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Wang Z, Shang X, Wei J, Tian X, Liu Y, Zhang G. Evaluation and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis Using qRT-PCR in the Sugarcane Stem Borer Chilo sacchariphagus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). INSECTS 2024; 15:594. [PMID: 39194799 DOI: 10.3390/insects15080594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Chilo sacchariphagus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an economically important sugarcane pest. Although numerous studies were conducted on the physiological responses in C. sacchariphagus, little is known regarding the genes regulating these physiological processes. Gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR can offer a significant indication for functional gene studies. To our knowledge, the reference genes of C. sacchariphagus have not been screened or evaluated, which hinders the functional gene study. In the present study, the stability of seven reference genes (β-ACT, GAPDH, BTF3, 28S, RPL7, EF1α, and SDHA) was evaluated in C. sacchariphagus under different experimental conditions, including tissues (antenna, head, thorax, abdomen, leg, and wing), temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C) and sexes (male and female), through RefFinder, which integrates four algorithms (Normfinder, BestKeeper, ΔCt method, and geNorm). The findings suggested that the combination of β-ACT and RPL7 is ideal to analyze gene expressions in different tissues and at distinct temperatures, and EF1α and SDHA were suitable reference genes for comparing gene expressions between sexes. Finally, the expression profiles of CsacPBP1 gene were evaluated, and the outcomes further confirm the importance of selecting fitting reference genes for normalization of qRT-PCR data. This study represents the first kind in screening out suitable reference genes for gene expression analysis in C. sacchariphagus. Information from this study is poised to galvanize future inquiry into the gene expression of C. sacchariphagus, an economically important pest of sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Wang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiankun Shang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jili Wei
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
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Tang Q, Tang J, Chen C, Zhu F, Yu Q, Chen H, Chen L, Ma S, Chen K, Li G. Bombyx mori RPL13 participates in UV-induced DNA damage repair of B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus through interaction with Bm65. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38801334 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Ribosomal protein L13 (RPL13) is highly conserved in evolution. At present, the properties and functions of RPL13 have not been characterised in insects. In this study, Bombyx mori RPL13 (BmRPL13) was first found to be specifically recruited to the sites of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage and contributed to UV damage repair. Escherichia coli expressing BmRPL13 showed better resistance to UV radiation. After knocking down the expression of BmRPL13 in BmN cells, the repair speed of UV-damaged DNA slowed down. The further results showed that BmRPL13 interacted with B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) ORF65 (Bm65) protein to locate at the UV-induced DNA damage sites of BmNPV and helped repair UV-damaged viral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jingjing Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ceru Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huiqing Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Keping Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Shen CH, Tang M, Li XF, Zhu L, Li W, Deng P, Zhai Q, Wu G, Yan XH. Evaluation of reference genes for quantitative expression analysis in Mylabris sibirica (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Front Physiol 2024; 15:1345836. [PMID: 38651047 PMCID: PMC11033477 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1345836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mylabris sibirica is a hypermetamorphic insect whose adults feed on oilseed rape. However, due to a shortage of effective and appropriate endogenous references, studies on molecular functional genes in Mylabris sibirica, have been tremendously limited. In this study, ten internal reference genes (ACT, ARF1, AK, EF1α, GAPDH, α-TUB, RPL6, RPL13, RPS3 and RPS18) were tested and assessed under four selected treatments including adult ages, adult tissues, temperatures, and sex by RT-qPCR based on five methods (Ct value, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder). Our findings showed that RPL6 and RPL13 were the most optimal internal reference gene combination for gene expression during various adult ages and under diverse temperatures; The combination of RPL6 and RPS18 was recommended to test gene transcription levels under different adult tissues. AK and RPL6 were the best reference genes in male and female adults. RPL6 and RPL13 were the most appropriate reference gene pair to estimate gene expression levels under four different tested backgrounds. The relative transcript levels of a uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosamine-pyrophosphorylase (MsUAP), varied greatly according to normalization with the two most- and least-suited reference genes. This study will lay the basis for further molecular physiology and biochemistry studies in M. sibirica, such as development, reproduction, sex differentiation, cold and heat resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Traceability, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/Supervision and Test Center (Wuhan) for Plant Ecological Environment Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Traceability, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/Supervision and Test Center (Wuhan) for Plant Ecological Environment Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Traceability, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/Supervision and Test Center (Wuhan) for Plant Ecological Environment Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Traceability, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/Supervision and Test Center (Wuhan) for Plant Ecological Environment Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Northern Propagation Experiment Station, Center for Science and Technology Dissemination and Industrial Development, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Deng
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Zhai
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Traceability, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/Supervision and Test Center (Wuhan) for Plant Ecological Environment Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Traceability, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/Supervision and Test Center (Wuhan) for Plant Ecological Environment Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
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Cai P, Zhang W, Jiang S, Xiong Y, Qiao H, Yuan H, Gao Z, Zhou Y, Jin S, Fu H. Role of Mn-LIPA in Sex Hormone Regulation and Gonadal Development in the Oriental River Prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1399. [PMID: 38338678 PMCID: PMC10855233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the role of lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA) in sex hormone regulation and gonadal development in Macrobrachium nipponense. The full-length Mn-LIPA cDNA was cloned, and its expression patterns were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in various tissues and developmental stages. Higher expression levels were observed in the hepatopancreas, cerebral ganglion, and testes, indicating the potential involvement of Mn-LIPA in sex differentiation and gonadal development. In situ hybridization experiments revealed strong Mn-LIPA signaling in the spermatheca and hepatopancreas, suggesting their potential role in steroid synthesis (such as cholesterol, fatty acids, cholesteryl ester, and triglycerides) and sperm maturation. Increased expression levels of male-specific genes, such as insulin-like androgenic gland hormone (IAG), sperm gelatinase (SG), and mab-3-related transcription factor (Dmrt11E), were observed after dsMn-LIPA (double-stranded LIPA) injection, and significant inhibition of sperm development and maturation was observed histologically. Additionally, the relationship between Mn-LIPA and sex-related genes (IAG, SG, and Dmrt11E) and hormones (17β-estradiol and 17α-methyltestosterone) was explored by administering sex hormones to male prawns, indicating that Mn-LIPA does not directly control the production of sex hormones but rather utilizes the property of hydrolyzing triglycerides and cholesterol to provide energy while influencing the synthesis and secretion of self-sex hormones. These findings provide valuable insights into the function of Mn-LIPA in M. nipponense and its potential implications for understanding sex differentiation and gonadal development in crustaceans. It provides an important theoretical basis for the realization of a monosex culture of M. nipponense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cai
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (P.C.); (H.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.Q.)
| | - Sufei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.Q.)
| | - Yiwei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.Q.)
| | - Hui Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.Q.)
| | - Huwei Yuan
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (P.C.); (H.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zijian Gao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (P.C.); (H.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongkang Zhou
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (P.C.); (H.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shubo Jin
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (P.C.); (H.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.Q.)
| | - Hongtuo Fu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (P.C.); (H.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.Q.)
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Shen XX, Zhang GQ, Zhao YX, Zhu XX, Yu XF, Yang MF, Zhang F. Selection and validation of optimal reference genes for RT-qPCR analyses in Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1277942. [PMID: 37954450 PMCID: PMC10634233 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1277942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphidoletes aphidimyza is a predator that is an important biological agent used to control agricultural and forestry aphids. Although many studies have investigated its biological and ecological characteristics, few molecular studies have been reported. The current study was performed to identify suitable reference genes to facilitate future gene expression and function analyses via quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Eight reference genes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), RPS13, RPL8, RPS3, α-Tub, β-actin, RPL32, and elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α) were selected. Their expression levels were determined under four different experimental conditions (developmental stages, adult tissues, sugar treatment, and starvation treatment) using qRT-PCR technology. The stability was evaluated with five methods (Ct value, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder). The results showed that GAPDH, RPL32, and EF1-α were ranked as the best reference gene combinations for measuring gene expression levels among different developing stages and in various starvation treatments. RPL8 and RPS3 were recommended to normalize the gene expression levels among different adult tissues. RPL32, β-actin, and EF1-α were recommended sugar-feeding conditions. To validate the utility of the selected reference pair, RPL8, and RPS3, we estimated the tissue-biased expression level of a chemosensory protein gene (AaphCSP1). As expected, AaphCSP1 is highly expressed in the antennae and lowly expressed in the abdomen. These findings will lay the foundation for future research on the molecular physiology and biochemistry of A. aphidimyza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Xian Shen
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Xin Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zhu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Yu
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mao-Fa Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Liu Y, Zhou J, Qiu Z, Hu P, Chen X, Yang Z. Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for Expression Analysis Using RT-qPCR in Leptocybe invasa Fisher and La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050456. [PMID: 37233084 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a globally intrusive pest. Despite extensive research into the physiological responses of this pest, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms still needs to be improved. We want to accurately investigate the expression of L. invasa's target genes, so it is imperative to select fitting reference genes. In this study, eight housekeeping genes' stability (RPS30, ACTR, 18S rRNA, ACT, RPL18, GAPDH, 28S rRNA, and TUB) was tested under five different experimental conditions, including male or female adults, somites (head, thorax, and abdomen), temperatures (0 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C), diets (starvation, clear water, 10% honey water, Eucalyptus sap), and pesticides (acetone was used as a control, imidacloprid, monosultap). Gene stability was calculated using RefFinder, which integrates four algorithms (the ∆Ct method, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper). The findings implied that ACT and ACTR were the most accurate when comparing sexes. For analyzing different somites, 28S rRNA and RPL18 were ideal; the 28S rRNA and RRS30 were perfect for analyzing at different temperatures. The combination of ACT and GAPDH helped to analyze gene expression in different diets, and GAPDH and 28S rRNA were suitable for various pesticide conditions. Overall, this research offers a complete list of reference genes from L. invasa for precise analysis of target gene expression, which can improve the trustworthiness of RT-qPCR and lay the foundation for further investigations into the gene function of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhisong Qiu
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhende Yang
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Zhan HX, Li L, Li FQ, Zang LS. Identification and Comparative Expression Profiles of Candidate Olfactory Receptors in the Transcriptomes of the Important Egg Parasitoid Wasp Anastatus japonicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:915. [PMID: 36840263 PMCID: PMC9962093 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anastatus japonicus Ashmead is an egg parasitoid wasp important for the biological control of fruit crop pests. The olfaction of parasitoids is crucial to searching for host pests in fruit crops. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the antennal and abdominal transcriptomes of A. japonicus to better understand the olfactory mechanisms in this species. A total of 201 putative olfactory receptor genes were identified, including 184 odorant receptors (ORs) and 17 ionotropic receptors (IRs). Then, we assayed the tissue-specific and sex-biased expression profiles of those genes based on the transcriptional levels. In total, 165 ORs and 15 IRs had upregulated expression in the antennae. The expression levels of 133 ORs, including odorant receptor co-receptor (AjapORco), and 10 IRs, including AjapIR8a, were significantly different between the female and male antennae. Our results provide valuable information for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of the olfactory system in A. japonicus.
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Wei H, Qiao H, Liu S, Yuan X, Xu C. Transcriptome-Based Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression in Goji Fruit Fly ( Neoceratitis asiatica Becker) under Developmental Stages and Five Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010451. [PMID: 36613890 PMCID: PMC9820723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Goji fruit fly, Neoceratitis asiatica, is a major pest on the well-known medicinal plant Lycium barbarum. Dissecting molecular mechanisms of infestation and host selection of N. asiatica will contribute to the determination of best management practices for pest fly control. Gene expression normalization by Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) requires the selection and validation of appropriate reference genes (RGs). Hence, 15 candidate RGs were selected from transcriptome data of N. asiatica. Their expression stability was evaluated with five algorithms (∆Ct, Normfinder, GeNorm, BestKeeper, and RefFinder) for sample types differing in the developmental stage, sex, tissue type, and in response to five different abiotic stresses. Our results indicated that the RGs β-Actin + GST for sex, RPL32 + EF1α for tissue type, RPS13+ EF1α for developmental stages along with odor stimulation, color induction, and starvation-refeeding stresses, EF1α + GAPDH under insecticide stress, RPS13 + RPS18 under temperature stress, respectively, were selected as the most suitable RGs for qPCR normalization. Overall, RPS18 and EF1α were the two most stable RGs in all conditions, while RPS15 and EF1β were the least stable RGs. The corresponding suitable RGs and one unstable RG were used to normalize a target odorant-binding protein OBP56a gene in male and female antennae, different tissues, and under odor stimulation. The results of OBP56a expression were consistent with transcriptome data. Our study is the first research on the most stable RGs selection in N. asiatica, which will facilitate further studies on the mechanisms of host selection and insecticide resistance in N. asiatica.
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