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DiMarco KG, Chapman CL, Weiser NE, Matsell ER, Lucernoni KM, Chacon S, Grivette MMB, Halliwill JR, Lovering AT, Minson CT. Acute exposure to carbon monoxide inhalation and/or hot water immersion transiently increases erythropoietin in females but not in males. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39143855 DOI: 10.1113/ep091923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The use of acute carbon monoxide inhalation (COi) and hot water immersion (HWI) are of growing interest as interventions to stimulate erythropoietin (EPO) production. However, whether EPO production is further augmented when combining these stressors and whether there are sex differences in this response are poorly understood. Therefore, we measured circulating EPO concentration in response to acute COi and HWI independently and in combination and determined whether the responses were altered by sex. Participants completed three study visits-COi, HWI, and combined COi and HWI-separated by 1 week in a randomized, balanced, crossover design. Renal blood velocity was measured during all interventions, and carboxyhaemoglobin was measured during and after COi. Serum samples were analysed every hour for 6 h post-intervention for EPO concentration. HWI decreased renal blood velocity (46.2 cm/s to 36.2 cm/s) (P < 0.0001), and COi increased carboxyhaemoglobin (1.5%-12.8%) (P < 0.0001) without changing renal blood velocity (46.4-45.2 cm/s) (P = 0.4456). All three interventions increased peak EPO concentration from baseline (COi: 6.02-9.74 mIU/mL; HWI: 6.80-11.10 mIU/mL; COi + HWI: 6.71-10.91 mIU/mL) (P = 0.0048) and to the same extent (P = 0.3505). On average, females increased EPO while males did not in response to COi (females: 6.17 mIU/mL; males: 1.27 mIU/mL) (P = 0.0010), HWI (females: 6.47 mIU/mL; males: 2.14 mIU/mL) (P = 0.0104), and COi and HWI (females: 6.65 mIU/mL; males: 1.76 mIU/mL) (P = 0.0256). These data emphasize that combining these interventions does not augment EPO secretion and that these interventions may work better in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn G DiMarco
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Natasha E Weiser
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Emma R Matsell
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Samantha Chacon
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | | | - John R Halliwill
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrew T Lovering
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
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Roriz M, Brito J, Teixeira FJ, Spyrou K, Teixeira VH. The effect of menthol rinsing before intermittent exercise on physiological, physical, and thermo-behavioral responses of male football referees in hot and humid environment. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1334739. [PMID: 38318484 PMCID: PMC10839052 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1334739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the current experiment, we aimed to evaluate whether eliciting pre-exercise non-thermal cooling sensations would alter perceptual measures, and physical and physiological responses in football referees. Methods Nine highly trained male football referees undertook two 45-minute intermittent exercise protocols in hot and humid conditions (34.2 ± 0.6°C, 62.5 ± 1.0% relative humidity). In a randomized counterbalanced crossover design, 1 of 2 beverages were given before the warm-up: a 0.01% menthol solution or a placebo noncaloric solution. Physical performance was quantified as total distance covered in each of the three 15-minute exercise blocks. Core temperature, heart rate, thermal sensation and thermal comfort were measured at rest and after each exercise block. Results No changes were observed between trials and over time for distance covered. No main effect of mouth rinse was observed for core temperature and heart rate, but both increased over time in all conditions (P < 0.001). Thermal sensation and thermal comfort were significantly improved with menthol after mouth-rinsing (P < 0.05), but with no differences at any other time-point. Discussion These results indicate that non-thermal cooling oral stimuli provide immediate behavioral changes but may not influence physiological or physical responses in football referees, during intermittent exercise in hot and humid environments. Clinical Trial Registration www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT05632692.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roriz
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, Barcarena, Portugal
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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3
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Campbell HA, Akerman AP, Kissling LS, Prout JR, Gibbons TD, Thomas KN, Cotter JD. Acute physiological and psychophysical responses to different modes of heat stress. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:429-440. [PMID: 35193165 PMCID: PMC9314810 DOI: 10.1113/ep089992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New Findings What is the central question of this study? What are the profiles of acute physiological and psychophysical strain during and in recovery from different modes of heating, and to what extent do these diminish after repeated exposure? What is the main finding and its importance? Mode of heating affects the strain profiles during heat stress and recovery. Exercise in the heat incurred the greatest cardiovascular strain during heating and recovery. Humid heat was poorly tolerated despite heat strain being no greater than in other heating modes, and tolerance did not improve with multiple exposures.
Abstract Heat stress is common and arises endogenously and exogenously. It can be acutely hazardous while also increasingly advocated to drive health and performance‐related adaptations. Yet, the nature of strain (deviation in regulated variables) imposed by different heating modes is not well established, despite the potential for important differences. We, therefore, compared three modes of heat stress for thermal, cardiovascular and perceptual strain profiles during exposure and recovery when experienced as a novel stimulus and an accustomed stimulus. In a crossover design, 13 physically active participants (five females) underwent 5 days of 60‐min exposures to hot water immersion (40°C), sauna (55°C, 54% relative humidity) and exercise in the heat (40°C, 52% relative humidity), and a thermoneutral water immersion control (36.5°C), each separated by ≥4 weeks. Physiological (thermal, cardiovascular, haemodynamic) and psychophysical strain responses were assessed on days 1 and 5. Sauna evoked the warmest skin (40°C; P < 0.001) but exercise in the heat caused the largest increase in core temperature, sweat rate, heart rate (post hoc comparisons all P < 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (P ≤ 0.002), and possibly decrease in diastolic blood pressures (P ≤ 0.130), regardless of day. Thermal sensation and feeling state were more favourable on day 5 than on day 1 (P ≤ 0.021), with all modes of heat being equivalently uncomfortable (P ≥ 0.215). Plasma volume expanded the largest extent during immersions (P < 0.001). The current data highlight that exercising in the heat generates a more complex strain profile, while passive heat stress in humid heat has lower tolerance and more cardiovascular strain than hot water immersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Campbell
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ashley P Akerman
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lorenz S Kissling
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jamie R Prout
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Travis D Gibbons
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kate N Thomas
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James D Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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4
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Kissling LS, Akerman AP, Campbell HA, Prout JR, Gibbons TD, Thomas KN, Cotter JD. A crossover control study of three methods of heat acclimation on the magnitude and kinetics of adaptation. Exp Physiol 2021; 107:337-349. [PMID: 34957632 DOI: 10.1113/ep089993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS Central question to the study? Are primary indices of heat adaptation (e.g., expansion of plasma volume and reduction in resting core temperature) differentially affected by the three major modes of short-term heat acclimation, i.e., exercise in the heat, hot water immersion and sauna? Main finding and its importance? The three modes elicited typical adaptations expected with short-term heat acclimation, however these were not significantly different between modes. This comparison has not previously been done and highlights that individuals can expect similar adaptation to heat regardless of the mode used. ABSTRACT Heat acclimation (HA) can improve heat tolerance and cardiovascular health. The mode of HA potentially impacts the magnitude and time course of adaptations, but almost no comparative data exist. We therefore investigated adaptive responses to three common modes of HA, particularly with respect to plasma volume. Within a crossover repeated-measures design, 13 physically-active participants (5 female) undertook four, 5-d HA regimes (60 min/d) in randomised order, separated by ≥4 wk. Rectal temperature (Tre ) was clamped at neutrality via 36.6C (thermoneutral) water immersion (TWI; i.e., control condition), or raised by 1.5°C via heat stress in 40°C water (HWI), Sauna (55°C, 52% RH), or exercise in humid heat (40°C, 52% RH; ExH). Adaptation magnitude was assessed as the pooled response across days 4 to 6, while kinetics was assessed via the 6-d time series. Plasma volume expansion was similar in all heated conditions but only higher than TWI in ExH (by 4%, p = 0.036). Approximately two thirds of the expansion was attained within the initial 24 h and was moderately related to that present on day 6, regardless of HA mode (r = 0.560-0.887). Expansion was mediated by conservation of both sodium and albumin content, with little evidence for these having differential roles between modes (p = 0.706 and 0.320, respectively). Resting Tre decreased by 0.1-0.3°C in all heated conditions, and SBP decreased by 4 mm Hg, but not differentially between conditions (p≥0.137). In conclusion, HA mode did not substantially affect the magnitude or rate of adaptation in key resting markers of short-term HA. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz S Kissling
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ashley P Akerman
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Holly A Campbell
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jamie R Prout
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Travis D Gibbons
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kate N Thomas
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James D Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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5
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Pokora I, Sadowska-Krępa E, Wolowski Ł, Wyderka P, Michnik A, Drzazga Z. The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6906. [PMID: 34199101 PMCID: PMC8297353 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of a series of ten sauna baths (MPHA) on thermophysiological and selected hematological responses in 14 elite cross-country skiers to a submaximal endurance exercise test performed under thermoneutral environmental conditions was studied. Thermal and physiological variables were measured before and after the exercise test, whereas selected hematological indices were studied before, immediately after, and during recovery after a run, before (T1) and after sauna baths (T2). MPHA did not influence the baseline internal, body, and skin temperatures. There was a decrease in the resting heart rate (HR: p = 0.001) and physiological strain (PSI: p = 0.052) after MPHA and a significant effect of MPHA on systolic blood pressure (p = 0.03), hematological indices, and an exercise effect but no combined effect of treatments and exercise on the tested variables. A positive correlation was reported between PSI and total protein (%ΔTP) in T2 and a negative between plasma volume (%ΔPV) and mean red cellular volume (%ΔMCV) in T1 and T2 in response to exercise and a positive one during recovery. This may suggest that MPHA has a weak influence on body temperatures but causes a moderate decrease in PSI and modifications of plasma volume restoration in response to exercise under temperate conditions in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Pokora
- Department of Physiological-Medical Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- Department of Physiological-Medical Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Wolowski
- Doctoral Studies, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Piotr Wyderka
- Doctoral Studies, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Anna Michnik
- The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (A.M.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zofia Drzazga
- The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (A.M.); (Z.D.)
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6
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Ashworth ET, Cotter JD, Kilding AE. Methods for improving thermal tolerance in military personnel prior to deployment. Mil Med Res 2020; 7:58. [PMID: 33248459 PMCID: PMC7700709 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exposure to heat, such as that experienced by people arriving into a hotter or more humid environment, can compromise physical and cognitive performance as well as health. In military contexts heat stress is exacerbated by the combination of protective clothing, carried loads, and unique activity profiles, making them susceptible to heat illnesses. As the operational environment is dynamic and unpredictable, strategies to minimize the effects of heat should be planned and conducted prior to deployment. This review explores how heat acclimation (HA) prior to deployment may attenuate the effects of heat by initiating physiological and behavioural adaptations to more efficiently and effectively protect thermal homeostasis, thereby improving performance and reducing heat illness risk. HA usually requires access to heat chamber facilities and takes weeks to conduct, which can often make it impractical and infeasible, especially if there are other training requirements and expectations. Recent research in athletic populations has produced protocols that are more feasible and accessible by reducing the time taken to induce adaptations, as well as exploring new methods such as passive HA. These protocols use shorter HA periods or minimise additional training requirements respectively, while still invoking key physiological adaptations, such as lowered core temperature, reduced heart rate and increased sweat rate at a given intensity. For deployments of special units at short notice (< 1 day) it might be optimal to use heat re-acclimation to maintain an elevated baseline of heat tolerance for long periods in anticipation of such an event. Methods practical for military groups are yet to be fully understood, therefore further investigation into the effectiveness of HA methods is required to establish the most effective and feasible approach to implement them within military groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Tom Ashworth
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland, 0632 New Zealand
| | - James David Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago 9016 New Zealand
| | - Andrew Edward Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland, 0632 New Zealand
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Rønnestad BR, Hamarsland H, Hansen J, Holen E, Montero D, Whist JE, Lundby C. Five weeks of heat training increases haemoglobin mass in elite cyclists. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:316-327. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joar Hansen
- Innland University of Applied Sciences Lillehammer Norway
| | - Espen Holen
- Innland University of Applied Sciences Lillehammer Norway
| | - David Montero
- Faculty of Kinesiology Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Canada
| | | | - Carsten Lundby
- Innland University of Applied Sciences Lillehammer Norway
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8
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Kissling LS, Akerman AP, Cotter JD. Heat-induced hypervolemia: Does the mode of acclimation matter and what are the implications for performance at Tokyo 2020? Temperature (Austin) 2019; 7:129-148. [PMID: 33015241 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2019.1653736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tokyo 2020 will likely be the most heat stressful Olympics to date, so preparation to mitigate the effects of humid heat will be essential for performance in several of the 33 sports. One key consideration is heat acclimation (HA); the repeated exposure to heat to elicit physiological and psychophysical adaptations that improve tolerance and exercise performance in the heat. Heat can be imposed in various ways, including exercise in the heat, hot water immersion, or passive exposure to hot air (e.g., sauna). The physical requirements of each sport will determine the impact that the heat has on performance, and the adaptations required from HA to mitigate these effects. This review focuses on one key adaptation, plasma volume expansion (PVE), and how the mode of HA may affect the kinetics of adaptation. PVE constitutes a primary HA-mediated adaptation and contributes to functional adaptations (e.g., lower heart rate and increased heat loss capacity), which may be particularly important in athletes of "sub-elite" cardiorespiratory fitness (e.g., team sports), alongside athletes of prolonged endurance events. This review: i) highlights the ability of exercise in the heat, hot-water immersion, and passive hot air to expand PV, providing the first quantitative assessment of the efficacy of different heating modes; ii) discusses how this may apply to athletes at Tokyo 2020; and iii) provides recommendations regarding the protocol of HA and the prospect for achieving PVE (and the related outcomes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz S Kissling
- The School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ashley P Akerman
- The School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James D Cotter
- The School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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9
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Akerman AP, Thomas KN, van Rij AM, Body ED, Alfadhel M, Cotter JD. Heat therapy vs. supervised exercise therapy for peripheral arterial disease: a 12-wk randomized, controlled trial. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1495-H1506. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00151.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is characterized by lower limb atherosclerosis impairing blood supply and causing walking-induced leg pain or claudication. Adherence to traditional exercise training programs is poor due to these symptoms despite exercise being a mainstay of conservative treatment. Heat therapy improves many cardiovascular health outcomes, so this study tested if this was a viable alternative cardiovascular therapy for PAD patients. Volunteers with PAD were randomized to 12 wk of heat ( n = 11; mean age 76 ± 8 yr, BMI 28.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2, 4 females) or exercise ( n = 11; 74 ± 10 yr, 28.5 ± 6.8 kg/m2, 3 females). Heat involved spa bathing at ∼39°C, 3–5 days/wk for ≤30 min, followed by ≤30 min of callisthenics. Exercise involved ≤90 min of supervised walking and gym-based exercise, 1–2 days/wk. Following the interventions, total walking distance during a 6-min walk test increased (from ∼350 m) by 41 m (95% CI: [13, 69], P = 0.006) regardless of group, and pain-free walking distance increased (from ∼170 m) by 43 m ([22, 63], P < 0.001). Systolic blood pressure was reduced more following heat (−7 mmHg, [−4, −10], P < 0.001) than following exercise (−3 mmHg, [0, −6], P = 0.078), and diastolic and mean arterial pressure decreased by 4 mmHg in both groups ( P = 0.002). There were no significant changes in blood volume, ankle-brachial index, or measures of vascular health. There were no differences in the improvement in functional or blood pressure outcomes between heat and exercise in individuals with PAD. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Heat therapy via hot-water immersion and supervised exercise both improved walking distance and resting blood pressure in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients over 12 wk. Adherence to heat therapy was excellent, and the heat intervention was well tolerated. The results of the current study indicate that heat therapy can improve functional ability and has potential as an effective cardiovascular conditioning tool for individuals with PAD. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/heat-therapy-vs-exercise-in-peripheral-arterial-disease/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P. Akerman
- School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kate N. Thomas
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andre M. van Rij
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - E. Dianne Body
- Physiotherapy Department, Dunedin Public Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mesfer Alfadhel
- Cardiology Department, Dunedin Public Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James D. Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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10
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Suvi S, Mooses M, Timpmann S, Medijainen L, Unt E, Ööpik V. Influence of Sodium Citrate Supplementation after Dehydrating Exercise on Responses of Stress Hormones to Subsequent Endurance Cycling Time-Trial in the Heat. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E103. [PMID: 31013820 PMCID: PMC6524037 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: In temperate environments, acute orally induced metabolic alkalosis alleviates exercise stress, as reflected in attenuated stress hormone responses to relatively short-duration exercise bouts. However, it is unknown whether the same phenomenon occurs during prolonged exercise in the heat. This study was undertaken with aim to test the hypothesis that ingestion of an alkalizing substance (sodium citrate; CIT) after dehydrating exercise would decrease blood levels of stress hormones during subsequent 40 km cycling time-trial (TT) in the heat. Materials and Methods: Male non-heat-acclimated athletes (n = 20) lost 4% of body mass by exercising in the heat. Then, during a 16 h recovery period prior to TT in a warm environment (32 °C), participants ate the prescribed food and ingested CIT (600 mg·kg-1) or placebo (PLC) in a double-blind, randomized, crossover manner with 7 days between the two trials. Blood aldosterone, cortisol, prolactin and growth hormone concentrations were measured before and after TT. Results: Total work performed during TT was similar in the two trials (p = 0.716). In CIT compared to PLC trial, lower levels of aldosterone occurred before (72%) and after (39%) TT (p ˂ 0.001), and acute response of aldosterone to TT was blunted (29%, p ˂ 0.001). Lower cortisol levels in CIT than in PLC trial occurred before (13%, p = 0.039) and after TT (14%, p = 0.001), but there were no between-trial differences in the acute responses of cortisol, prolactin or growth hormone to TT, or in concentrations of prolactin and growth hormone before or after TT (in all cases p > 0.05). Conclusions: Reduced aldosterone and cortisol levels after TT and blunted acute response of aldosterone to TT indicate that CIT ingestion during recovery after dehydrating exercise may alleviate stress during the next hard endurance cycling bout in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Suvi
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
- Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Martin Mooses
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
- Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Saima Timpmann
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
- Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Luule Medijainen
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
- Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Eve Unt
- Department of Cardiology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
- Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Vahur Ööpik
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
- Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
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Hawley JA, Lundby C, Cotter JD, Burke LM. Maximizing Cellular Adaptation to Endurance Exercise in Skeletal Muscle. Cell Metab 2018; 27:962-976. [PMID: 29719234 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The application of molecular techniques to exercise biology has provided novel insight into the complexity and breadth of intracellular signaling networks involved in response to endurance-based exercise. Here we discuss several strategies that have high uptake by athletes and, on mechanistic grounds, have the potential to promote cellular adaptation to endurance training in skeletal muscle. Such approaches are based on the underlying premise that imposing a greater metabolic load and provoking extreme perturbations in cellular homeostasis will augment acute exercise responses that, when repeated over months and years, will amplify training adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James D Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Louise M Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Sport Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, ACT, Australia
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