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Luobin L, Wanxin H, Yingxin G, Qinzhou Z, Zefeng L, Danyang W, Huaqin L. Nanomedicine-induced programmed cell death in cancer therapy: mechanisms and perspectives. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:386. [PMID: 39209834 PMCID: PMC11362291 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The balance of programmed cell death (PCD) mechanisms, including apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis and others, is pivotal in cancer progression and treatment. Dysregulation of these pathways results in uncontrolled cell growth and resistance to conventional therapies. Nanomedicine offers a promising solution in oncology through targeted drug delivery enabling precise targeting of cancer cells while preserving healthy tissues. This approach reduces the side effects of traditional chemotherapy and enhances treatment efficacy by engaging PCD pathways. We details each PCD pathway, their mechanisms, and innovative nanomedicine strategies to activate these pathways, thereby enhancing therapeutic specificity and minimizing harm to healthy tissues. The precision of nanotechnology in targeting PCD pathways promises significant improvements in cancer treatment outcomes. This synergy between nanotechnology and targeted PCD activation could lead to more effective and less toxic cancer therapies, heralding a new era in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Luobin
- School of Health Sciences, Guangzhou Xinhua University, 19 Huamei Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - He Wanxin
- School of Health Sciences, Guangzhou Xinhua University, 19 Huamei Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Guo Yingxin
- School of Health Sciences, Guangzhou Xinhua University, 19 Huamei Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Zheng Qinzhou
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Liang Zefeng
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wu Danyang
- School of Health Sciences, Guangzhou Xinhua University, 19 Huamei Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Li Huaqin
- School of Health Sciences, Guangzhou Xinhua University, 19 Huamei Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
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2
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Wang H, Fang T, Wang J, Zhang M, Mu X, Gao T, Wei T, Dai Z. Adaptive Size Evolution of an MOFs-in-MOF Nanovehicle for Enhanced Nucleus-Targeted Tumor Chemotherapy. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:10605-10613. [PMID: 39145462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
A metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-in-MOF nanovehicle (160 nm), which was constructed with newly prepared ultrasmall Cu(I)Cu(II)-BTC MOFs (UCMs, 2.95 nm) loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) peptide as multicores (UCMDNs) and ZIF-8 as the shell MOF, was proposed to cross layers of biological barriers with adaptive size evolution capacity for achieving efficient nucleus-targeted drug delivery. It first enhanced tumor tissue penetration through its larger nanosize effect. Then the acidic tumor environment made the ZIF-8 shell degrade, releasing small-sized UCMDNs to enter into the cell and into the nucleus under the guidance of NLS. Furthermore, due to the distinct surface structural characteristics of UCMs, UCMDNs remained stable in the cytoplasm and collapsed in the nucleus due to the DOX-DNA interaction to deliver DOX precisely. It showed superior performance in the nucleus-directed delivery of DOX (delivery efficiency up to 56.7%) and a high tumor growth inhibition rate (96.4%), offering promising prospects in tumor chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengyang Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xueqin Mu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tao Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tianxiang Wei
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhihui Dai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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3
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Chen Q, Fang C, Xia F, Wang Q, Li F, Ling D. Metal nanoparticles for cancer therapy: Precision targeting of DNA damage. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1132-1149. [PMID: 38486992 PMCID: PMC10934341 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a complex and heterogeneous disease, arises from genomic instability. Currently, DNA damage-based cancer treatments, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy, are employed in clinical practice. However, the efficacy and safety of these therapies are constrained by various factors, limiting their ability to meet current clinical demands. Metal nanoparticles present promising avenues for enhancing each critical aspect of DNA damage-based cancer therapy. Their customizable physicochemical properties enable the development of targeted and personalized treatment platforms. In this review, we delve into the design principles and optimization strategies of metal nanoparticles. We shed light on the limitations of DNA damage-based therapy while highlighting the diverse strategies made possible by metal nanoparticles. These encompass targeted drug delivery, inhibition of DNA repair mechanisms, induction of cell death, and the cascading immune response. Moreover, we explore the pivotal role of physicochemical factors such as nanoparticle size, stimuli-responsiveness, and surface modification in shaping metal nanoparticle platforms. Finally, we present insights into the challenges and future directions of metal nanoparticles in advancing DNA damage-based cancer therapy, paving the way for novel treatment paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunyan Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiyue Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Daishun Ling
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai 201203, China
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4
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Li P, Du Y, Qiu J, Li D, Li G, Shan G. Nuclear PARP1-Targeted Photosensitizer as a Dual-Mode DNA-Damaging Agent and Immune Activator for Tumor Ablation. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301517. [PMID: 37689990 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a promising cancer therapeutic method that can damage DNA via photoinduced reactive oxygen species production. However, tumor cells can initiate DNA repair pathways to resist oxidative damage. In this study, a nuclear-targeted photosensitizer PARP-PS with a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitory effect is developed based on the reported PARP1 inhibitor, rucaparib. As a dual-mode DNA-damaging agent, PARP-PS damages DNA upon photoirradiation and enhances oxidative DNA damage by blocking the DNA repair pathway via PARP1 inhibition and degradation. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrate that PARP-PS exhibits high antitumor activity with few side effects in breast cancer. In addition, PARP-PS can act as an immunogenic cell death inducer to activate immune responses characterized by the promotion of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation and tumor infiltration. Therefore, PARP-PS is a potential multimodal antitumor agent with synergistic phototherapeutic, chemotherapeutic, and immunotherapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixia Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Yayin Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jingru Qiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Donghai Li
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Guiling Li
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Gang Shan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P. R. China
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Dinakaran D, Wilson BC. The use of nanomaterials in advancing photodynamic therapy (PDT) for deep-seated tumors and synergy with radiotherapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1250804. [PMID: 37849983 PMCID: PMC10577272 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1250804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been under development for at least 40 years. Multiple studies have demonstrated significant anti-tumor efficacy with limited toxicity concerns. PDT was expected to become a major new therapeutic option in treating localized cancer. However, despite a shifting focus in oncology to aggressive local therapies, PDT has not to date gained widespread acceptance as a standard-of-care option. A major factor is the technical challenge of treating deep-seated and large tumors, due to the limited penetration and variability of the activating light in tissue. Poor tumor selectivity of PDT sensitizers has been problematic for many applications. Attempts to mitigate these limitations with the use of multiple interstitial fiberoptic catheters to deliver the light, new generations of photosensitizer with longer-wavelength activation, oxygen independence and better tumor specificity, as well as improved dosimetry and treatment planning are starting to show encouraging results. Nanomaterials used either as photosensitizers per se or to improve delivery of molecular photosensitizers is an emerging area of research. PDT can also benefit radiotherapy patients due to its complementary and potentially synergistic mechanisms-of-action, ability to treat radioresistant tumors and upregulation of anti-tumoral immune effects. Furthermore, recent advances may allow ionizing radiation energy, including high-energy X-rays, to replace external light sources, opening a novel therapeutic strategy (radioPDT), which is facilitated by novel nanomaterials. This may provide the best of both worlds by combining the precise targeting and treatment depth/volume capabilities of radiation therapy with the high therapeutic index and biological advantages of PDT, without increasing toxicities. Achieving this, however, will require novel agents, primarily developed with nanomaterials. This is under active investigation by many research groups using different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dinakaran
- National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Xie Q, Tang J, Guo S, Zhao Q, Li S. Recent Progress of Preparation Strategies in Organic Nanoparticles for Cancer Phototherapeutics. Molecules 2023; 28:6038. [PMID: 37630290 PMCID: PMC10459389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phototherapy has the advantages of being a highly targeted, less toxic, less invasive, and repeatable treatment, compared with conventional treatment methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The preparation strategies are significant in order to determine the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles. However, choosing appropriate preparation strategies to meet applications is still challenging. This review summarizes the recent progress of preparation strategies in organic nanoparticles, mainly focusing on the principles, methods, and advantages of nanopreparation strategies. In addition, typical examples of cancer phototherapeutics are introduced in detail to inform the choice of appropriate preparation strategies. The relative future trend and outlook are preliminarily proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qi Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Q.X.); (J.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Shengliang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Q.X.); (J.T.); (S.G.)
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Guo Z, Zhu AT, Fang RH, Zhang L. Recent Developments in Nanoparticle-Based Photo-Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300252. [PMID: 36960932 PMCID: PMC10192221 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phototherapy is an emerging approach for cancer treatment that is effective at controlling the growth of primary tumors. In the presence of light irradiation, photothermal and photodynamic agents that are delivered to tumor sites can induce local hyperthermia and the production of reactive oxygen species, respectively, that directly eradicate cancer cells. Nanoparticles, characterized by their small size and tunable physiochemical properties, have been widely utilized as carriers for phototherapeutic agents to improve their biocompatibility and tumor-targeted delivery. Nanocarriers can also be used to implement various codelivery strategies for further enhancing phototherapeutic efficiency. More recently, there has been considerable interest in augmenting the immunological effects of nanoparticle-based phototherapies, which can yield durable and systemic antitumor responses. This review provides an overview of recent developments in using nanoparticle technology to achieve photo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Guo
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Audrey T Zhu
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Li X, Xu X, Xu M, Geng Z, Ji P, Liu Y. Hydrogel systems for targeted cancer therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1140436. [PMID: 36873346 PMCID: PMC9977812 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1140436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
When hydrogel materials with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability are used as excellent new drug carriers in the treatment of cancer, they confer the following three advantages. First, hydrogel materials can be used as a precise and controlled drug release systems, which can continuously and sequentially release chemotherapeutic drugs, radionuclides, immunosuppressants, hyperthermia agents, phototherapy agents and other substances and are widely used in the treatment of cancer through radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy. Second, hydrogel materials have multiple sizes and multiple delivery routes, which can be targeted to different locations and types of cancer. This greatly improves the targeting of drugs, thereby reducing the dose of drugs and improving treatment effectiveness. Finally, hydrogel can intelligently respond to environmental changes according to internal and external environmental stimuli so that anti-cancer active substances can be remotely controlled and released on demand. Combining the abovementioned advantages, hydrogel materials have transformed into a hit in the field of cancer treatment, bringing hope to further increase the survival rate and quality of life of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Mengfei Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoli Geng
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Ji
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
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Xiang Y, Liu M, Yang Y, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Tu S, Jiang Y, Nan Y, Zhang X, Huang Q. Nanodrugs Manipulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress for Highly Effective Antitumor Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:949001. [PMID: 35903337 PMCID: PMC9315921 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.949001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide due to high morbidity and mortality. Many attempts and efforts have been devoted to fighting cancer. Owing to the significant role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in cell function, inducing ER stress can be promising for cancer treatment. However, the sustained activation of cytoprotective unfolded protein response (UPR) presents a tremendous obstacle for drugs in inducing unsolved ER stress in tumor cells, especially small-molecule drugs with poor bioavailability. Therefore, many emerging nanodrugs inducing and amplifying ER stress have been developed for efficient cancer treatment. More importantly, the novel discovery of ER stress in immunogenic cell death (ICD) makes it possible to repurpose antitumor drugs for immunotherapy through nanodrug-based strategies amplifying ER stress. Therefore, this mini-review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest developments of the strategies underlying nanodrugs in the treatment of cancer via manipulating ER stress. Meanwhile, the prospects of ER stress–inducing nanodrugs for cancer treatment are systematically discussed, which provide a sound platform for novel therapeutic insights and inspiration for the design of nanodrugs in treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xiang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunrong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yige Qiu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiqi Tu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yitian Jiang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yayun Nan
- Geriatric Medical Center, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Qiong Huang, ; Xiaojie Zhang,
| | - Qiong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Qiong Huang, ; Xiaojie Zhang,
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