 receptors are best known as HIV co-entry receptors, but evidence that CXCR4 or CCR5 blockade reduces rewarding and locomotor-stimulant effects of psychostimulants in rats suggests a role in psychostimulant use disorders. We investigated the impact of CXCR4 or CCR5 receptor antagonism on anxiety-related effects of the synthetic cathinone 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in the elevated zero-maze (EZM) assay. Rats exposed to a 4-day MDPV binge dosing paradigm and tested 24 or 72 h post-treatment spent more time in the open compartment at the 24-h time point but less time at the 72-h post-binge time point. Daily administration of AMD 3100, a CXCR4 antagonist (10 mg/kg), or maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist (2.5 mg/kg), during MDPV treatment inhibited the MDPV-induced increase in time spent in the open compartment. Neither antagonist affected the MDPV-induced reduction in time spent in the open compartment at the 72-h post-binge time point. Cocaine, administered in the same paradigm as MDPV, did not increase time spent in the open compartment 24-h post-binge, suggesting specificity to MDPV. The present results identify a surprising anxiolytic-like effect of MDPV 24 h after cessation of repeated exposure that is sensitive to chemokine CXCR4 and CCR5 receptor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Simmons
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chicora F. Oliver
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas S. McCloskey
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allen B. Reitz
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center Inc., Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Sunil U. Nayak
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mia N. Watson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M. Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ehrlich AT, Semache M, Couvineau P, Wojcik S, Kobayashi H, Thelen M, Gross F, Hogue M, Le Gouill C, Darcq E, Bouvier M, Kieffer BL. Ackr3-Venus knock-in mouse lights up brain vasculature. Mol Brain 2021; 14:151. [PMID: 34583741 PMCID: PMC8477500 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor 3, ACKR3, is a G protein-coupled receptor, which does not couple to G proteins but recruits βarrestins. At present, ACKR3 is considered a target for cancer and cardiovascular disorders, but less is known about the potential of ACKR3 as a target for brain disease. Further, mouse lines have been created to identify cells expressing the receptor, but there is no tool to visualize and study the receptor itself under physiological conditions. Here, we engineered a knock-in (KI) mouse expressing a functional ACKR3-Venus fusion protein to directly detect the receptor, particularly in the adult brain. In HEK-293 cells, native and fused receptors showed similar membrane expression, ligand induced trafficking and signaling profiles, indicating that the Venus fusion does not alter receptor signaling. We also found that ACKR3-Venus enables direct real-time monitoring of receptor trafficking using resonance energy transfer. In ACKR3-Venus knock-in mice, we found normal ACKR3 mRNA levels in the brain, suggesting intact gene transcription. We fully mapped receptor expression across 14 peripheral organs and 112 brain areas and found that ACKR3 is primarily localized to the vasculature in these tissues. In the periphery, receptor distribution aligns with previous reports. In the brain there is notable ACKR3 expression in endothelial vascular cells, hippocampal GABAergic interneurons and neuroblast neighboring cells. In conclusion, we have generated Ackr3-Venus knock-in mice with a traceable ACKR3 receptor, which will be a useful tool to the research community for interrogations about ACKR3 biology and related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliza T Ehrlich
- Douglas Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
- University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Meriem Semache
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Domain Therapeutics North America, Montréal, Québec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Pierre Couvineau
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Stefan Wojcik
- Douglas Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Florence Gross
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Domain Therapeutics North America, Montréal, Québec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Mireille Hogue
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Christian Le Gouill
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Douglas Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
- INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bryniarska-Kubiak N, Kubiak A, Lekka M, Basta-Kaim A. The emerging role of mechanical and topographical factors in the development and treatment of nervous system disorders: dark and light sides of the force. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1626-1641. [PMID: 34390472 PMCID: PMC8599311 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nervous system diseases are the subject of intensive research due to their association with high mortality rates and their potential to cause irreversible disability. Most studies focus on targeting the biological factors related to disease pathogenesis, e.g. use of recombinant activator of plasminogen in the treatment of stroke. Nevertheless, multiple diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease still lack successful treatment. Recently, evidence has indicated that physical factors such as the mechanical properties of cells and tissue and topography play a crucial role in homeostasis as well as disease progression. This review aims to depict these factors’ roles in the progression of nervous system diseases and consequently discusses the possibility of new therapeutic approaches. The literature is reviewed to provide a deeper understanding of the roles played by physical factors in nervous system disease development to aid in the design of promising new treatment approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bryniarska-Kubiak
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Kubiak
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31342, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lekka
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31342, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
K C, M M, M K. Immune-Regulatory and Molecular Effects of Antidepressants on the Inflamed Human Keratinocyte HaCaT Cell Line. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1211-1226. [PMID: 33945102 PMCID: PMC8275564 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a T cell-mediated type of skin inflammation resulting from contact hypersensitivity (CHS) to antigens. There is strong comorbidity between ACD and major depression. Keratinocytes release immunomodulatory mediators including pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which modulate skin inflammation and are crucial cell type for the development of CHS. Our previous studies showed that fluoxetine and desipramine were effective in suppressing CHS in different mouse strains. However, the immune and molecular mechanisms underlying this effect remain to be explored. The aim of the current study was to determine the immune and molecular mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs engaged in the inhibition of CHS response in the stimulated keratinocyte HaCaT cell line. The results show that LPS, TNF-α/IFN-γ, and DNFB stimulate HaCaT cells to produce large amounts of pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL8. HaCaT stimulation was associated with increased expression of ICAM-1, a cell adhesion molecule, and decreased expression of E-cadherin. Imipramine, desipramine, and fluoxetine suppress the production of IL-1β, CCL2, as well as the expression of ICAM-1. LPS and TNF-α/IFN-γ activate p-38 kinase, but antidepressants do not regulate this pathway. LPS decreases E-cadherin protein expression and fluoxetine normalizes these effects. In summary, the antidepressant drugs examined in this study attenuate the stimulated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and modulate adhesion molecule expression by the HaCaT cell line. Therefore, antidepressants may have some clinical efficacy in patients with ACD and patients with comorbid depression and contact allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curzytek K
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maes M
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Kubera M
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Snijders GJLJ, Sneeboer MAM, Fernández-Andreu A, Udine E, Boks MP, Ormel PR, van Berlekom AB, van Mierlo HC, Bӧttcher C, Priller J, Raj T, Hol EM, Kahn RS, de Witte LD. Distinct non-inflammatory signature of microglia in post-mortem brain tissue of patients with major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3336-3349. [PMID: 33028963 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Findings from epidemiological studies, biomarker measurements and animal experiments suggest a role for aberrant immune processes in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are likely to play a key role in these processes. Previous post-mortem studies reported conflicting findings regarding microglial activation and an in-depth profiling of those cells in MDD is lacking. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize the phenotype and function of microglia in MDD. We isolated microglia from post-mortem brain tissue of patients with MDD (n = 13-19) and control donors (n = 12-25). Using flow cytometry and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), we measured protein and mRNA levels of a panel of microglial markers across four different brain regions (medial frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, thalamus, and subventricular zone). In MDD cases, we found a significant upregulation of CX3CR1 and TMEM119 mRNA expression and a downregulation of CD163 mRNA expression and CD14 protein expression across the four brain regions. Expression levels of microglial activation markers, such as HLA-DRA, IL6, and IL1β, as well as the inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide and dexamethasone were unchanged. Our findings suggest that microglia enhance homeostatic functions in MDD but are not immune activated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gijsje J L J Snijders
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein A M Sneeboer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alba Fernández-Andreu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evan Udine
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul R Ormel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C van Mierlo
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Koekoekslaan 1, 3430, EM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Chotima Bӧttcher
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,DZNE and BIH, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Towfique Raj
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the royal academy of arts and sciences, 1105, BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Mental Illness Research Education Clinical, Centers of Excellence, VA, Mental Health, Veterans, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Mental Illness Research Education Clinical, Centers of Excellence, VA, Mental Health, Veterans, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Piirainen S, Chithanathan K, Bisht K, Piirsalu M, Savage JC, Tremblay ME, Tian L. Microglia contribute to social behavioral adaptation to chronic stress. Glia 2021; 69:2459-2473. [PMID: 34145941 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation has been regarded mainly as an exacerbator of stress response, a common symptom in psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to determine whether microglia contribute to adaptive response of the brain and behavior toward stress using a mild and adaptive stress model - chronic restraint stress (CRS) - with wild type (WT) and CX3CR1-GFP (CX3CR1[G]) mice and human schizophrenia patients' data. Our results revealed that CRS did not exacerbate anxiety and depressive-like behaviors, but instead strengthened social dominance and short-term spatial learning in WT mice. Compared to WT and CX3CR1(+/G) heterozygous mice, CX3CR1(G/G) homozygotes were subordinate in social interaction before and after CRS. Microglia in WT mice underwent a series of region-specific changes involving their phagocytosis of presynaptic vesicular glutamate transporter 2 protein, contacts with synaptic elements, CD206+ microglial proportion, and gene expressions such as Cx3cr1. By contrast, CX3CR1-deficient microglia showed decreased CD206+ while increased MHCII+ subpopulations and hypo-ramification in the hippocampus, as well as sensitized polarization and morphological change in response to CRS. Furthermore, CD206+ microglial abundancy was positively correlated with social dominancy and microglial ramification in CX3CR1-GFP mice. Moreover, CX3CR1 mRNA level was reduced in CRS-treated mouse brains and showed a smaller interactome with other brain genes in the dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortices of patients with schizophrenia. Our findings overall highlight microglia and its receptor CX3CR1 as key contributors in regulation of social behavioral adaptation to chronic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Piirainen
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Keerthana Chithanathan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Maria Piirsalu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julie Conner Savage
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ivanova N, Nenchovska Z, Atanasova M, Laudon M, Mitreva R, Tchekalarova J. Chronic Piromelatine Treatment Alleviates Anxiety, Depressive Responses and Abnormal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Prenatally Stressed Male and Female Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2257-2272. [PMID: 34003403 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal stress (PNS) model in rodents can induce different abnormal responses that replicate the pathophysiology of depression. We applied this model to evaluate the efficacy of piromelatine (Pir), a novel melatonin analog developed for the treatment of insomnia, in male and female offspring. Adult PNS rats from both sexes showed comparable disturbance associated with high levels of anxiety and depressive responses. Both males and females with PNS demonstrated impaired feedback inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis compared to the intact offspring and increased glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus. However, opposite to female offspring, the male PNS rats showed an increased expression of mineralocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus. Piromelatine (20 mg/kg, i.p., for 21 days injected from postnatal day 60) attenuated the high anxiety level tested in the open field, elevated plus-maze and light-dark test, and depressive-like behavior in the sucrose preference and the forced swimming tests in a sex-specific manner. The drug reversed to control level stress-induced increase of plasma corticosterone 120 min later in both sexes. Piromelatine also corrected to control level the PNS-induced alterations of corticosteroid receptors only in male offspring. Our findings suggest that the piromelatine treatment exerts beneficial effects on impaired behavioral responses and dysregulated HPA axis in both sexes, while it corrects the PNS-induced changes in the hippocampal corticosteroid receptors only in male offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Ivanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Zlatina Nenchovska
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Atanasova
- Department of Biology, Medical University of Pleven, 5800, Pleven, Bulgaria
| | - Moshe Laudon
- Drug Discovery, Neurim Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rumyana Mitreva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jana Tchekalarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brain immune cells characterization in UCMS exposed P2X7 knock-out mouse. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:159-174. [PMID: 33609652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence suggest that neuroinflammation might be a key neurobiological mechanism of depression. In particular, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), an ATP-gated ion channel involved in activation of the pro-inflammatory interleukin IL-1β, has been shown to be a potential new pharmacological target in depression. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) on behavioural changes, hippocampal neurogenesis, and cellular characterisation of brain immune cells, in P2X7R Knock-Out (KO) mice. METHODS P2X7R KO and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to a 6-week UCMS protocol and received a conventional oral antidepressant (15 mg.kg-1 fluoxetine) or water per os. The mice then underwent behavioural tests consisting of the tail suspension test (TST), the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, the open field test, the splash test and the nest building test (week 7). Doublecortin immunostaining (DCX) of brain slices was used to assess neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Iba1 and TMEM119 immunostaining was used to characterise brain immune cells, Iba1 as a macrophage marker (including microglial cells) and TMEM119 as a potential specific resident microglial cells marker. RESULTS After a 6-week UCMS exposure, P2X7R KO mice exhibited less deterioration of their coat state, spent a significantly smaller amount of time immobile in the TST and spent a larger amount of time in the open arms of the EPM. As expected, adult ventral hippocampal neurogenesis was significantly decreased by UCMS in WT mice, while P2X7R KO mice maintained ventral hippocampal neurogenesis at similar levels in both control and UCMS conditions. In stress-related brain regions, P2X7R KO mice also exhibited less recruitment of Iba1+/TMEM119+ and Iba1+/TMEM119- cells in the brain. The ratio between these two staining patterns revealed that brain immune cells were mostly composed of Iba1+/TMEM119+ cells (87 to 99%), and this ratio was affected neither by P2X7R genetic depletion nor by antidepressant treatment. DISCUSSION Behavioural patterns, neurogenesis levels and density of brain immune cells in P2X7R KO mice after exposure to UCMS significantly differed from control conditions. Brain immune cells were mostly increased in brain regions known to be sensitive to UCMS exposure in WT but not in P2X7R KO mice. Considering Iba1+/TMEM119- staining might characterize peripheral immune cells, the ratio between Iba1+/TMEM119+ cells and IBA1+/TMEM119- cells, suggests that the rate of peripheral immune cells recruitment may not be modified neither by P2X7R gene expression nor by antidepressant treatment.
Collapse
|
22
|
Gao Y, Li X, Zhao HL, Ling-Hu T, Zhou YZ, Tian JS, Qin XM. Comprehensive Analysis Strategy of Nervous-Endocrine-Immune-Related Metabolites to Evaluate Arachidonic Acid as a Novel Diagnostic Biomarker in Depression. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2477-2486. [PMID: 33797260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most complex multifactorial diseases affected by genetic and environmental factors. The molecular mechanism underlying depression remains largely unclear. To address this issue, a novel nervous-endocrine-immune (NEI) network module was used to find the metabolites and evaluate the diagnostic ability of patients with depression. During this process, metabolites were acquired from a professional depression metabolism database. Over-representation analysis was performed using IMPaLA. Then, the metabolite-metabolite interaction (MMI) network of the NEI system was used to select key metabolites. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was evaluated for the diagnostic ability of arachidonic acid. The results show that the numbers of the nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system pathways are 10, 19, and 12 and the numbers of metabolites are 38, 52, and 13, respectively. The selected shared metabolite-enriched pathways can be 97.56% of the NEI-related pathways. Arachidonic acid was extracted from the NEI system network by using an optimization formula and validated by in vivo experiments. It was indicated that the proposed model was good at screening arachidonic acid for the diagnosis of depression. This method provides reliable evidences and references for the diagnosis and mechanism research of other related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi, China
| | - Hui-Liang Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi, China
| | - Ting Ling-Hu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi, China
| | - Yu-Zhi Zhou
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi, China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Canonical TGF-β signaling regulates the relationship between prenatal maternal depression and amygdala development in early life. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:170. [PMID: 33723212 PMCID: PMC7961018 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling exerts neuroprotection and influences memory formation and synaptic plasticity. It has been considered as a new target for the prevention and treatment of depression. This study aimed to examine its modulatory role in linking prenatal maternal depressive symptoms and the amygdala volumes from birth to 6 years of age. We included mother-child dyads (birth: n = 161; 4.5 years: n = 131; 6 years: n = 162) and acquired structural brain images of children at these three time points. Perinatal maternal depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire to mothers at 26 weeks of pregnancy and 3 months postpartum. Our findings showed that the genetic variants of TGF-β type I transmembrane receptor (TGF-βRI) modulated the association between prenatal maternal depressive symptoms and the amygdala volume consistently from birth to 6 years of age despite a trend of significance at 4.5 years of age. Children with a lower gene expression score (GES) of TGF-βRI exhibited larger amygdala volumes in relation to greater prenatal maternal depressive symptoms. Moreover, children with a lower GES of the TGF-β type II transmembrane receptor (TGF-βRII), Smad4, and Smad7 showed larger amygdala volumes at 6 years of age in relation to greater prenatal maternal depressive symptoms. These findings support the involvement of the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway in the brain development of children in the context of in utero maternal environment. Such involvement is age-dependent.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ma J, Wang Z, Chen S, Sun W, Gu Q, Li D, Zheng J, Yang H, Li X. EphA1 Activation Induces Neuropathological Changes in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease Through the CXCL12/CXCR4 Signaling Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:913-925. [PMID: 33057926 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that EphA1 is involved in the function and development of the central nervous system, especially in neuroinflammation. It has been found to affect the disease progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by regulating the neuroinflammatory process. Neuroinflammation has always been regarded as the mechanism of the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and possible therapeutic targets. Therefore, it is worth studying whether EphA1 has a potential therapeutic value for PD. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of EphA1 in mice and PD cell models and its mechanism.In this study, we verified the difference in expression of EphA1 and the effect and mechanism of EphA1 on neuropathological changes through Parkinson's patient samples, Parkinson's mice model, and Parkinson's model prepared from SH-SY5Y cells in vitro.EphA1 was highly expressed in the substantia nigra (SN) region of Parkinson mice and the Parkinson cell model, while the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the SN region of Parkinson mice was significantly reduced. After silenced EphA1 in the SH-SY5Y cell PD model, the expression levels of α-synuclein, inflammatory factors, and microglia-activated chemokine decreased. The co-immunoprecipitation experiment proved that EphA1 overexpression could promote the binding of CXCL12 and CXCR4. However, after silenced EphA1 and CXCL12 at the same time, the above effects brought by silenced EphA1 were suppressed. The same result appeared in mice with PD.EphA1 improves the inflammatory responses and neuropathological changes of the PD model in vivo and in vitro through the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Ma
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
- People's Hospital of Henan University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- People's Hospital of Henan University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Wenhua Sun
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Qi Gu
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- People's Hospital of Henan University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- People's Hospital of Henan University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Jinhua Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- People's Hospital of Henan University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Hongqi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- People's Hospital of Henan University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- People's Hospital of Henan University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Roohi E, Jaafari N, Hashemian F. On inflammatory hypothesis of depression: what is the role of IL-6 in the middle of the chaos? J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:45. [PMID: 33593388 PMCID: PMC7884972 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) are reported to have higher levels of multiple inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL-6). Recent studies both pre-clinical and clinical have advocated for the functional role of IL-6 in development of MDD and suggested a great potential for targeting this cytokine to open new avenues in pharmacotherapy of depression. The purpose of the present narrative review was to provide an integrated account of how IL-6 may contribute to development of depression. All peer-reviewed journal articles published before July 2020 for each area discussed were searched by WOS, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, for original research, review articles, and book chapters. Publications between 1980 and July 2020 were included. Alterations in IL-6 levels, both within the periphery and the brain, most probably contribute to depression symptomatology in numerous ways. As IL-6 acts on multiple differing target tissues throughout the body, dysregulation of this particular cytokine can precipitate a multitude of events relevant to depression and blocking its effects can prevent further escalation of inflammatory responses, and potentially pave the way for opening new avenues in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this debilitating disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Roohi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99 Yakhchal Street, Shariati Avenue, Tehran, 1941933111, Iran
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Université de Poitiers, Unité de recherche clinique intersectorielle Pierre Deniker du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit F-86022 France, Groupement De Recherche CNRS 3557, Poitiers, France
| | - Farshad Hashemian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99 Yakhchal Street, Shariati Avenue, Tehran, 1941933111, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dudzińska E, Szymona K, Kloc R, Kocki T, Gil-Kulik P, Bogucki J, Kocki J, Paduch R, Urbańska EM. Fractalkine, sICAM-1 and Kynurenine Pathway in Restrictive Anorexia Nervosa-Exploratory Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020339. [PMID: 33498837 PMCID: PMC7910978 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between the kynurenine pathway and immunomodulatory molecules—fractalkine and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1)—in anorexia nervosa (AN) remains unknown. Fractalkine, sICAM-1, tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), neuroprotective kynurenic acid (KYNA), neurotoxic 3-OH-kynurenine (3-OH-KYN), and the expression of mRNA for kynurenine aminotransferases (KAT1-3) were studied in 20 female patients with restrictive AN (mostly drug-free, all during first episode of the disease) and in 24 controls. In AN, serum fractalkine, but not sICAM-1, KYNA, KYN, TRP or 3-OH-KYN, was higher; ratios TRP/KYN, KYN/KYNA, KYN/3-OH-KYN and KYNA/3-OH-KYN were unaltered. The expression of the gene encoding KAT3, but not of genes encoding KAT1 and KAT2 (measured in blood mononuclear cells), was higher in patients with AN. In AN, fractalkine positively correlated with TRP, while sICAM-1 was negatively associated with 3-OH-KYN and positively linked with the ratio KYN/3-OH-KYN. Furthermore, TRP and fractalkine were negatively associated with the body mass index (BMI) in AN. Expression of KAT1, KAT2 and KAT3 did not correlate with fractalkine, sICAM-1 or BMI, either in AN or control. Increased fractalkine may be an independent factor associated with the restrictive type of AN. Excessive physical activity probably underlies increased expression of KAT3 observed among enrolled patients. Further, longitudinal studies on a larger cohort of patients should be aimed to clarify the contribution of fractalkine and KAT3 to the pathogenesis of AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dudzińska
- Chair of Public Health, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Kinga Szymona
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Renata Kloc
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Kocki
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Paulina Gil-Kulik
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.G.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jacek Bogucki
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.G.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Roman Paduch
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University of Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa M. Urbańska
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Richard-Bildstein S, Aissaoui H, Pothier J, Schäfer G, Gnerre C, Lindenberg E, Lehembre F, Pouzol L, Guerry P. Discovery of the Potent, Selective, Orally Available CXCR7 Antagonist ACT-1004-1239. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15864-15882. [PMID: 33314938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR7, also known as ACKR3, is a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) involved in various pathologies such as neurological diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. By binding and scavenging the chemokines CXCL11 and CXCL12, CXCR7 regulates their extracellular levels. From an original high-throughput screening campaign emerged hit 3 among others. The hit-to-lead optimization led to the discovery of a novel chemotype series exemplified by the trans racemic compound 11i. This series provided CXCR7 antagonists that block CXCL11- and CXCL12-induced ß-arrestin recruitment. Further structural modifications on the trisubstituted piperidine scaffold of 11i yielded compounds with high CXCR7 antagonistic activities and balanced ADMET properties. The effort described herein culminated in the discovery of ACT-1004-1239 (28f). Biological characterization of ACT-1004-1239 demonstrated that it is a potent, insurmountable antagonist. Oral administration of ACT-1004-1239 in mice up to 100 mg/kg led to a dose-dependent increase of plasma CXCL12 concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Richard-Bildstein
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Hamed Aissaoui
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Julien Pothier
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Schäfer
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Carmela Gnerre
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Eleanor Lindenberg
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - François Lehembre
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Pouzol
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Guerry
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vega-Rivera NM, Ortiz-López L, Granados-Juárez A, Estrada-Camarena EM, Ramírez-Rodríguez GB. Melatonin Reverses the Depression-associated Behaviour and Regulates Microglia, Fractalkine Expression and Neurogenesis in Adult Mice Exposed to Chronic Mild Stress. Neuroscience 2020; 440:316-336. [PMID: 32417342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression may be precipitated by the negative impact of chronic stress, which is considered to play a key role in this neuropsychiatric disorder. Interestingly, depressed patients show decreased levels of melatonin. This hormone acts pro-neurogenic and exhibits anti-depressant effects in rodent models of predictive antidepressant-like effects. However, the benefits of melatonin in reversing the deleterious effects of chronic mild stress on the alterations in behaviour and in the neurogenic niche of the hippocampus in male BALB/c mice are unknown. In this study, we compared the effects of melatonin (2.5 mg/kg) and citalopram (5 mg/kg), an antidepressant drug belonging to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, in male BALB/c mice exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS). We also investigated the potential effects of melatonin and citalopram on microglial cells, hippocampal neurogenesis and peripheral cytokine profiles. Melatonin and citalopram induced similar antidepressant-like activities that occurred with some of the the following findings: (1) reversal of the morphological alterations in microglia; (2) reversal of the decreased immunoreactivity to CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in the dentate gyrus; (3) positive regulation of cell proliferation, survival and complexity of the dendritic trees of doublecortin-cells; and (4) modifications of peripheral CX3CL1 expression. This outcome is consistent with the hypothesis about the antidepressant-like effect of melatonin and supports its relevance as a modulator of the niche in the dentate gyrus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Maritza Vega-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, 14370 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leonardo Ortiz-López
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, 14370 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Andrea Granados-Juárez
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, 14370 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Erika Monserrat Estrada-Camarena
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, 14370 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Bernabé Ramírez-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, 14370 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Montagud-Romero S, Montesinos J, Pavón FJ, Blanco-Gandia MC, Ballestín R, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Miñarro J, Guerri C, Rodríguez-Arias M. Social defeat-induced increase in the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine: Role of CX3CL1. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 96:109753. [PMID: 31446159 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Social stress is associated with higher vulnerability to drug use, as it enhances the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in rodents. Furthermore, continued or severe stress induces a proinflammatory state of microglial activation and augmented cytokine production. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the role of fractalkine [C-X3-C motif ligand 1 (CX3CL1)], an inflammatory chemokine, in the increased conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine in animals exposed to social defeat stress. In addition, we measured the signaling cascade pathway of CX3CL1 in the hippocampus (HPC) (including p-ERK/ERK, p-p38/p38 MAPK, p-p65/p65 NFκB and p-CREB/CREB ratios). The glutamate receptor subunits NR1, NR2B and GluA1 were also assessed. A total of 102 adult male C57BL/6 J wild-type (WT) and Cx3cr1 knockout (KO) mice were divided into different experimental groups according to stress condition (exploration or social defeat). Three weeks after the last social defeat, conditioned place preference (CPP) was induced by a subthreshold dose of cocaine (1 mg/kg). Brain tissue samples were taken 24 h after the CPP procedure to determine the levels of the proteins and transcription factors. Our results showed that, in WT animals, repeated social defeat (RSD) decreased CX3CL1 striatal levels without producing changes in the HPC. In addition, RSD induced an increase in the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine, regardless of the genotype. After CPP induced by cocaine, defeated Cx3cr1-deficient mice showed a decrease in the p-p65/p65 NFκB and pCREB/CREB ratio in the HPC, and an increase in the hippocampal levels of CX3CL1 and p-p38/p38 MAPK relation. In all defeated mice, there was a decrease in the ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit NR1. In conclusion, these results suggest that the lack of CX3CL1/Cx3cr1 signaling under stress conditions induces changes in protein and transcription factors, indicating that CX3CL1 is needed to shield the response to social defeat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Montagud-Romero
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Montesinos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia 46012, Spain; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS-Trastornos Adictivos), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - M Carmen Blanco-Gandia
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Ballestín
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS-Trastornos Adictivos), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS-Trastornos Adictivos), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS-Trastornos Adictivos), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS-Trastornos Adictivos), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia 46012, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS-Trastornos Adictivos), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chamera K, Trojan E, Szuster-Głuszczak M, Basta-Kaim A. The Potential Role of Dysfunctions in Neuron-Microglia Communication in the Pathogenesis of Brain Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:408-430. [PMID: 31729301 PMCID: PMC7457436 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191113101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional communication between neurons and microglia is fundamental for the proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Chemokines and clusters of differentiation (CD) along with their receptors represent ligand-receptor signalling that is uniquely important for neuron - microglia communication. Among these molecules, CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and CD200 (OX-2 membrane glycoprotein) come to the fore because of their cell-type-specific localization. They are principally expressed by neurons when their receptors, CX3CR1 and CD200R, respectively, are predominantly present on the microglia, resulting in the specific axis which maintains the CNS homeostasis. Disruptions to this balance are suggested as contributors or even the basis for many neurological diseases. In this review, we discuss the roles of CX3CL1, CD200 and their receptors in both physiological and pathological processes within the CNS. We want to underline the critical involvement of these molecules in controlling neuron - microglia communication, noting that dysfunctions in their interactions constitute a key factor in severe neurological diseases, such as schizophrenia, depression and neurodegeneration-based conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Chamera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St. 31-343Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St. 31-343Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szuster-Głuszczak
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St. 31-343Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St. 31-343Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Trojan E, Chamera K, Bryniarska N, Kotarska K, Leśkiewicz M, Regulska M, Basta-Kaim A. Role of Chronic Administration of Antidepressant Drugs in the Prenatal Stress-Evoked Inflammatory Response in the Brain of Adult Offspring Rats: Involvement of the NLRP3 Inflammasome-Related Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5365-5380. [PMID: 30610610 PMCID: PMC6614144 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that adverse experiences in early life may be a factor for immune disturbances leading to the depression in adulthood. Recently, a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of depression has been assigned to the activation of the brain Nod-like receptor pyrin-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. We investigated the impact of chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs on the behavioral disturbances and the levels of proinflammatory factors in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of adult male rats after prenatal stress exposure. Next, we explored the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome-related pathways in the mechanism of antidepressant action. Our study confirmed that chronic antidepressant treatment attenuated depression-like disturbances and exerted an anxiolytic action. All antidepressants diminished the prenatal stress-induced increase in IL-1β in both brain areas, while IL-18 only in the hippocampus. Moreover, tianeptine administration diminished the increase in CCR2 levels in both brain areas, while in the hippocampus, tianeptine, along with venlafaxine CCL2 and iNOS levels. Next, we observed that in the hippocampus, tianeptine and fluoxetine suppressed upregulation of TLR4. Furthermore, venlafaxine suppressed NFкB p65-subunit phosphorylation, while fluoxetine enhanced the IкB level. Importantly, in the hippocampus, all antidepressants normalized evoked by stress changes in caspase-1 level, while tianeptine and venlafaxine also affect the levels of ASC and NLRP3 subunits. Our results provide new evidence that chronic administration of antidepressants exerts anti-inflammatory effects more pronounced in the hippocampus, through suppression of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These effects are accompanied by an improvement in the behavioral dysfunctions evoked by prenatal stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chamera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Bryniarska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotarska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Regulska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Milenkovic VM, Stanton EH, Nothdurfter C, Rupprecht R, Wetzel CH. The Role of Chemokines in the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2283. [PMID: 31075818 PMCID: PMC6539240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating condition, whose high prevalence and multisymptomatic nature set its standing as a leading contributor to global disability. To better understand this psychiatric disease, various pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed, including changes in monoaminergic neurotransmission, imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory signaling in the brain, hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and abnormalities in normal neurogenesis. While previous findings led to a deeper understanding of the disease, the pathogenesis of MDD has not yet been elucidated. Accumulating evidence has confirmed the association between chronic inflammation and MDD, which is manifested by increased levels of the C-reactive protein, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukin 1 beta, Interleukin 6, and the Tumor necrosis factor alpha. Furthermore, recent findings have implicated a related family of cytokines with chemotactic properties, known collectively as chemokines, in many neuroimmune processes relevant to psychiatric disorders. Chemokines are small (8-12 kDa) chemotactic cytokines, which are known to play roles in direct chemotaxis induction, leukocyte and macrophage migration, and inflammatory response propagation. The inflammatory chemokines possess the ability to induce migration of immune cells to the infection site, whereas their homeostatic chemokine counterparts are responsible for recruiting cells for their repair and maintenance. To further support the role of chemokines as central elements to healthy bodily function, recent studies suggest that these proteins demonstrate novel, brain-specific mechanisms including the modulation of neuroendocrine functions, chemotaxis, cell adhesion, and neuroinflammation. Elevated levels of chemokines in patient-derived serum have been detected in individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Furthermore, despite the considerable heterogeneity of experimental samples and methodologies, existing biomarker studies have clearly demonstrated the important role of chemokines in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. The purpose of this review is to summarize the data from contemporary experimental and clinical studies, and to evaluate available evidence for the role of chemokines in the central nervous system (CNS) under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In light of recent results, chemokines could be considered as possible peripheral markers of psychiatric disorders, and/or targets for treating depressive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir M Milenkovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Evan H Stanton
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Caroline Nothdurfter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Christian H Wetzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
An T, He ZC, Zhang XQ, Li J, Chen AL, Tan F, Chen HD, Lv BH, Lian J, Gao SH, Jiang GJ. Baduanjin exerts anti-diabetic and anti-depression effects by regulating the expression of mRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA. Chin Med 2019; 14:3. [PMID: 30733823 PMCID: PMC6359771 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baduanjin, a traditional Chinese exercise therapy, has been widely used in China to treat type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with depression (DD). However, the underlying mechanism of Baduanjin in anti-DD is unclear. This study was focused on investigating the effects of Baduanjin on symptoms of depression and blood glucose in patients with DD and the underlying mechanism. METHODS We performed a 12-week Baduanjin intervention on patients with DD and longitudinally compared the differential expressions of lncRNAs, circRNAs, and mRNAs between pre- (BDD) and post- (ADD) Baduanjin intervention in the same group. Subsequently, Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analysis was performed to investigate the function of differentially expressed mRNAs. Finally, Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was used to verify the sequencing result and the mRNA-lncRNA regulatory network was constructed. RESULTS The blood glucose level, depression index scores, and PHQ9 scores of the patients with DD were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) after Baduanjin intervention. Compared to BDD, 207 lncRNAs, 266 circRNAs, and 610 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified in ADD. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and GO showed that the significantly dysregulated mRNAs were mainly involved in immune function and inflammatory response pathways, and various signaling pathways including IL-17 and TNF. In addition, we selected five differentially expressed lncRNAs to construct an lncRNA-mRNA regulatory network, and found a total of 1045 mRNAs associated with them. CONCLUSIONS Our research is the first systematic profiling of mRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA in patients of ADD and BDD, and provides valuable insights in the potential mechanism of Baduanjin in anti-DD. Further, it was confirmed that Baduanjin is a safe and effective intervention for patients with DD because it can effectively ameliorate the symptoms of depression and blood glucose levels in patients with DD by regulating the dysregulated expression of lncRNA, mRNA, and circRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian An
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Zhong-Chen He
- Department of endocrinology, Beijing He ping li Hospital, Beijing, 100013 China
| | - Xin-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, ChuiYangLiu Hospital affiliated to Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100022 China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of endocrinology, Beijing He ping li Hospital, Beijing, 100013 China
| | - Ai-Ling Chen
- Chinese Medicine Department, ChuiYangLiu Hospital Affiliated To Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100022 China
| | - Fang Tan
- Department of endocrinology, Beijing He ping li Hospital, Beijing, 100013 China
| | - Hong-Dong Chen
- Department of endocrinology, Beijing He ping li Hospital, Beijing, 100013 China
| | - Bo-Han Lv
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Juan Lian
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Si-Hua Gao
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Guang-Jian Jiang
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Avecilla V, Avecilla A. Inhibitor of DNA-Binding/Differentiation Proteins and Environmental Toxicants: Genomic Impact on the Onset of Depressive Dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 7:medsci7010007. [PMID: 30634536 PMCID: PMC6358799 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing growth of the international occurrence of depression and its ability to co-occur with other serious medical disorders, such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and Parkinson’s disease, is a current public health problem. Inhibitor of DNA-Binding/Differentiation (ID) proteins are part of a group of transcriptional factors that have shown involvement in neurocognitive disorders and, therefore, may have influence on depressive disorders. Previously, it has been established that exposure to environmental estrogenic endocrine disruptors (EEDs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and bisphenol A (BPA), have played an important role in the modulation of depressive disorders. Hence, based on many studies, we consider the impact of these environmental pollutants on the group of ID proteins and how they impact depressive outcomes. Improved knowledge of how ID proteins interact with depressive disorders, through EED exposure, will contribute essential evidence that can further benefit our public health community with innovative knowledge to prevent these types of mental illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Avecilla
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
- Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ 07901, USA.
| | - Andrea Avecilla
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome-Related Pathways via Tianeptine Treatment-Suppressed Microglia Polarization to the M1 Phenotype in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071965. [PMID: 29976873 PMCID: PMC6073715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence postulates that microglia are the main mediators of inflammation-related disorders, including depression. Since activated microglia produce a wide range of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, the modulation of M1/M2 microglial polarization by antidepressants may be crucial in the treatment of depression. The current paper aimed to investigate the impact of tianeptine on the microglia’s viability/death parameters, and on M1/M2 microglial activation in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms via which tianeptine affected the LPS-evoked changes were investigated. The results revealed that tianeptine had partially protective effects on the changes in microglia viability/death evoked by LPS. Tianeptine attenuated microglia activation by decreasing the expression of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40), and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) markers, as well as the release of pro-inflammatory factors: interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and chemokine CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2), and the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. In contrast, we did not observe an impact of tianeptine on M2 microglia measured by IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) expression. Moreover, we demonstrated an inhibitory effect of tianeptine on the LPS-induced activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like (NOD-like) receptor pyrin-containing 3 inflammasome (NLRP3) inflammasome subunits, NLRP3 and caspase-1, as well as the ability of tianeptine to reduce Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) levels, as well as the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Collectively, we demonstrated that tianeptine has protective properties and inhibits M1 polarization, thus attenuating the production of inflammatory mediators. Moreover, we found that M1 microglia suppression may be related to the NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR4 signaling. These findings suggest that a better understanding of the multifaceted mechanisms of tianeptine action on microglia may increase the effectiveness of therapy, where inflammation is a central hallmark.
Collapse
|
36
|
Oliver CF, Simmons SJ, Nayak SU, Smith GR, Reitz AB, Rawls SM. Chemokines and 'bath salts': CXCR4 receptor antagonist reduces rewarding and locomotor-stimulant effects of the designer cathinone MDPV in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 186:75-79. [PMID: 29550625 PMCID: PMC5911211 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Little is known about how chemokine systems influence the behavioral effects of designer cathinones and psychostimulants. The chemokine CXCL12 and its principal receptor target, CXCR4, are of particular interest because CXCR4 activation enhances mesolimbic dopamine output that facilitates psychostimulant reward, reinforcement, and locomotor activation. Repeated cocaine enhances CXCL12 gene expression in the midbrain and produces conditioned place preference (CPP) that is inhibited by a CXCR4 antagonist. Yet, interactions between chemokines and synthetic cathinones remain elusive. METHODS We tested the hypothesis that an FDA-approved CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100) inhibits MDPV-induced reward, locomotor activation and positive affective state in rats using a triad of behavioral assays (CPP, open field, and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations [USVs]). KEY RESULTS AMD3100 (1, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg, ip) significantly reduced MDPV (2 mg/kg, ip)-evoked hyper-locomotion in a dose-related manner. AMD3100 (1, 5, 10 mg/kg) administered during CPP conditioning caused a significant, dose-dependent reduction of MDPV (2 mg/kg x 4 days) place preference. MDPV injection elicited significantly greater 50 kHz USVs in vehicle-pretreated rats but not in AMD3100-pretreated rats. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION A CXCR4 antagonist reduced the rewarding and locomotor-activating effects of MDPV. Our results identify the existence of chemokine/cathinone interactions and suggest the rewarding and stimulant effects of MDPV, similar to cocaine, require an active CXCL12/CXCR4 system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chicora F. Oliver
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven J. Simmons
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunil U. Nayak
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Garry R. Smith
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center Inc., Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Allen B. Reitz
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center Inc., Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Scott M. Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|