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Silva AMD, Pereira AG, Bezerra LGP, Brasil AV, Pereira AF, de Oliveira MF, Rodrigues APR, Ñaupas LVS, Comizzoli P, Silva AR. Synergistic effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and base-medium on in vitro culture of testicular tissue derived from prepubertal collared peccary. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:1364-1377. [PMID: 39007507 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
We evaluated the influence of different media plus various concentrations of Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) during the in vitro culture (IVC) of testicular tissues from prepubertal collared peccary. Testes from 5 individuals were collected, fragmented and cultured for 28 days (34°C and 5% CO2). Culture media were Dulbecco's modified essential medium (DMEM) or stem cell serum free media (StemPro-34™ SFM), both supplemented with various concentrations of GDNF (0, 10, or 20 ng/mL). Fragments were cultured on the flat surface of 0.75% agarose gel and were evaluated every 7 days for fragment area, histomorphology, cellular viability, and proliferative activity. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error and analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis's and Tukey test. Fragments area decreased over the 28 days-culture, regardless of the treatment. For morphology, the StemPro-37 SFM medium plus 10 ng/mL GDNF provided higher scores at all time points in comparison to DMEM using any GDNF concentration (p < .05). After 28 days, similar cellular viability (~70%) was observed in all treatments (p > .05). For proliferating cell nuclear antigen assay, only DMEM plus 10 ng/mL GDNF improved (p < .05) cellular proliferation on Days 14 and 28. Looking at argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions, after 28 days, there were no differences among treatments regarding cell proliferative capacity for both spermatogonia and Sertoli cells (p > .05). In summary, the DMEM and StemPro-34 SFM are adequate medium for IVC of prepubertal peccary testicular tissue. Supplementation with GDNF, especially at a 10 ng/mL concentration, appears to be essential for the maintenance of cell survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Maria da Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Germplasm Conservation, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, UFERSA, Mossoro, Brazil
| | - Ana Glória Pereira
- Laboratory of Animal Germplasm Conservation, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, UFERSA, Mossoro, Brazil
| | | | - Andreza Vieira Brasil
- Laboratory of Animal Germplasm Conservation, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, UFERSA, Mossoro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Alexandre Rodrigues Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Germplasm Conservation, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, UFERSA, Mossoro, Brazil
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Bashiri Z, Hosseini SJ, Salem M, Koruji M. In vivo and in vitro sperm production: an overview of the challenges and advances in male fertility restoration. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2024; 51:171-180. [PMID: 38525520 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2023.06569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Male infertility can be caused by genetic anomalies, endocrine disorders, inflammation, and exposure to toxic chemicals or gonadotoxic treatments. Therefore, several recent studies have concentrated on the preservation and restoration of fertility to enhance the quality of life for affected individuals. It is currently recommended to biobank the tissue extracted from testicular biopsies to provide a later source of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Another successful approach has been the in vitro production of haploid male germ cells. The capacity of SSCs to transform into sperm, as in testicular tissue transplantation, SSC therapy, and in vitro or ex vivo spermatogenesis, makes them ideal candidates for in vivo fertility restoration. The transplantation of SSCs or testicular tissue to regenerate spermatogenesis and create embryos has been achieved in nonhuman mammal species. Although the outcomes of human trials have yet to be released, this method may soon be approved for clinical use in humans. Furthermore, regenerative medicine techniques that develop tissue or cells on organic or synthetic scaffolds enriched with bioactive molecules have also gained traction. All of these methods are now in different stages of experimentation and clinical trials. However, thanks to rigorous studies on the safety and effectiveness of SSC-based reproductive treatments, some of these techniques may be clinically available in upcoming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bashiri
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Omid Fertility and Infertility Clinic, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Seyed Jamal Hosseini
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Salem
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Koruji
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tan J, Li J, Lin C, Ye N, Zhang H, Liu C, Han S, Li Z, Zhou X. Generation of mouse testicular organoids with highly compartmentalized tubular lumen structure and their cryopreservation. Life Sci 2024; 355:122980. [PMID: 39147312 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Testicular organoids have great potential for maintaining male fertility and even restoring male infertility. However, existing studies on generating organoids with testis-specific structure and function are scarce and come with many limitations. Research on cryopreservation of testicular organoids is even more limited, and inappropriate cryopreservation methods may result in the loss of properties in resuscitated or regenerated organoids, rendering them unsuitable for clinical or research needs. In this paper, we investigated the effects of mouse age and cell number on the self-aggregation of testicular cells into spheres in low-adsorption plates. Various media compositions, culture systems, and cell numbers were used to culture cell spheres for 14 days to form testicular organoids, and the self-organization of the organoids was assessed by histological and immunofluorescence staining. We determined the appropriate cryopreservation conditions for testicular cells, cell spheres, and tissues. Subsequently, organoids derived from cryopreserved testicular tissues, testicular cells, and testicular cell spheres were compared and evaluated by histological and immunofluorescence staining. The results indicate that testicular cell spheres consisting of 30 × 104 testicular cells from 2-week-old mice were able to form organoids highly similar to the luminal structure and cell distribution of natural mouse testicular tissues. This transformation occurred over 14 days of incubation in α-MEM medium containing 10 % knockout serum replacer (KSR) using an agarose hydrogel culture system. Additionally, the Sertoli cells were tightly connected to form a blood-testis barrier. The relative rates of tubular area, germ cells, Sertoli cells, and peritubular myoid cells were 36.985 % ± 0.695, 13.347 % ± 3.102, 47.570 % ± 0.379, and 27.406 % ± 1.832, respectively. The optimal cryopreservation protocol for primary testicular cells involved slow freezing with a cryoprotectant consisting of α-MEM with 10 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Slow freezing with cryoprotectants containing 5 % DMSO and 5 % ethylene glycol (EG) was optimal for all different volumes of testicular cell spheres. Compared to testicular organoids generated from frozen testicular tissue and cell spheres, freezing testicular cells proved most effective in maintaining organoid differentiation characteristics and cell-cell interactions. The findings of this study contribute to a "universal" testicular organoid in vitro culture protocol with promising applications for fertility preservation and restoration in prepubertal cancer patients and adult infertile patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tan
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Chunyan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Na Ye
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Sha Han
- Department of Andrology, The Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Andrology, The Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xinli Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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Yang T, Wang W, Xie L, Chen S, Ye X, Shen S, Chen H, Qi L, Cui Z, Xiong W, Guo Y, Chen J. Investigating retinal explant models cultured in static and perfused systems to test the performance of exosomes secreted from retinal organoids. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 408:110181. [PMID: 38823594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex vivo cultures of retinal explants are appropriate models for translational research. However, one of the difficult problems of retinal explants ex vivo culture is that their nutrient supply needs cannot be constantly met. NEW METHOD This study evaluated the effect of perfused culture on the survival of retinal explants, addressing the challenge of insufficient nutrition in static culture. Furthermore, exosomes secreted from retinal organoids (RO-Exos) were stained with PKH26 to track their uptake in retinal explants to mimic the efficacy of exosomal drugs in vivo. RESULTS We found that the retinal explants cultured with perfusion exhibited significantly higher viability, increased NeuN+ cells, and reduced apoptosis compared to the static culture group at Days Ex Vivo (DEV) 4, 7, and 14. The perfusion-cultured retinal explants exhibited reduced mRNA markers for gliosis and microglial activation, along with lower expression of GFAP and Iba1, as revealed by immunostaining. Additionally, RNA-sequencing analysis showed that perfusion culture mainly upregulated genes associated with visual perception and photoreceptor cell maintenance while downregulating the immune system process and immune response. RO-Exos promoted the uptake of PKH26-labelled exosomes and the growth of retinal explants in perfusion culture. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our perfusion culture system can provide a continuous supply of culture medium to achieve steady-state equilibrium in retinal explant culture. Compared to traditional static culture, it better preserves the vitality, provides better neuroprotection, and reduces glial activation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a promising ex vivo model for further studies on degenerative retinal diseases and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linyao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhong Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhao Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Qi
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Zekai Cui
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonglong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jiansu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Tan J, Li J, Zhang Y, Li X, Han S, Li Z, Zhou X. Application of photocrosslinked gelatin, alginate and dextran hydrogels in the in vitro culture of testicular tissue. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129498. [PMID: 38232872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Testicular tissue culture in vitro is considered an important tool for the study of spermatogenesis and the treatment of male infertility. Although agarose hydrogel is commonly used in testicular tissue culture, the efficiency of spermatogenesis in vitro is limited. In this study, testicular tissues from adult mice were cultured using a gas-liquid interphase method based on agarose (Agarose), gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), alginate methacryloyl (AlgMA), dextran methacryloyl (DexMA), and mixture GelMA-Agarose, AlgMA-Agarose, and DexMA-Agarose hydrogels, respectively, for 32 days in vitro. The integrity of the seminiferous tubules, the density and proportions of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, Sertoli cells, and testosterone concentrations were quantified and compared between groups. Properties of different hydrogels including compression modulus, Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy (FITR) spectra, pore size, water absorption, and water retention were tested to investigate how biochemical and physical properties of hydrogels affect the results of testicular tissue culture. The results indicate that testicular tissues cultured on AlgMA exhibited the highest seminiferous tubule integrity rate (0.835 ± 0.021), the presence of a high density of spermatocytes (2107.627 ± 232.082/mm2), and a high proportion of SOX9-positive well-preserved seminiferous tubules (0.473 ± 0.047) compared to all remaining experimental groups on day 32. This may be due to the high water content of AlgMA reducing the toxic effect of oxygen on testicular tissue. In the later period of culture, testicular tissues cultured on DexMA, not DexMA-Agarose, produced significantly more testosterone (18.093 ± 3.302 ng/mL) than the other groups, suggesting that DexMA is friendly to Leydig cells. Our study provides a new idea for the optimization of the gas-liquid interphase method for achieving in vitro spermatogenesis, facilitating the future achievement of efficient in vitro spermatogenesis in more species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tan
- Institute of Biothermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Institute of Biothermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Institute of Biothermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Biothermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Sha Han
- Department of Andrology, the Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Andrology, the Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xinli Zhou
- Institute of Biothermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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Bashiri Z, Gholipourmalekabadi M, Khadivi F, Salem M, Afzali A, Cham TC, Koruji M. In vitro spermatogenesis in artificial testis: current knowledge and clinical implications for male infertility. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:393-421. [PMID: 37721632 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Men's reproductive health exclusively depends on the appropriate maturation of certain germ cells known as sperm. Certain illnesses, such as Klinefelter syndrome, cryptorchidism, and syndrome of androgen insensitivity or absence of testis maturation in men, resulting in the loss of germ cells and the removal of essential genes on the Y chromosome, can cause non-obstructive azoospermia. According to laboratory research, preserving, proliferating, differentiating, and transplanting spermatogonial stem cells or testicular tissue could be future methods for preserving the fertility of children with cancer and men with azoospermia. Therefore, new advances in stem cell research may lead to promising therapies for treating male infertility. The rate of progression and breakthrough in the area of in vitro spermatogenesis is lower than that of SSC transplantation, but newer methods are also being developed. In this regard, tissue and cell culture, supplements, and 3D scaffolds have opened new horizons in the differentiation of stem cells in vitro, which could improve the outcomes of male infertility. Various 3D methods have been developed to produce cellular aggregates and mimic the organization and function of the testis. The production of an artificial reproductive organ that supports SSCs differentiation will certainly be a main step in male infertility treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bashiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.
- Omid Fertility & Infertility Clinic, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Khadivi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Salem
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Afzali
- Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Tat-Chuan Cham
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Morteza Koruji
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.
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Teoli J, Mallet D, Renault L, Gay CL, Labrune E, Bretones P, Giscard D’Estaing S, Cuzin B, Dijoud F, Roucher-Boulez F, Plotton I. Case Report: Longitudinal follow-up and testicular sperm extraction in a patient with a pathogenic NR5A1 (SF-1) frameshift variant: p.(Phe70Ser fs*5). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1171822. [PMID: 37409232 PMCID: PMC10319352 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1171822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), encoded by the nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1 (NR5A1) gene, is a transcriptional factor crucial for adrenal and gonadal organogenesis. Pathogenic variants of NR5A1 are responsible for a wide spectrum of phenotypes with autosomal dominant inheritance including disorders of sex development and oligospermia-azoospermia in 46,XY adults. Preservation of fertility remains challenging in these patients. Objective The aim was to offer fertility preservation at the end of puberty in an NR5A1 mutated patient. Case report The patient was born of non-consanguineous parents, with a disorder of sex development, a small genital bud, perineal hypospadias, and gonads in the left labioscrotal fold and the right inguinal region. Neither uterus nor vagina was detected. The karyotype was 46,XY. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and testosterone levels were low, indicating testicular dysgenesis. The child was raised as a boy. At 9 years old, he presented with precocious puberty treated by triptorelin. At puberty, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), and testosterone levels increased, whereas AMH, inhibin B, and testicular volume were low, suggesting an impaired Sertoli cell function and a partially preserved Leydig cell function. A genetic study performed at almost 15 years old identified the new frameshift variant NM_004959.5: c.207del p.(Phe70Serfs*5) at a heterozygous state. He was thus addressed for fertility preservation. No sperm cells could be retrieved from three semen collections between the ages of 16 years 4 months and 16 years 10 months. A conventional bilateral testicular biopsy and testicular sperm extraction were performed at 17 years 10 months of age, but no sperm cells were found. Histological analysis revealed an aspect of mosaicism with seminiferous tubules that were either atrophic, with Sertoli cells only, or presenting an arrest of spermatogenesis at the spermatocyte stage. Conclusion We report a case with a new NR5A1 variant. The fertility preservation protocol proposed at the end of puberty did not allow any sperm retrieval for future parenthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Teoli
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Unité Médicale de Biologie Endocrinienne, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Département des sciences biomédicales B, Institut des sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Institut Cellule Souche et Cerveau (SBRI), Unité de Institut national de la recherche médicale (INSERM) 1208, Centre de Recherche INSERM, Bron, France
| | - Delphine Mallet
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Unité Médicale de Biologie Endocrinienne, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital: du Fœtus à l’Adulte, Filière Maladies Rares Endocriniennes, Bron, France
| | - Lucie Renault
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Claire-Lise Gay
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital: du Fœtus à l’Adulte, Filière Maladies Rares Endocriniennes, Bron, France
- Service d’endocrinologie pédiatrique, Institut Saint-Pierre, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Elsa Labrune
- Institut Cellule Souche et Cerveau (SBRI), Unité de Institut national de la recherche médicale (INSERM) 1208, Centre de Recherche INSERM, Bron, France
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Bretones
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital: du Fœtus à l’Adulte, Filière Maladies Rares Endocriniennes, Bron, France
- Service d’endocrinologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Sandrine Giscard D’Estaing
- Institut Cellule Souche et Cerveau (SBRI), Unité de Institut national de la recherche médicale (INSERM) 1208, Centre de Recherche INSERM, Bron, France
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Béatrice Cuzin
- Chirurgie Urologique, Centre Lyonnais d’Urologie Bellecour, Lyon, France
| | - Frédérique Dijoud
- Institut Cellule Souche et Cerveau (SBRI), Unité de Institut national de la recherche médicale (INSERM) 1208, Centre de Recherche INSERM, Bron, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Florence Roucher-Boulez
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Unité Médicale de Biologie Endocrinienne, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital: du Fœtus à l’Adulte, Filière Maladies Rares Endocriniennes, Bron, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, France
| | - Ingrid Plotton
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Unité Médicale de Biologie Endocrinienne, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Institut Cellule Souche et Cerveau (SBRI), Unité de Institut national de la recherche médicale (INSERM) 1208, Centre de Recherche INSERM, Bron, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital: du Fœtus à l’Adulte, Filière Maladies Rares Endocriniennes, Bron, France
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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