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Rijmen J, Wiersema JR. Stochastic resonance is not required for pink noise to have beneficial effects on ADHD-related performance? The moderate brain arousal model challenged. Neuropsychologia 2024; 202:108961. [PMID: 39034029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Random noise, such as white or pink noise, has been shown to have beneficial effects on the performance of individuals with (elevated traits of) ADHD. Both the state regulation deficit (SRD) account and the moderate brain arousal (MBA) model argue that this effect is due to enhanced cognitive arousal. The MBA model specifically attributes this to random noise affecting dopaminergic (DA) transmission via stochastic resonance (SR). However, he requirement of SR and the role of DA have not yet been properly examined. To test this, proper control conditions are needed. METHOD To examine the requirement of SR, 60 neurotypical adults with varying levels of ADHD traits performed a slow two-choice reaction time (S1-S2) task in three auditory conditions: pink (random) noise, a pure 100 Hz tone (non-random noise), and silence. All participants also completed the Attention Network Test (ANT) in two conditions (pink noise and silence) to inspect the effect on executive network efficiency which may serve as a proxy measure of DA. ADHD traits were assessed via self-report. RESULTS Auditory stimulation improved performance on the S1-S2 task in participants with elevated ADHD traits, however this was the case for both pink noise and the pure tone. Pink noise did not affect executive network efficiency, irrespective of ADHD traits. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that stochastic resonance is not required for pink noise to have a beneficial effect on ADHD-related performance. Pink noise did not affect our DA proxy measure, however this negative finding should be interpreted with caution. Our results cast doubt on the tenets of the MBA model, warranting further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joske Rijmen
- Ghent University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jan R Wiersema
- Ghent University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Mendes CG, de Paula JJ, Miranda DM. Effects of Background Music on Attentional Networks of Children With and Without Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Case Control Experimental Study. Interact J Med Res 2024; 13:e53869. [PMID: 39024557 PMCID: PMC11294770 DOI: 10.2196/53869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To sustain performance during a task that requires attention may be a challenge for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which strongly influences motivation for tasks and has been connected to the level of arousal. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the effect of musical stimulus on attentional performance in children with ADHD and typically developing children. METHODS A total of 76 boys (34 with ADHD and 42 typically developing) performed the Attention Network Test (ANT) for children under 2 experimental conditions (with and without music). Four attentional measures were extracted from the ANT. We tested the effect of the experimental condition and its interaction with the group using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS We found no significant main effects or interactions for the reaction times of the alerting, orienting, and conflict attentional networks of the ANT (all P>.05). Regarding ANT errors, we found a significant main effect for music, with a moderate effect size (F1,72=9.83; P=.03; ηp2=0.06) but the condition×group interaction was not significant (F1,72=1.79; P=.18). Participants made fewer errors when listening to music compared to the control condition. CONCLUSIONS Music seems not to interfere in the attentional network in children and adolescents. Perhaps background music affects motivation. Future studies will be needed to validate this. TRIAL REGISTRATION ReBEC.gov U1111-12589039; https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-8s22sh8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Jardim de Paula
- Department of Mental Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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3
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Basu S, Phogat R, Jartarkar M, Banerjee B, Parmananda P. Role of visual brainwave entrainment on the resting state brainwaves of children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38996080 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2024.2377656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between brainwave oscillations and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)-related cognitive challenges is a trending proposition in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience. Studies suggest the role of brainwave oscillations in the symptom expressions of ADHD-diagnosed children. Intervention studies have further suggested the scope of brain stimulation techniques in improving cognition. The current manuscript explored the effect of changes in the brainwaves post-sensory entrainment on cognitive performance of children. We calculated each participant's brainwave difference and ratios of theta, alpha, and beta power after the entrainment sessions. Further, we explored possible correlations between these values and the psychometric scores. The beta resting state showed the strongest association with selective attention performance of all participants. Theta-beta ratio (TBR) showed an inverse correlation with selective attention and working memory performances. The theta frequency was associated with decreased working performance in children without ADHD. Our findings also suggest a predominant role of TBR than the theta-alpha ratio in determining the cognitive performance of children with ADHD. The individual differences in the entrainment reception were attributed to the participant's age, IQ, and their innate baseline frequencies. The implications of our findings can initiate substantiating brainwave-based entrainment sessions as a therapeutic modality to improve cognition among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Basu
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, BITS Pilani, Zuarinagar, Goa, India
- School of Arts and Sciences, Azim Premji University, Bengaluru, Karnataka; India
| | - Richa Phogat
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mayur Jartarkar
- Centre for Behavioral Science in Finance, Economics, and Marketing, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Bidisha Banerjee
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, BITS Pilani, Zuarinagar, Goa, India
| | - Punit Parmananda
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Huang J, Mauche N, Ahlers E, Bogatsch H, Böhme P, Ethofer T, Fallgatter AJ, Gallinat J, Hegerl U, Heuser I, Hoffmann K, Kittel-Schneider S, Reif A, Schöttle D, Unterecker S, Strauß M. The impact of emotional dysregulation and comorbid depressive symptoms on clinical features, brain arousal, and treatment response in adults with ADHD. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1294314. [PMID: 38250266 PMCID: PMC10797130 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1294314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The role of emotional dysregulation (ED) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has become an important issue. This study, in which we analyzed data from a predictive pharmaco-EEG-trial, aimed to examine whether symptoms of ED in adult ADHD affect ADHD symptom severity, brain arousal regulation as measured by resting EEG, and the response to stimulant medication. Methods ED is defined as having a sex- and age-corrected T-score of >70 on the emotional lability subscale of the German version of Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale. A total of 115 participants were included in the study, 56 of whom had ED. Participants with ED were more impaired in terms of the severity of core ADHD symptoms, especially inattentive symptoms, comorbid depressive symptoms, interpersonal relationships, and quality of life. In addition, participants with ED were more likely to report a total score above 13 on the Beck Depression Inventory-II, which was considered to be the cutoff for mild depression. Results No differences were found between the ED and non-ED groups in response to stimulant medication or in brain arousal regulation. In addition, there was no significant effect of ED with comorbid depressive symptoms on treatment response. There was a trend for subgroups that showed a change in brain arousal regulation associated with symptom improvement. Discussion Our findings may support the assumption that ED may be an important feature of ADHD. The use of EEG-based brain arousal regulation as a diagnostic and predictive tool in ADHD in the presence of ED and comorbid depressive symptoms should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Mauche
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eike Ahlers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Bogatsch
- Clinical Trial Centre Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pierre Böhme
- Department of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Ethofer
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital of Frankfurt – Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Isabella Heuser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Hoffmann
- Department of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital of Frankfurt – Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Schöttle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Unterecker
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Strauß
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Egeland J, Lund O, Kowalik-Gran I, Aarlien AK, Söderlund GBW. Effects of auditory white noise stimulation on sustained attention and response time variability. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1301771. [PMID: 38144987 PMCID: PMC10748431 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1301771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction "The moderate brain arousal model" claims that white noise improves attention by optimizing brain arousal. We analyze Conners' Continuous Performance Test-3 (CCPT-3) performance, expecting to find reduced reaction time variability with noise mediated by decrease under long event-rates and in later parts of the test, indicating that noise reverse fall in phasic and tonic arousal. Methods Sixty-five children with high or lower ADHD-symptoms from a child psychiatric unit, succeeded to complete the CCPT-3 with and without white noise. Results Noise reduced overall variability, improved performance in later parts of the test, and reduced response variability under the longest event rate particularly in the high symptoms group. No overall change in omissions and commissions, but the high symptoms group made fewer omissions during noise compared the low symptom group. Discussion The study indicates an arousal effect of noise but should be replicated with other noise variants and amplitudes to improve effect and compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Egeland
- Divison of Mental Health & Addiction, Vestold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olaf Lund
- Divison of Mental Health & Addiction, Vestold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Iwona Kowalik-Gran
- Divison of Mental Health & Addiction, Vestold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | | | - Göran B. W. Söderlund
- Faculty of Teacher Education Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
- Department of Education and Special Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Richter Y, Gordon C, Vainstein G, Bublil-Mor C, Geisinger D, Meital-Kfir N, Elyoseph Z. A novel intervention for treating adults with ADHD using peripheral visual stimulation. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1280440. [PMID: 37928920 PMCID: PMC10623343 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1280440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Stimulation of the peripheral visual field has been previously reported as beneficial for cognitive performance in ADHD. This study assesses the safety and efficacy of a novel intervention involving peripheral visual stimuli in managing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods One hundred and eight adults, 18-40 years old, with ADHD, were enrolled in a two-month open-label study. The intervention (i.e., Neuro-glasses) consisted of standard eyeglasses with personalized peripheral visual stimuli embedded on the lenses. Participants were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study with self-report measures of ADHD symptoms (the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale; ASRS), and executive functions (The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Adult Version; BRIEF-A). A computerized test of continuous performance (The Conners' Continuous Performance Test-3; CPT-3) was tested at baseline with standard eyeglasses and at the end of study using Neuro-glasses. The Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale (CGI-I) was assessed at the intervention endpoint. Safety was monitored by documentation of adverse events. Results The efficacy analysis included 97 participants. Significant improvements were demonstrated in self-reported measures of inattentive symptoms (ASRS inattentive index; p = 0.037) and metacognitive functions concerning self-management and performance monitoring (BRIEF-A; p = 0.029). A continuous-performance test (CPT-3) indicated significant improvement in detectability (d'; p = 0.027) and reduced commission errors (p = 0.004), suggesting that the Neuro-glasses have positive effects on response inhibition. Sixty-two percent of the participants met the response criteria assessed by a clinician (CGI-I). No major adverse events were reported. Conclusion Neuro-glasses may offer a safe and effective approach to managing adult ADHD. Results encourage future controlled efficacy studies to confirm current findings in adults and possibly children with ADHD.Clinical trial registration: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/, Identifier NCT05777785.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriel Vainstein
- Kahan-Sagol-Maccabi Research and Innovation Institute, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Zohar Elyoseph
- The Department of Educational Psychology and Educational Counseling, Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Emek Yezreel, Israel
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Methylphenidate Promotes Premature Growth Plate Closure: In Vitro Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044175. [PMID: 36835608 PMCID: PMC9968202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treated with stimulants, such as methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH), have reduced height and weight. Even though MPH has an anorexigenic effect, an additional impact of this drug on the growth plate cannot be discarded. In this study, we aimed to determine the cellular effect of MPH on an in vitro growth plate model. We tested the effects of MPH on the viability and proliferation of a prechondrogenic cell line via an MTT assay. In vitro differentiation of this cell line was performed, and cell differentiation was evaluated through the expression of cartilage- and bone-related genes as measured via RT-PCR. MPH did not alter the viability or proliferation of prechondrogenic cells. However, it reduced the expression of cartilage extracellular matrix-related genes (type II collagen and aggrecan) and increased the expression of genes involved in growth plate calcification (Runx2, type I collagen, and osteocalcin) at different phases of their differentiation process. Our results evidence that MPH upregulates genes associated with growth plate hypertrophic differentiation. This may induce premature closure of the growth plate, which would contribute to the growth retardation that has been described to be induced by this drug.
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Walter A, Martz E, Weibel S, Weiner L. Tackling emotional processing in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder + autism spectrum disorder using emotional and action verbal fluency tasks. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1098210. [PMID: 36816409 PMCID: PMC9928945 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1098210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are two neurodevelopmental conditions with neuropsychological, social, emotional, and psychopathological similarities. Both are characterized by executive dysfunction, emotion dysregulation (ED), and psychiatric comorbidities. By focusing on emotions and embodied cognition, this study aims to improve the understanding of overlapping symptoms between ADHD and ASD through the use of verbal fluency tasks. Methods Fifty-two adults with ADHD, 13 adults with ADHD + ASD and 24 neurotypical (NT) participants were recruited in this study. A neuropsychological evaluation, including different verbal fluency conditions (e.g. emotional and action), was proposed. Subjects also completed several self-report questionnaires, such as scales measuring symptoms of ED. Results Compared to NT controls, adults with ADHD + ASD produced fewer anger-related emotions. Symptoms of emotion dysregulation were associated with an increased number of actions verbs and emotions produced in ADHD. Discussion The association between affective language of adults with ADHD and symptoms of emotion dysregulation may reflect their social maladjustment. Moreover, the addition of ADHD + ASD conditions may reflect more severe affective dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélia Walter
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UPR 3212), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emilie Martz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1114, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sébastien Weibel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1114, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luisa Weiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Hattabi S, Forte P, Kukic F, Bouden A, Have M, Chtourou H, Sortwell A. A Randomized Trial of a Swimming-Based Alternative Treatment for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16238. [PMID: 36498313 PMCID: PMC9739874 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental childhood disorder extending from ages 1−2 to 12−13, associated with impairment across multiple domains, including social, emotional, and cognitive functioning. Little is known about alternative treatments for this disorder. Interest has grown in physical activity as a potential intervention for rehabilitating children with ADHD. This study aimed to investigate the impact of adapted swimming activity on cognitive functions, academic performance, and related behavior of Tunisian children with ADHD. The study was conducted on school children aged 9 to 12 years (n = 40, 5 female and 35 male) diagnosed with ADHD. They were randomly assigned to an experimental group (exercise intervention) or the control group. The Hayling test was used to assess cognitive performance, the Children Behavior Check List (CBCL) was used to assess ADHD-related behavior, and the change in reading and numeracy proficiency was assessed pre- and post-intervention. After 12 weeks of the intervention, the results revealed that there were significant improvements in behavior (p < 0.001), inhibition process (p < 0.001), and academic performance (p < 0.001) in the experimental group compared with the control group. These findings suggest that adapted swimming activity may have positive implications for cognitive function, behavior, and academic performance. This research may provide preliminary support for alternative therapeutic interventions that could be used by practitioners. Moreover, the results support active practice of recreational physical activities as a strategy to support children in overcoming ADHD deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Hattabi
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Elkef, University of Jendouba, El Kef 7100, Tunisia
- Research Unit UR12SP20, Razi Hospital, Mannouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filip Kukic
- Abu Dhabi Police, Abu Dhabi 253, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma Bouden
- Research Unit UR12SP20, Razi Hospital, Mannouba 2010, Tunisia
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Razi Hospital, Tunisia Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Mona Have
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern, Campusvej, 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Andrew Sortwell
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney 2007, Australia
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Viglione A, Sagona G, Carrara F, Amato G, Totaro V, Lupori L, Putignano E, Pizzorusso T, Mazziotti R. Behavioral impulsivity is associated with pupillary alterations and hyperactivity in CDKL5 mutant mice. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:4107-4120. [PMID: 35861639 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (Cdkl5) deficiency disorder (CDD) is a severe neurodevelopmental condition caused by mutations in the X-linked Cdkl5 gene. CDD is characterized by early-onset seizures in the first month of life, intellectual disability, motor and social impairment. No effective treatment is currently available and medical management is only symptomatic and supportive. Recently, mouse models of Cdkl5 disorder have demonstrated that mice lacking Cdkl5 exhibit autism-like phenotypes, hyperactivity and dysregulations of the arousal system, suggesting the possibility to use these features as translational biomarkers. In this study, we tested Cdkl5 male and female mutant mice in an appetitive operant conditioning chamber to assess cognitive and motor abilities, and performed pupillometry to assess the integrity of the arousal system. Then, we evaluated the performance of artificial intelligence models to classify the genotype of the animals from the behavioral and physiological phenotype. The behavioral results show that CDD mice display impulsivity, together with low levels of cognitive flexibility and perseverative behaviors. We assessed arousal levels by simultaneously recording pupil size and locomotor activity. Pupillometry reveals in CDD mice a smaller pupil size and an impaired response to unexpected stimuli associated with hyperlocomotion, demonstrating a global defect in arousal modulation. Finally, machine learning reveals that both behavioral and pupillometry parameters can be considered good predictors of CDD. Since early diagnosis is essential to evaluate treatment outcomes and pupillary measures can be performed easily, we proposed the monitoring of pupil size as a promising biomarker for CDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Viglione
- BIO@SNS Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Sagona
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Carrara
- ISTI-Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologia dell'Informazione, National Research Council, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Amato
- ISTI-Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologia dell'Informazione, National Research Council, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentino Totaro
- BIO@SNS Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lupori
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Putignano
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- BIO@SNS Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Mazziotti
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Pisa, Italy
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Capuzzi E, Caldiroli A, Auxilia AM, Borgonovo R, Capellazzi M, Clerici M, Buoli M. Biological Predictors of Treatment Response in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12101742. [PMID: 36294881 PMCID: PMC9605680 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent condition with onset in childhood and in many cases persisting into adulthood. Even though an increasing number of studies have investigated the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in the management of adult ADHD, few authors have tried to identify the biological predictors of treatment response. Objectives: To summarize the available data about the biological markers of treatment response in adults affected by ADHD. Methods: A search on the main biomedical and psychological archives (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and PsycINFO) was performed. Manuscripts in English, published up to May 2022 and having the biological predictors of treatment response in adults with ADHD as their main topic, were included. Results: A total of 3855 articles was screened. Twenty-two articles were finally included. Most of the manuscripts studied neuroimaging and electrophysiological factors as potential predictors of treatment response in adult ADHD patients. No reliable markers were identified until now. Promising findings on this topic regard genetic polymorphisms in snap receptor (SNARE) proteins and default mode network-striatum connectivity. Conclusions: Even though some biological markers seem promising for the prediction of treatment response in adults affected by ADHD, further studies are needed to confirm the available data in the context of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Capuzzi
- Psychiatric Department, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0392339670
| | - Alice Caldiroli
- Psychiatric Department, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Auxilia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Riccardo Borgonovo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Martina Capellazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Massimo Clerici
- Psychiatric Department, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Buoli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Kowalczyk OS, Mehta MA, O’Daly OG, Criaud M. Task-Based Functional Connectivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 2:350-367. [PMID: 36324660 PMCID: PMC9616264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered neurocognitive functioning is a key feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and increasing numbers of studies assess task-based functional connectivity in the disorder. We systematically reviewed and critically appraised functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task-based functional connectivity studies in ADHD. A systematic search conducted up to September 2020 found 34 studies, including 51 comparisons. Comparisons were divided into investigations of ADHD neuropathology (37 comparing ADHD and typical development, 2 comparing individuals with ADHD and their nonsymptomatic siblings, 2 comparing remitted and persistent ADHD, and 1 exploring ADHD symptom severity) and the effects of interventions (8 investigations of stimulant effects and 1 study of fMRI neurofeedback). Large heterogeneity in study methodologies prevented a meta-analysis; thus, the data were summarized as a narrative synthesis. Across cognitive domains, functional connectivity in the cingulo-opercular, sensorimotor, visual, subcortical, and executive control networks in ADHD consistently differed from neurotypical populations. Furthermore, literature comparing individuals with ADHD and their nonsymptomatic siblings as well as adults with ADHD and their remitted peers showed ADHD-related abnormalities in similar sensorimotor and subcortical (primarily striatal) networks. Interventions modulated those dysfunctional networks, with the most consistent action on functional connections with the striatum, anterior cingulate cortex, occipital regions, and midline default mode network structures. Although methodological issues limited many of the reviewed studies, the use of task-based functional connectivity approaches has the potential to broaden the understanding of the neural underpinnings of ADHD and the mechanisms of action of ADHD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S. Kowalczyk
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mitul A. Mehta
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Owen G. O’Daly
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Criaud
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Li Y, Chen J, Zheng X, Liu J, Peng C, Liao Y, Liu Y. Cognitive deficit in adults with ADHD lies in the cognitive state disorder rather than the working memory deficit: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 154:332-340. [PMID: 36029728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study tested whether cognitive deficit in patients with adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a working memory deficit or cognitive state disorder during the N-back task. Twenty-two adults with ADHD and twenty-four healthy controls participated in the N-back task. The functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was combined with three perspectives from behavioral and spatial and temporal activation characteristics of blood oxygen levels in the prefrontal cortex to examine the psychological and neuroprocessing characteristics of adult ADHD. Data were acquired using a block design during an N-back task with three memory loads. Visual stimuli were presented on a computer monitor. Behaviorally, response time and accuracy showed no significant differences between the two groups. Spatially, in the left orbitofrontal area and the left frontopolar area (Channels 4 and 11), adult ADHD had significantly higher activation levels of oxyHb in the 2-back task and lower activation levels of deoxyHb in the 3-back task than healthy controls (corrected p < 0.05). Therefore, Channel 4 in the 2-back condition and Channel 11 in the 3-back condition were used as the regions of interest (ROI). Temporally, adults with ADHD peaked earlier in the ROIs than healthy controls. Furthermore, working memory deficit was not found directly from the behavioral performance in adult ADHD. However, adult ADHD can be affected by memory load, task duration, and novelty stimulus. Our findings suggest that patients with adult ADHD have cognitive state disorder instead of working memory deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojin Li
- Educational Neuroscience Research Center, School of Educational Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Educational Neuroscience Research Center, School of Educational Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China.
| | - Xintong Zheng
- Educational Neuroscience Research Center, School of Educational Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Jianxiu Liu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Educational Neuroscience Research Center, School of Educational Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Youguo Liao
- Educational Neuroscience Research Center, School of Educational Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Educational Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan, China
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Leisman G, Melillo R. Front and center: Maturational dysregulation of frontal lobe functional neuroanatomic connections in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:936025. [PMID: 36081853 PMCID: PMC9446472 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.936025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontal lobe function may not universally explain all forms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but the frontal lobe hypothesis described supports an internally consistent model for integrating the numerous behaviors associated with ADHD. The paper examines the developmental trajectories of frontal and prefrontal lobe development, framing ADHD as maturational dysregulation concluding that the cognitive, motor, and behavioral abilities of the presumptive majority of ADHD children may not primarily be disordered or dysfunctional but reflect maturational dysregulation that is inconsistent with the psychomotor and cognitive expectations for the child’s chronological and mental age. ADHD children demonstrate decreased activation of the right and middle prefrontal cortex. Prefrontal and frontal lobe regions have an exuberant network of shared pathways with the diencephalic region, also having a regulatory function in arousal as well as with the ascending reticular formation which has a capacity for response suppression to task-irrelevant stimuli. Prefrontal lesions oftentimes are associated with the regulatory breakdown of goal-directed activity and impulsivity. In conclusion, a presumptive majority of childhood ADHD may result from maturational dysregulation of the frontal lobes with effects on the direct, indirect and/or, hyperdirect pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Leisman
- Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Neurology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Havana, Cuba
- *Correspondence: Gerry Leisman,
| | - Robert Melillo
- Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Fioravante I, Lozano-Lozano JA, Martella D. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A pilot study for symptom assessment and diagnosis in children in Chile. Front Psychol 2022; 13:946273. [PMID: 35992438 PMCID: PMC9387654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.946273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders among school-age children and is characterized by varying degrees of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Diagnosis, which currently relies on the DSM-V criteria, is complex. This research proposes an integrated procedure for ADHD diagnosis in children, improving the diagnostic process and scientific research on etiopathology. Materials and methods We conducted a clinical report on ADHD diagnosis in children (n = 92) between the ages of 8 and 13, based on the results of the application of different scales to parents of school-age children in Chile. The children were divided into two groups, those with an ADHD diagnosis (n = 44) and those without (n = 48) (24% females). Results The results revealed statistically significant differences between groups for scales EDAH y SDQ-Cas, Conners Comprehensive Behavior Scale, Conners Parent Scale and the criteria according to the DSM-V and its dimensions, with the exception of inattention. Conclusion The findings indicate the importance of appropriate criteria and procedures to establish a diagnosis and implement effective interventions in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Fioravante
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Antonio Lozano-Lozano
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto Iberoamericano Desarrollo Sostenible, Claustro Académico del Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diana Martella
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Loyola de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
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Whitehead JC, Neeman R, Doniger GM. Preliminary Real-World Evidence Supporting the Efficacy of a Remote Neurofeedback System in Improving Mental Health: Retrospective Single-Group Pretest-Posttest Study. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e35636. [PMID: 35802411 PMCID: PMC9308076 DOI: 10.2196/35636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Neurofeedback training (NFT) has been shown to be effective in treating several disorders (eg, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], anxiety, and depression); however, little is currently known regarding the effectiveness of remote NFT systems.
Objective
This retrospective study provides real-world data (N=593) to assess the efficacy of app-based remote NFT in improving brain health and cognitive performance.
Methods
Improvement was measured from pre- to postintervention of in-app assessments that included validated symptom questionnaires (the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, the ADHD Rating Scale IV, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, and the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire), a cognitive test of attention and executive functioning (ie, continuous performance task), and resting electroencephalography (EEG) markers. Clinically significant improvement was evaluated using standard approaches.
Results
The greatest improvement was reported for the anxiety questionnaire, for which 69% (68/99) of participants moved from abnormal to healthy score ranges. Overall, adult and child participants who engaged in neurofeedback to improve attention and executive functions demonstrated improved ADHD scores and enhanced performance on a cognitive (ie, response inhibition) task. Adults with ADHD additionally demonstrated elevated delta/alpha and theta/alpha ratios at baseline and a reduction in the delta/alpha ratio indicator following neurofeedback.
Conclusions
Preliminary findings suggest the efficacy of app-based remote neurofeedback in improving mental health, given the reduced symptom severity from pre- to postassessment for general psychological health, ADHD, anxiety, and depression, as well as adjusted resting EEG neural markers for individuals with symptoms of ADHD. Collectively, this supports the utility of the in-app assessment in monitoring behavioral and neural indices of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne C Whitehead
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Myndlift Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Fabio RA, Andricciola F, Caprì T. Visual-motor attention in children with ADHD: The role of automatic and controlled processes. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 123:104193. [PMID: 35149332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND there are evidence that children with ADHD exhibit a deficit both in automatic and controlled processes. AIMS the present study aimed to examine the visual-motor attention and the influence of cognitive load through a dual task paradigm in children with ADHD compared with typical developing children (TD). METHODS AND PROCEDURES 113 children with ADHD: 40 with subtype inattentive (ADHD- I group), 16 with subtype hyperactive (ADHD-H group), 57 with subtype combined (ADHD-C group), and 113 TD children (TD group) were recruited. We used a dual-task paradigm in which the primary task was a figure-tracing test whereas the second task was a digit span test. A figure-tracing test was used to evaluate visual motor attention. Based on the length and intersection of the lines, the figures of the primary task were categorized into simple and complex. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS the ADHD groups compared to the TD group showed a worse accuracy of performance in both condition with and without cognitive load. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The findings were discussed in light of the relationship between automatic and controlled processes involved in the visual-motor attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Angela Fabio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Bivona, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Andricciola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Bivona, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Tindara Caprì
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Link Campus University, Via del Casale di S. Pio V, 44, 00165, Rome, Italy; Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164, Messina, Italy.
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Cabaleiro P, Cueli M, Cañamero LM, González-Castro P. A Case Study in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Innovative Neurofeedback-Based Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010191. [PMID: 35010449 PMCID: PMC8751092 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In research about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) there is growing interest in evaluating cortical activation and using neurofeedback in interventions. This paper presents a case study using monopolar electroencephalogram recording (brain mapping known as MiniQ) for subsequent use in an intervention with neurofeedback for a 10-year-old girl presenting predominantly inattentive ADHD. A total of 75 training sessions were performed, and brain wave activity was assessed before and after the intervention. The results indicated post-treatment benefits in the beta wave (related to a higher level of concentration) and in the theta/beta ratio, but not in the theta wave (related to higher levels of drowsiness and distraction). These instruments may be beneficial in the evaluation and treatment of ADHD.
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Duval F, Erb A, Mokrani M, Weiss T, Carcangiu R. First‐Dose Methylphenidate‐Induced Changes in the Anti‐Saccade Task Performance and Outcome in Adults with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2021; 3:146-152. [PMID: 36101656 PMCID: PMC9175892 DOI: 10.1176/appi.prcp.20210010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We examined whether the anti‐saccade task (AST) performance after the first methylphenidate (MPH) dose could be associated with subsequent clinical outcome in adults with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Ninety‐seven drug‐naive DSM‐5 ADHD adults participated in this study. The AST parameters were measured at baseline, after the first MPH‐dose (10 mg orally), and 6 months after chronic MPH treatment. Results were compared with those of 50 healthy control (HC) subjects. Results At baseline, ADHDs showed longer saccadic reaction times and more direction errors than HCs (both p < 0.00001). Acute and chronic MPH administration resulted in normalization of the AST performances. Multivariate regression analysis after adjusting for age, sex, weight, and severity of symptoms at baseline, revealed that a low percentage of direction errors after the first MPH‐dose (i.e., ≤10%) could predict remission at month 6 (OR: 5.84; 95% CI: 2.00–17.11; p = 0.001). Conclusions Our findings indicate that: (1) impairments of motor planning and response inhibition in adults with ADHD are improved with MPH, and (2) a low direction error percentage after the first MPH‐dose may be an independent predictor of remission. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03411434 The antisaccade task (AST) is useful to reveal impairments in inhibitory control in ADHD. Never‐medicated adult ADHD subjects show delays in reaction times and increased direction errors. Methyphenidate (MPH) administration, either acute or chronic, normalizes AST performances. Direction error percentages after the first MPH‐dose could predict treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Duval
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
| | - Alexis Erb
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
| | - Marie‐Claude Mokrani
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
| | - Thomas Weiss
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
| | - Roberta Carcangiu
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
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Bruya B, Tang YY. Fluid Attention in Education: Conceptual and Neurobiological Framework. Front Psychol 2021; 12:704443. [PMID: 34650472 PMCID: PMC8506156 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.704443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention is indispensable to our learning, performance, relationships, health, and daily life, and yet laboratory studies of attention have only scratched the surface of these lived varieties of attention. In this article, we begin with William James' theory of derived involuntary attention, which has largely been ignored in laboratory research. We then show that there is a gap in our attention vocabulary and the theory that underpins it, which depend on an incomplete voluntary/involuntary dichotomy. The negative effects of this dichotomy stretch beyond laboratory research to clinical diagnosis, influencing how we understand so-called attention deficits. To fill the gap between voluntary and involuntary, we introduce a third kind of attention—fluid attention (also called postvoluntary attention), which is goal-directed and selective, like voluntary attention, but also effortless and drawn to its source, like involuntary attention. Fluid attention is a rediscovery of James' derived involuntary attention. A distinguishing feature of fluid attention is its motivational component, which, we show, neurophysiologically also reveals a gap in the neurocognitive literature on attention. Recognizing fluid attention as fundamentally motivational allows ADHD to be redefined as a motivational rather than an attentional deficit, which we go on to show has significant implications for both special and regular education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bruya
- Department of History and Philosophy, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, United States
| | - Yi-Yuan Tang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Coll-Martín T, Carretero-Dios H, Lupiáñez J. Attentional networks, vigilance, and distraction as a function of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in an adult community sample. Br J Psychol 2021; 112:1053-1079. [PMID: 34089269 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Attentional difficulties are a core axis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, establishing a consistent and detailed pattern of these neurocognitive alterations has not been an easy endeavour. Based on a dimensional approach to ADHD, the present study aims at comprehensively characterizing three key attentional domains: the three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, and executive attention), two components of vigilance (executive and arousal vigilance), and distraction. To do so, we modified a single, fine-grained task (the ANTI-Vea) by adding irrelevant distractors. One hundred and twenty undergraduates completed three self-reports of ADHD symptoms in childhood and adulthood and performed the ANTI-Vea. Despite the low reliability of some ANTI-Vea indexes, the task worked successfully. While ADHD symptoms in childhood were related to alerting network and arousal vigilance, symptoms in adulthood were linked to executive vigilance. No association between ADHD symptom severity and executive attention and distraction was found. In general, our hypotheses about the relationships between ADHD symptoms and attentional processes were partially supported. We discuss our findings according to ADHD theories and attention measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Coll-Martín
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain.,Department of Behavioral Sciences Methodology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Hugo Carretero-Dios
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain.,Department of Behavioral Sciences Methodology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Lupiáñez
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
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