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Malaník M, Farková V, Křížová J, Kresová A, Šmejkal K, Kašparovský T, Dadáková K. Comparison of Metabolic Profiles of Fruits of Arctium lappa, Arctium minus, and Arctium tomentosum. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 79:497-502. [PMID: 38589624 PMCID: PMC11178601 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-024-01175-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Metabolites of the edible and medicinal plant Arctium have been shown to possess beneficial activities. The phytochemical profile of Arctium lappa is well-explored and its fruits are known to contain mainly lignans, fatty acids, and sterols. But the fruits of other Arctium species have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study compares the metabolic profiles of the fruits of A. lappa, Arctium tomentosum, and Arctium minus. Targeted metabolomics led to the putative identification of 53 metabolites in the fruit extracts, the majority of these being lignans and fatty acids. Quantification of the major lignans showed that the year of collection had a significant effect on the lignan content. Furthermore, A. lappa fruits contained lesser amounts of arctigenin but greater amounts of arctigenin glycoside than A. minus fruits. Regarding the profile of fatty acids, A. minus fruits differed from the others in the presence of linolelaidic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Malaník
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Farková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Křížová
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Kresová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Šmejkal
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kašparovský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Dadáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Zhao R, Yu Y, Gao M, Xing Y, Xue J, Xu L, Kang T. The conversion of monolignans to sesquilignans and dilignans is closely correlated to the regulation of Arctium lappa seed germination. PLANTA 2024; 260:9. [PMID: 38795149 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The secondary metabolic conversion of monolignans to sesquilignans/dilignans was closely related to seed germination and seedling establishment in Arctium lappa. Arctium lappa plants are used as a kind of traditional Chinese medicines for nearly 1500 years, and so far, only a few studies have put focus on the key secondary metabolic changes during seed germination and seedling establishment. In the current study, a combined approach was used to investigate the correlation among secondary metabolites, plant hormone signaling, and transcriptional profiles at the early critical stages of A. lappa seed germination and seedling establishment. Of 50 metabolites in methonolic extracts of A. lappa samples, 35 metabolites were identified with LC-MS/MS and 15 metabolites were identified with GC-MS. Their qualitative properties were examined according to the predicted chemical structures. The quantitative analysis was performed for deciphering their metabolic profiles, discovering that the secondary metabolic conversion from monolignans to sesquilignans/dilignans was closely correlated to the initiation of A. lappa seed germination and seedling establishment. Furthermore, the critical transcriptional changes in primary metabolisms, translational regulation at different cellular compartments, and multiple plant hormone signaling pathways were revealed. In addition, the combined approach provides unprecedented insights into key regulatory mechanisms in both gene transcription and secondary metabolites besides many known primary metabolites during seed germination of an important traditional Chinese medicinal plant species. The results not only provide new insights to understand the regulation of key medicinal components of 'ARCTII FRUCTUS', arctiin and arctigenin at the stages of seed germination and seedling establishment, but also potentially spur the development of seed-based cultivation in A. lappa plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingze Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tingguo Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
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Ambroselli D, Masciulli F, Romano E, Guerrini R, Ingallina C, Spano M, Mannina L. NMR Metabolomics of Arctium lappa L. , Taraxacum officinale and Melissa officinalis: A Comparison of Spontaneous and Organic Ecotypes. Foods 2024; 13:1642. [PMID: 38890870 PMCID: PMC11171743 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Officinal plants are a source of metabolites whose chemical composition depends on pedoclimatic conditions. In this study, the NMR-based approach was applied to investigate the impacts of different altitudes and agronomical practices (Land, Mountain Spontaneous, and Organically Grown Ecotypes, namely LSE, MSE, and OE, respectively) on the metabolite profiles of Burdock root, Dandelion root and aerial part, and Lemon balm aerial part. Sugars, amino acids, organic acids, polyphenols, fatty acids, and other metabolites were identified and quantified in all samples. Some metabolites turned out to be tissue-specific markers. Arginine was found in roots, whereas myo-inositol, galactose, glyceroyldigalactose moiety, pheophytin, and chlorophyll were identified in aerial parts. Caftaric and chicoric acids, 3,5 di-caffeoylquinic acid, and chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids were detected in Dandelion, Burdock and Lemon balm, respectively. The metabolite amount changed significantly according to crop, tissue type, and ecotype. All ecotypes of Burdock had the highest contents of amino acids and the lowest contents of organic acids, whereas an opposite trend was observed in Lemon balm. Dandelion parts contained high levels of carbohydrates, except for the MSE aerial part, which showed the highest content of organic acids. The results provided insights into the chemistry of officinal plants, thus supporting nutraceutical-phytopharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Ambroselli
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.A.); (F.M.); (E.R.); (M.S.); (L.M.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMR Lab), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Masciulli
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.A.); (F.M.); (E.R.); (M.S.); (L.M.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMR Lab), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Romano
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.A.); (F.M.); (E.R.); (M.S.); (L.M.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMR Lab), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ruggero Guerrini
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516—LASIRE—Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l’Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Cinzia Ingallina
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.A.); (F.M.); (E.R.); (M.S.); (L.M.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMR Lab), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Spano
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.A.); (F.M.); (E.R.); (M.S.); (L.M.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMR Lab), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.A.); (F.M.); (E.R.); (M.S.); (L.M.)
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Bjørklund G, Cruz-Martins N, Goh BH, Mykhailenko O, Lysiuk R, Shanaida M, Lenchyk L, Upyr T, Rusu ME, Pryshlyak A, Shanaida V, Chirumbolo S. Medicinal Plant-derived Phytochemicals in Detoxification. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:988-1015. [PMID: 37559241 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230809094242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The average worldwide human life expectancy is 70 years, with a significantly higher value in Western societies. Many modern diseases are not associated with premature mortality but with a decreased quality of life in aged patients and an excessive accumulation of various toxic compounds in the human body during life. Today, scientists are especially interested in finding compounds that can help increase a healthy lifespan by detoxifying the body. Phytotherapy with specific approaches is used in alternative medicine to remove toxins from the body. Worldwide, research is conducted to identify medicinal plant-derived molecules that, with few or no side effects, may protect the liver and other organs. This review provides updated information about the detoxification process, the traditional and modern use of the most effective medicinal plants, their active metabolites as detoxifying agents, and the mechanisms and pathways involved in the detoxification process. Among medicinal plants with substantial detoxifying properties, a major part belongs to the Asteraceae family (Silybum marianum, Cynara scolymus, Arctium lappa, Helichrysum species, Inula helenium, and Taraxacum officinale). The most widely used hepatoprotective phytocomponent is silymarin, a standardized extract from the Silybum marianum seeds containing a mixture of flavonolignans. Many polysaccharides, polyphenols, and terpenoids have a detoxifying effect. Overall, scientific data on medicinal plants used in phytotherapeutic practice worldwide provides an understanding and awareness of their efficacy in detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Department of Research, Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, Mo i Rana 8610, Norway
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Victoria, Malaysia
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Olha Mykhailenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- CONEM Ukraine Bromatology and Medicinal Chemistry Group, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
- CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Mariia Shanaida
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medical Botany, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Lenchyk
- CONEM Ukraine Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry Research Group, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies and Quality of Medicines, Institute for Advanced Training of Pharmacy Specialists, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Taras Upyr
- CONEM Ukraine Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry Research Group, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Marius Emil Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Antonina Pryshlyak
- Department of Human Anatomy, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Shanaida
- Design of Machine Tools, Instruments and Machines Department, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
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Ydyrys A, Zhamanbayeva G, Zhaparkulova N, Aralbaeva A, Askerbay G, Kenzheyeva Z, Tussupbekova G, Syraiyl S, Kaparbay R, Murzakhmetova M. The Systematic Assessment of the Membrane-Stabilizing and Antioxidant Activities of Several Kazakhstani Plants in the Asteraceae Family. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:96. [PMID: 38202404 PMCID: PMC10780682 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The objective of our research was to examine the antioxidant and membrane-protective characteristics of a few medicinal plant extracts belonging to the Asteracea family, along with their flavonoid and polyphenolic content, in order to identify strategies for enhancing beverage composition and boosting the antioxidant capacity of green and black tea. The activity of aqueous-ethanolic extracts from the dried parts of plants, such as Arictum tomentosum Mill., Ghnapilum kasachstanicum Kirp. & Kuprian. ex Kirp., Artemisia schrenkiana Ledeb., A. rutifolia Steph. ex Spreng., A. cina O.Berg, and A. vulgaris L., were examined using a model of Wistar rats. Thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS), a marker of malondialdehyde concentration, were used to measure the amount of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in liver microsomes. Considering the outcomes, the extracts from A. tomentosum, G. kasachstanicum, and A. vulgaris exhibit the strongest membrane-stabilizing action among those examined. At a concentration of 5 g/mL, the extracts of these plants demonstrated a significant anti-hemolitic impact, whereas the remaining extracts displayed a similar effect at doses above 10 g/mL. Accordingly, among the extracts studied, the A. tomentosum, G. kasachstanicum, A. schrenkiana, A. rutifolia, A. cina, and A. vulgaris extracts have significant antioxidant properties. The integrated antioxidant and antihemolytic qualities of A. tomentosum and green tea extracts were comparable to those of the individual plant extracts. When the extracts of A. schrenkiana and green tea were combined, similar outcomes were seen, suggesting that there was no appreciable synergistic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alibek Ydyrys
- Biomedical Research Centre, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.Z.); (N.Z.); (G.A.); (G.T.); (M.M.)
- Scientific Research Institute for Issues in Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulzhan Zhamanbayeva
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.Z.); (N.Z.); (G.A.); (G.T.); (M.M.)
- Scientific Research Institute for Issues in Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Nazgul Zhaparkulova
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.Z.); (N.Z.); (G.A.); (G.T.); (M.M.)
- Scientific Research Institute for Issues in Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Arailym Aralbaeva
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
| | - Gulnaz Askerbay
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.Z.); (N.Z.); (G.A.); (G.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Zhanar Kenzheyeva
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.Z.); (N.Z.); (G.A.); (G.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Gulmira Tussupbekova
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.Z.); (N.Z.); (G.A.); (G.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Sayagul Syraiyl
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.Z.); (N.Z.); (G.A.); (G.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Raushan Kaparbay
- Biomedical Research Centre, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.Z.); (N.Z.); (G.A.); (G.T.); (M.M.)
- Scientific Research Institute for Issues in Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Maira Murzakhmetova
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Av. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.Z.); (N.Z.); (G.A.); (G.T.); (M.M.)
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Mu SC, Xue DF, Qin XM, Du GH, Zhou YZ. Exploring the Mechanism of Arctium Lappa L. Leaves in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Chemical Profile, Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300084. [PMID: 37382195 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease, which urgently needs more effective treatment strategies. Arctium lappa L. leaf (burdock leaf) performs wide pharmacological activities, increasing evidence hinted that burdock leaves can ameliorate AD. This research aims to explore the bioactive ingredients and mechanisms of burdock leaves against AD by performing chemical profiles, network pharmacology, and molecular docking. 61 components are identified by liquid chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry. 792 targets of ingredients and 1661 AD-related genes are retrieved from public databases. Ten critical ingredients are identified from the topology analysis of the compound-target network. CytoNCA, AlzData database, and Aging Atlas database contribute to the foundation of 36 potential targets and four clinically significant targets (STAT3, RELA, MAPK8, and AR). The gene ontology (GO) analysis manifests that the included processes are close to the pathogenesis of AD. PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway may be important therapeutic mechanisms. Molecular docking results imply that network pharmacology results are reliable. Furthermore, the clinical meanings of core targets are also evaluated with the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. This research will provide research direction for the application of burdock leaves in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Chen Mu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No.92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No.92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, No.92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Deng-Feng Xue
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medicial University, No.3 Zhigongxinjie Road, Taiyuan, 030013, China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No.92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No.92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, No.92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No.92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yu-Zhi Zhou
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No.92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No.92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, No.92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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Errico M, Coelho JAP, Stateva RP, Christensen KV, Bahij R, Tronci S. Brewer's Spent Grain, Coffee Grounds, Burdock, and Willow-Four Examples of Biowaste and Biomass Valorization through Advanced Green Extraction Technologies. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061295. [PMID: 36981221 PMCID: PMC10048697 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper explores the transformation of biowastes from food industry and agriculture into high-value products through four examples. The objective is to provide insight into the principles of green transition and a circular economy. The first two case studies focus on the waste generated from the production of widely consumed food items, such as beer and coffee, while the other two examine the potential of underutilized plants, such as burdock and willow, as sources of valuable compounds. Phenolic compounds are the main target in the case of brewer's spent grain, with p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid being the most common. Lipids are a possible target in the case of spent coffee grounds with palmitic (C16:0) and linoleic (C18:2) acid being the major fatty acids among those recovered. In the case of burdock, different targets are reported based on which part of the plant is used. Extracts rich in linoleic and oleic acids are expected from the seeds, while the roots extracts are rich in sugars, phenolic acids such as chlorogenic, caffeic, o-coumaric, syringic, cinnamic, gentisitic, etc. acids, and, interestingly, the high-value compound epicatechin gallate. Willow is well known for being rich in salicin, but picein, (+)-catechin, triandrin, glucose, and fructose are also obtained from the extracts. The study thoroughly analyzes different extraction methods, with a particular emphasis on cutting-edge green technologies. The goal is to promote the sustainable utilization of biowaste and support the green transition to a more environmentally conscious economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Errico
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jose A P Coelho
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Roumiana P Stateva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Knud V Christensen
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Rime Bahij
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Stefania Tronci
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
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8
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Idres AY, Tousch D, Dhuyque-Mayer C, Hammad I, Lambert K, Cazals G, Portet K, Ferrare K, Bidel LPR, Poucheret P. An Original Asteraceae Based Infused Drink Prevents Metabolic Syndrome in Fructose-Rat Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020340. [PMID: 36829899 PMCID: PMC9952384 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (METS) is a complex disorder that predisposes an affected person to an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Bitter Asteraceae plants contain several compounds active against METS that can be used as an alternative preventive therapy. Our previous work showed that a natural chicory extract (NCRAE) containing chicoric acid (CRA) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) in a molar ratio of 70/30 exhibited an antioxidant, insulin sensitization and anti-hyperglycemic effect. The present study was designed to evaluate the preventive effects of an NCRAE-like extract against METS in a complementary natural pharmacotherapeutic approach. An original Asteraceae infused drink containing the NCRAE CRA/CGA molecular ratio equivalent was prepared from dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.) and burdock (Arctium lappa L.). The anti-METS effect of this drink was evaluated on the fructose-rat model for 8 weeks. Body weight, blood biochemistry, hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase, arterial blood pressure glucose and insulin tolerance were evaluated after 8 weeks. Our results show that daily oral intake of the Asteraceae infused drink led to a reduction of body weight gain, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance and hypertension. Moreover, rat-by-rat analysis of the insulinemia measures revealed two types of responders. One sub-group of subjects demonstrated normal insulinemia and the other subgroup demonstrated hyperinsulinemia. This hyperinsulinemia, associated with the inhibition of the glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the liver tissue, may suggest an insulin release caused by CGA. The present study suggests that this original infusion of dandelion leaves and burdock roots may be used as an adjuvant therapy to prevent metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezki Yanis Idres
- UMR 95 Qualisud, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, SupAgro Montpellier, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Tousch
- UMR 95 Qualisud, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, SupAgro Montpellier, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-411-75-95-60
| | - Claudie Dhuyque-Mayer
- UMR 95 Qualisud, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, SupAgro Montpellier, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Imane Hammad
- UMR 95 Qualisud, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, SupAgro Montpellier, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Karen Lambert
- PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Cazals
- Laboratoire de Mesure Physique, University of Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Portet
- UMR 95 Qualisud, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, SupAgro Montpellier, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Ferrare
- UMR 95 Qualisud, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, SupAgro Montpellier, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Luc. P. R. Bidel
- INRA, UMR AGAP, CIRAD, SupAgro, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Poucheret
- UMR 95 Qualisud, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, SupAgro Montpellier, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France
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Arctigenin-Enriched Burdock Seed Oil (ABSO): A New Skin Brightening Botanical Extract. COSMETICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics10010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arctium lappa L. plant, commonly known as burdock, has been used therapeutically for hundreds of years. Arctigenin (ATG) is an active ingredient in burdock, albeit at low quantities or mostly in the form of acrtiin (arctigenin-4-glucoside). ATG has been touted for its anti-inflammatory properties in many cell types and disease states; however, its role in skin and melanin production has not been extensively studied. Our aims for this study were to develop a burdock seed extract enriched for ATG that is amenable to quasi-drug development, determine in vitro brightening activity, and evaluate safety and skin brightening efficacy clinically in human subjects. Arctiin and ATG content were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro studies utilized EpiDermTM tissues for skin irritation test, and MelanoDermTM tissues for melanin reduction capacity. A 45 subject clinical study was performed in adult subjects ranging in age from 30 to 60 years old (mean = 41.9 ± 6.7) to test the safety and skin brightening potential of 1% ABSO lotion. We demonstrate by HPLC that ABSO is a natural extract that contains ~5-times more arctigenin than BSO. Furthermore, ABSO inhibits melanin production better than BSO and retains the same melanin-reducing capacity as synthetic ATG in vitro in MelanoDerm™ 3D skin cultures. ABSO also adheres to quasi-drug criteria according to the Japanese Standards of Quasi-Drug Ingredients as determined by infrared absorption spectrum method, unsaponifiable matter, heavy metal and arsenic content, and acid, saponification, and iodine value methods. Clinical assessment of 1% ABSO lotion shows it is well-tolerated in human skin and demonstrates improved brightness and skin tone evenness. ABSO is a natural arctigenin-enriched burdock seed extract that reduces melanin content in vitro and clinically improves skin brightness.
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Das G, Shin HS, Patra JK. Key Health Benefits of Korean Ueong Dry Root Extract Combined Silver Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:4261-4275. [PMID: 36134204 PMCID: PMC9484570 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s357343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nowadays, in nanotechnology and material science, biosynthesis of the metal nanoparticle is a promising approach. Methods In the current research, the extract of the Korean Ueong dry root (BdkR), which belongs to the Asteraceae family, was used as a reducing and capping agent, for the green synthesis of the BdkR-Ag nanoparticles in a cost-effective and highly efficient manner. In this study for the reaction measures, UV-Vis spectroscopy was applied. SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, mean size distribution, and zeta potential were used for the characterization of the green synthesized BdkR-AgNPs. In the beginning, the primary phytochemical screening of BdkR extract was estimated and the cytotoxicity, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of the green synthesized BdkR-AgNPs were evaluated. Results According to the results, the BdkR extract is rich in various phytochemicals and the generated AgNPs were crystalline in nature. The surface plasmon resonance value of the BdkR-AgNPs was 444 nm confirming the synthesis of AgNPs. The BdkR-AgNPs displayed four clear diffraction peaks at 2 theta angles (38.22); (46.15); (64.88); (76.83), respectively, which are equivalent to (111), (200), (220) and (311). The obtained nanoparticles have a zeta potential of -17.0 mV. Furthermore, the generated BdkR-AgNPs exhibited considerable antidiabetic effect in terms of the inhibition of α-glucosidase with a maximum inhibition value of 95.41% at 5.0 µg/mL and more than 86% inhibition at 2.5 µg/mL and the estimated IC50 value was found to be 0.653 µg/mL. Further, it also displayed a significant cytotoxicity activity against the HepG2 cancer cell lines at 10 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL concentrations with 86% and 88% of inhibition, respectively. Besides this, the synthesized AgNPs also displayed promising antioxidant activities in terms of the DPPH (IC50 value - 56.26 µg/mL), ABTS (IC50 value - 171.43 µg/mL) and reducing power (IC0.5 value - 227.42 µg/mL). Discussion The multipotential effects of the synthesized BdkR-AgNPs might be attributed to the presence of the bioactive compounds in the BdkR extract that acted as the capping and reducing agent in the synthesis process. The green synthesized BdkR-AgNPs exhibited promising bioactive potential for their future applications in the food and biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Integrative Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Integrative Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
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İlgün S, Karatoprak GŞ, Polat DÇ, Şafak EK, Yıldız G, Küpeli Akkol E, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.: A Potential Candidate as Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitor, and Cytotoxic Agent. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101852. [PMID: 36290576 PMCID: PMC9598467 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. (Asteraceae), which has a wide distribution area in Turkey, is a medicinally important plant. Eighty percent methanol extracts of the leaf, flower head, and root parts of A. minus were prepared and their sub-fractions were obtained. Spectrophotometric and chromatographic (high-performance liquid chromatography) techniques were used to assess the phytochemical composition. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity by diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil radical (DPPH●), 2,2′-Azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS●+) radical scavenging, and β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching assays. Furthermore, the extracts were subjected to α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipoxygenase, and tyrosinase enzyme inhibition tests. The cytotoxic effects of extracts were investigated on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The richest extract in terms of phenolic compounds was identified as the ethyl acetate sub-fraction of the root extract (364.37 ± 7.18 mgGAE/gextact). Furthermore, chlorogenic acid (8.855 ± 0.175%) and rutin (8.359 ± 0.125%) were identified as the primary components in the leaves’ ethyl acetate sub-fraction. According to all methods, it was observed that the extracts with the highest antioxidant activity were the flower and leaf ethyl acetate fractions. Additionally, ABTS radical scavenging activity of roots’ ethyl acetate sub-fraction (2.51 ± 0.09 mmol/L Trolox) was observed to be as effective as that of flower and leaf ethyl acetate fractions at 0.5 mg/mL. In the β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching assay, leaves’ methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity (1422.47 ± 76.85) at 30 min. The enzyme activity data showed that α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition of leaf dichloromethane extract was moderately high, with an 87.12 ± 8.06% inhibition value. Lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition was weakly detected in all sub-fractions. Leaf methanol extract, leaf butanol, and root ethyl acetate sub-fractions showed 99% tyrosinase enzyme inhibition. Finally, it was discovered that dichloromethane extracts of leaves, roots, and flowers had high cytotoxic effects on the MDA-MB-231 cell line, with IC50 values of 21.39 ± 2.43, 13.41 ± 2.37, and 10.80 ± 1.26 µg/mL, respectively. The evaluation of the plant extracts in terms of several bioactivity tests revealed extremely positive outcomes. The data of this study, in which all parts of the plant were investigated in detail for the first time, offer promising results for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen İlgün
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Derya Çiçek Polat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Esra Köngül Şafak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Gülsüm Yıldız
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van 65080, Turkey
| | - Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey
- Correspondence: (E.K.A.); (E.S.-S.); Tel.: +90-0312-202-3185 (E.K.A.); +90-569-5397-2783 (E.S.-S.)
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 1783, Chile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.K.A.); (E.S.-S.); Tel.: +90-0312-202-3185 (E.K.A.); +90-569-5397-2783 (E.S.-S.)
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Zheng J, Zhang X, Herrera‐Balandrano DD, Wang J, Chai Z, Beta T, Huang W, Li Y. Extraction optimization of
Arctium lappa
L. polysaccharides by Box–Behnken response surface design and their antioxidant capacity. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
- Institute of Agro‐Product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014 China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
- Institute of Agro‐Product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014 China
| | - Daniela D. Herrera‐Balandrano
- Institute of Agro‐Product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014 China
- School of Life Sciences Nantong University Nantong 226007 China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zhi Chai
- Institute of Agro‐Product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014 China
| | - Trust Beta
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Wuyang Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
- Institute of Agro‐Product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014 China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Agro‐Product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014 China
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Stefanov SM, Fetzer DE, de Souza ARC, Corazza ML, Hamerski F, Yankov DS, Stateva RP. Valorization by compressed fluids of Arctium lappa seeds and roots as a sustainable source of valuable compounds. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Comparison of Nutritional and Nutraceutical Properties of Burdock Roots Cultivated in Fengxian and Peixian of China. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092095. [PMID: 34574205 PMCID: PMC8469698 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze and compare the nutritional quality of powders of burdock root from Fengxian (FX) and Peixian (PX) in China. The nutrient composition including carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, vitamin C, carotenoids, as well as total phenols, total flavonoids and phenolic compounds were investigated in addition to in vitro antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the basic nutrients of burdock root powder (BRP) in both locations did not have significant differences (p > 0.05), although the in vitro antioxidant capacity of BRP of Fengxian (F-BRP) was greater than that of PX (p < 0.05). The burdock root peel powder (BRPP) possessed more phenolics and stronger in vitro antioxidant capacity than the burdock root powder (BRP) and peeled burdock root powder (PBRP) (p < 0.05). Moreover, better quality burdock root was obtained from FX. F-BRP was consequently analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for its phenolic composition. Seventeen phenolics, mainly caffeoylquinic acids, were detected. In addition, a total of 181 volatile compounds belonging to eight types were detected including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alkenes, esters, acids, linear or aromatic hydrocarbons, and others. The diverse compounds found in this study can provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of burdock in the food industry.
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Bhat MN, Singh B, Surmal O, Singh B, Shivgotra V, Musarella CM. Ethnobotany of the Himalayas: Safeguarding Medical Practices and Traditional Uses of Kashmir Regions. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:851. [PMID: 34571728 PMCID: PMC8465354 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to enlist the medicinal plants used by the local inhabitants of developing countries such as India, and the district of Kupwara of the Kashmir Himalaya has been targeted. Our research is one of the first study focusing on the statistical evaluation of the cross-cultural analysis between three different communities i.e., Dard, Kashmiri and Gujjar, of the study area. Sampling was carried out in eight villages in 2017 to 2020, and data were collected from 102 informants based on walking transects, to collect plant specimens, and semi-structured interviews. The medical usages of all collected taxa were grouped into 15 disease categories and 81 biomedical ailments. In this study, we documented around 107 plant taxa belonging to 52 families from the local inhabitants of the Kashmir Himalaya, which regulate the livelihood of the people and support cultural ecosystem services. Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Ranunculaceae, Poaceae, Solanaceae, Polygonaceae, Plantaginaceae and Brassicaceae are the top most dominant families. Herbaceous groups of plants were more common than trees and shrubs, and 71.96% of herb taxa were employed as medicine. Liliaceae, Caprifoliaceae and Portulacaceae (FUV = 0.24 each) have the highest family use value (FUV). The most prominent family was Asteraceae (seven genera, nine taxa), followed by Rosaceae and Lamiaceae (six genera, six taxa each). Persicaria Mill., Rheum L., Aconitum L. and Artemisia L. were prominent genera. Valeriana jatamansi Jones ex Roxb. (47UR), Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (45UR), Arisaema jacquemontii Blume (37UR), Asparagus racemosus Willd. (36UR) and Rumex acetosa L. (35UR) were the most important plant taxa with reference to use-reports. The ethnomedicinal applications of Aesculus indica Wall. ex Cambess., Solanum pseudocapsicum L., Ranunculus hirtellus Royle and Cormus domestica (L.) Spach plant taxa are reported here for the first time from the Himalayan Kashmiri people. We recommend further research on ethnopharmacological application of these newly recorded ethnobotanical plants. The medical usage of the plant was limited to different parts of the plant. In terms of the usage percentage, whole plant (26.17%), leaves (24.30%) and roots (19.63%) were found to have the highest utilization. The powder form (40.19%) was the most frequently employed method of drug/medicine preparation, followed by the utilization of extracted juice and/or other extracts (22.43%). The ICF values range from 0.85 to 1.00. Their use to remedy parasitic problems (PAR) and insect bites (IB) (ICF = 1.0 each) had the maximum consensus mentioned by the informants, although the number of taxa employed under this category was very limited. The different plant taxa used for the treatment of the gastrointestinal problems (GAS) was the most prominent disease category (262 URs, 16.19%, 25 taxa, ICF = 0.90). About 65% of the plant taxa studied is indigenous to the Asia or Himalayan regions, and around 35% is found to be exotic in nature. A strong positive correlation was found between age, gender, educational qualification and medicinal plant knowledge. No significant association was between people of different communities interviewed in terms of medical knowledge of the plants, p = 0.347 (>0.05) and χ2 = 2.120. No significant difference was found between the number of species documented concerning gender as p = 0.347 (>0.05) and χ2 =0.885. This study provides the comprehensive status of ethnomedicinal knowledge among three different communities of the study area. This study provided an impetus in discovering the baseline primary data for molecules which would help in drug discovery and management of various diseases, apart from conserving the genepool of plants in the investigated area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir Nazir Bhat
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; (M.N.B.); (O.S.)
- Plant Sciences (Biodiversity and Applied Botany Division), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Bikarma Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; (M.N.B.); (O.S.)
- Botanic Garden Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Opender Surmal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; (M.N.B.); (O.S.)
- Plant Sciences (Biodiversity and Applied Botany Division), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Bishander Singh
- Department of Botany, Veer Kunwar Singh University, Ara 802301, Bihar, India;
| | - Vijay Shivgotra
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Jammu, Baba Saheb Ambedkar Road, Jammu 180006, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Carmelo Maria Musarella
- Department of Agraria, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito Snc, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
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Effect of in vitro gastro-intestinal digestion on the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of Burdock roots at different harvest time. Food Chem 2021; 358:129897. [PMID: 33915426 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to evaluate how the harvest time affects the phenolic composition in Burdock root flours (BRF) and how these phenolics are influenced by the gastro-intestinal digestive environment. Burdock roots were harvested in 2020 in Jiangsu Province in June (B1), July (B2) and August (B3). The main phenolic, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) decreased after in vitro digestion from 1.14 to 0.22 mg/g (B1 < B2 < B3). Total phenolic content of BRF was 61% lower after in vitro digestion whereas 5-CQA bioaccessibility remained at about 60%. Twelve other phenolic compounds were tentatively identified after in vitro digestion. An average reduction in antioxidant capacity of 27% and 10% was observed for DPPH and ABTS, respectively. In conclusion, data demonstrated that phenolic composition, bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of Burdock roots harvested at different times were subject to the influence of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.
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Identification of a Sesquiterpene Lactone from Arctium lappa Leaves with Antioxidant Activity in Primary Human Muscle Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051328. [PMID: 33801315 PMCID: PMC7958318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathologies affecting muscles (muscular dystrophies, sarcopenia, cachexia, renal insufficiency, obesity, diabetes type 2, etc.) are now clearly linked to mechanisms involving oxidative stress. In this context, there is a growing interest in exploring plants to find new natural antioxidants to prevent the appearance and the development of these muscle disorders. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant properties of Arctium lappa leaves in a model of primary human muscle cells exposed to H2O2 oxidative stress. We identified using bioassay-guided purification, onopordopicrin, a sesquiterpene lactone as the main molecule responsible for the antioxidant activity of A. lappa leaf extract. According to our findings, onopordopicrin inhibited the H2O2-mediated loss of muscle cell viability, by limiting the production of free radicals and abolishing DNA cellular damages. Moreover, we showed that onopordopicrin promoted the expression of the nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) downstream target protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in muscle cells. By using siRNA, we demonstrated that the inhibition of the expression of Nrf2 reduced the protective effect of onopordopicrin, indicating that the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway mediates the antioxidant effect of onopordopicrin in primary human muscle cells. Therefore, our results suggest that onopordopicrin may be a potential therapeutic molecule to fight against oxidative stress in pathological specific muscle disorders.
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Skowrońska W, Granica S, Dziedzic M, Kurkowiak J, Ziaja M, Bazylko A. Arctium lappa and Arctium tomentosum, Sources of Arctii radix: Comparison of Anti-Lipoxygenase and Antioxidant Activity as well as the Chemical Composition of Extracts from Aerial Parts and from Roots. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010078. [PMID: 33401685 PMCID: PMC7824023 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Arctium lappa is a weed used in traditional medicine in the treatment of skin inflammation and digestive tract diseases. Arctium tomentosum is used in folk medicine interchangeably with Arctium lappa and, according to European Medicines Agency (EMA) monography, provides an equal source of Arctii radix (Bardanae radix), despite the small amount of research confirming its activity and chemical composition. The aim of the study was the comparison of the anti-lipoxygenase and the antioxidant activity, scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion (O2•−), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), of 70 % (v/v) ethanolic extracts from the aerial parts and the roots of Arctium lappa and Arctium tomentosum. In the tested extracts, the total polyphenols content and the chemical composition, analyzed with the HPLC–DAD–MSn method, were also compared. The extracts were characterized by strong antioxidant properties, but their ability to inhibit lipoxygenase activity was rather weak. A correlation between the content of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was observed. The extracts from A. lappa plant materials scavenged reactive oxygen species more strongly than the extracts from A. tomentosum plant materials. Moreover, the extracts from A. lappa plant materials were characterized by the statistically significantly higher content of polyphenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Skowrońska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (W.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (W.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Magdalena Dziedzic
- Student’s Scientific Association at the Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Justyna Kurkowiak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Maria Ziaja
- Institute of Physical Culture Studies, Rzeszów University, Cicha 2a, 35-326 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Bazylko
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (W.S.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Stereoselective Synthesis of Multisubstituted Cyclohexanes by Reaction of Conjugated Enynones with Malononitrile in the Presence of LDA. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245920. [PMID: 33327655 PMCID: PMC7765106 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction of linear conjugated enynones, 1,5-diarylpent-2-en-4-yn-1-ones, with malononitrile in the presence of lithium diisopropylamide LDA, as a base, in THF at room temperature for 3–7 h resulted in the formation of the product of dimerization, multisubstituted polyfunctional cyclohexanes, 4-aryl-2,6-bis(arylethynyl)-3-(aryloxomethyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexane-1,1-dicarbonitriles, in yields up to 60%. Varying the reaction conditions by decreasing time and temperature and changing the ratio of starting compounds (enynone and malononitrile) allowed isolating some intermediate compounds, which confirmed a plausible reaction mechanism. The relative stability of possible stereoisomers of such cyclohexanes was estimated by quantum chemical calculations (DFT method). The obtained cyclohexanes were found to possess photoluminescent properties.
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N. Adham A, F. Hegazy ME, Naqishbandi AM, Efferth T. Induction of Apoptosis, Autophagy and Ferroptosis by Thymus vulgaris and Arctium lappa Extract in Leukemia and Multiple Myeloma Cell Lines. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215016. [PMID: 33138135 PMCID: PMC7663330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus vulgaris and Arctium lappa have been used as a folk remedy in the Iraqi Kurdistan region to deal with different health problems. The aim of the current study is to investigate the cytotoxicity of T. vulgaris and A. lappa in leukemia and multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and determine the mode of cell death triggered by the most potent cytotoxic fractions of both plants in MM. Resazurin assay was used to evaluate cytotoxic and ferroptosis activity, apoptosis, and modulation in the cell cycle phase were investigated via Annexin V-FITC/PI dual stain and cell-cycle arrest assays. Furthermore, we used western blotting assay for the determination of autophagy cell death. n-Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions of T. vulgaris and A. lappa exhibited cytotoxicity in CCRF-CEM and CEM/ADR 5000 cell lines at concentration range 0.001–100 μg/mL with potential activity revealed by chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. NCI-H929 displayed pronounced sensitivity towards T. vulgaris (TCF) and A. lappa (ACF) chloroform fractions with IC50 values of 6.49 ± 1.48 and 21.9 ± 0.69 μg/mL, respectively. TCF induced apoptosis in NCI-H929 cells with a higher ratio (71%), compared to ACF (50%) at 4 × IC50. ACF demonstrated more potent autophagy activity than TCF. TCF and ACF induced cell cycle arrest and ferroptosis. Apigenin and nobiletin were identified in TCF, while nobiletin, ursolic acid, and lupeol were the main compounds identified in ACF. T. vulgaris and A. lappa could be considered as potential herbal drug candidates, which arrest cancer cell proliferation by induction of apoptosis, autophagic, and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aveen N. Adham
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Mohamed Elamir F. Hegazy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Alaadin M. Naqishbandi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq;
- Correspondence: (A.M.N.); (T.E.); Tel.: +964-75-0448-2788 (A.M.N.); +49-6131-3925751 (T.E.)
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
- Correspondence: (A.M.N.); (T.E.); Tel.: +964-75-0448-2788 (A.M.N.); +49-6131-3925751 (T.E.)
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Sharifi-Rad J, Kamiloglu S, Yeskaliyeva B, Beyatli A, Alfred MA, Salehi B, Calina D, Docea AO, Imran M, Anil Kumar NV, Romero-Román ME, Maroyi A, Martorell M. Pharmacological Activities of Psoralidin: A Comprehensive Review of the Molecular Mechanisms of Action. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:571459. [PMID: 33192514 PMCID: PMC7643726 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.571459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the most relevant studies on the pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms of psoralidin, a bioactive compound from the seeds of Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. confirmed its complex therapeutic potential. In the last years, the interest of the scientific community regarding psoralidin increased, especially after the discovery of its benefits in estrogen-related diseases and as a chemopreventive agent. Growing preclinical pieces of evidence indicate that psoralidin has anticancer, antiosteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-vitiligo, antibacterial, antiviral, and antidepressant-like effects. Here, we provide a comprehensive and critical review of psoralidin on its bioavailability, pharmacological activities with focus on molecular mechanisms and cell signaling pathways. In this review, we conducted literature research on the PubMed database using the following keywords: “Psoralidin” or “therapeutic effects” or “biological activity” or “Cullen corylifolium” in order to identify relevant studies regarding PSO bioavailability and mechanisms of therapeutic effects in different diseases based on preclinical, experimental studies. In the light of psoralidin beneficial actions for human health, this paper gathers complete information on its pharmacotherapeutic effects and opens new natural therapeutic perspectives in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Senem Kamiloglu
- Science and Technology Application and Research Center (BITAUM), Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Balakyz Yeskaliyeva
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ahmet Beyatli
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mary Angelia Alfred
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Maria Eugenia Romero-Román
- Laboratorio de Análisis Químico, Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alfred Maroyi
- Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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McGrowder DA, Miller FG, Nwokocha CR, Anderson MS, Wilson-Clarke C, Vaz K, Anderson-Jackson L, Brown J. Medicinal Herbs Used in Traditional Management of Breast Cancer: Mechanisms of Action. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:E47. [PMID: 32823812 PMCID: PMC7460502 DOI: 10.3390/medicines7080047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is one of the principal causes of death among women and there is a pressing need to develop novel and effective anti-cancer agents. Natural plant products have shown promising results as anti-cancer agents. Their effectiveness is reported as decreased toxicity in usage, along with safety and less recurrent resistances compared with hormonal targeting anti-cancer agents. Methods: A literature search was conducted for all English-language literature published prior to June 2020. The search was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. The search strategy included keywords such as breast cancer, herbs, anti-cancer biologically active components, clinical research, chemotherapy drugs amongst others. Results: The literature provides documented evidence of the chemo-preventative and chemotherapeutic properties of Ginseng, garlic (Allium sativum), Black cohosh (Actaea racemose), Tumeric (Curcuma longa), Camellia sinenis (green tea), Echinacea, Arctium (burdock), Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and Black Cumin (Nigella sativa). Conclusions: The nine herbs displayed anti-cancer properties and their outcomes and mechanisms of action include inhibition of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis as well as modulation of key intracellular pathways. However, more clinical trials and cohort human studies should be conducted to provide key evidence of their medical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan A. McGrowder
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (L.A.-J.); (J.B.)
| | - Fabian G. Miller
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Mico University College, 1A Marescaux Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica;
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Chukwuemeka R. Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.R.N.); (C.W.-C.)
| | - Melisa S. Anderson
- School of Allied Health and Wellness, College of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Cameil Wilson-Clarke
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.R.N.); (C.W.-C.)
| | - Kurt Vaz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (L.A.-J.); (J.B.)
| | - Lennox Anderson-Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (L.A.-J.); (J.B.)
| | - Jabari Brown
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (L.A.-J.); (J.B.)
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Grosu E, Ichim MC. Turning Meadow Weeds Into Valuable Species for the Romanian Ethnomedicine While Complying With the Environmentally Friendly Farming Requirements of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:529. [PMID: 32390852 PMCID: PMC7191034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cross-compliance mechanism of the European Union (EU)'s common agricultural policy (CAP) makes the approval of the direct payments to the European farmers subject to compliance with the requirement to maintain the land in good agricultural and environmental condition. One of the obligations of the Romanian land owners and farmers is to avoid the installation of unwanted vegetation on their land plots. This vegetation is represented by some species of herbaceous or woody plants, annual or perennial, that spontaneously invade the agricultural lands, diminishing the production capacity of the cultivated plants. Included in this category are 10 meadow weeds, without fodder value or even toxic to animals: Arctium lappa L., Carduus nutans L., Conium maculatum L., Eryngium campestre L., Euphorbia cyparissias L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Rumex acetosella L., Veratrum album L., Xanthium spinosum L., and Xanthium strumarium L. Various and multiple uses in traditional medicine of these meadow weed species have been reported for Romania and other nine neighboring East European countries, i.e. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Kosovo, Russia, Turkey, Serbia, and Ukraine. For A. lappa were recorded the highest number of ethnomedicinal uses, in the largest number of East European countries, including Romania. C. maculatum and V. album are not recommended for human consumption but can be further investigated as potential sources of pharmaceutically active compounds. Once removed by landowners and farmers from their land, the raw plant material of these 10 species become readily and easily available to the Romanian local communities and the industry of herbal food supplements, while the biodiversity of the agro-ecosystems is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Grosu
- "Stejarul" Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | - Mihael Cristin Ichim
- "Stejarul" Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
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