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Vilaregut A, Abadia S, Pineda-Hernández S, Torras S, Pujadas X. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mood and family relationships of runners. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1295605. [PMID: 38646113 PMCID: PMC11027568 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1295605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the mood of amateur runners and on their relationships with their partners and families. Methods Adult runners 18 years or older (N = 260) completed an online survey that included demographic information, standardized psychological assessments of Exercise Dependence (EDS-R) and mood (POMS), and, to measure relationship functioning, either the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) if they did not have children, or the Basic Family Evaluation Questionnaire (CERFB), measuring conjugal and parental relationships. Participants also answered questions about their exercise habits and the coping strategies they adopted during lockdown. Results The results suggest that runners who saw the largest reductions in time spent exercising during lockdown tended to feel significantly less energetic (p < 0.05) and friendly (p < 0.01). In addition, they recorded significantly lower scores in marital satisfaction with their peers (p < 0.05). The runners with a higher degree of dependence on physical exercise registered significantly higher levels of depression, tension and anger than non-dependent runners (p < 0.001). Runners whose partners were physically active and did not have children had significantly higher scores marital satisfaction than runners whose partners were not physically active and had children (p < 0.05). Discussion These findings seem to indicate that the psychological approach to athletes in the context of crises such as the pandemic should consider not only individual aspects, but also include the family perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vilaregut
- FPCEE Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
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Taheri M, Saad HB, Washif JA, Reynoso-Sánchez LF, Mirmoezzi M, Youzbashi L, Trabelsi K, Moshtagh M, Muñoz-Helú H, Mataruna-Dos-Santos LJ, Seghatoleslami A, Torabi F, Soylu Y, Kurt C, Vancini RL, Delkash S, Rezaei MS, Ashouri M, Tahira S, Sayyah M, Chtourou H, Dergaa I, Strahler J, Guimarães-Mataruna AF, Lebaron TW, Ezdini ES, Alizade A, Zouhal H, Tarnava AT, Clark C, Bigdeli N, Ammar A, Eken Ö, Ayed KB, Bragazzi NL, Nobari H, Thuany M, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Irandoust K. Comparative Study of the Long-Term Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Nutritional Practices Among International Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes: A Sample of 1420 Participants from 14 Countries. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:104. [PMID: 37938473 PMCID: PMC10632320 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have shown that the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown has had negative impacts on mental health and eating behaviors among the general population and athletes, few studies have examined the long-term effects on elite and sub-elite athletes. The present study aimed to investigate the long-term impact of COVID-19 lockdown on mental health and eating behaviors in elite versus sub-elite athletes two years into the pandemic. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted between March and April 2022, involving athletes from 14 countries, using a convenient non-probabilistic and snowball sampling method. A total of 1420 athletes (24.5 ± 7.9 years old, 569 elites, 35% women, and 851 sub-elites, 45% women) completed an online survey-based questionnaire. The questionnaire included a sociodemographic survey, information about the COVID-19 pandemic, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21) for mental health assessment, and the Rapid Eating Assessment for Participants (REAP-S) for assessing eating behavior. RESULTS The results showed that compared to sub-elite athletes, elite athletes had lower scores on the DASS-21 (p = .001) and its subscales of depression (p = .003), anxiety (p = .007), and stress (p < .001), as well as a lower REAP-S score indicating lower diet quality (p = .013). CONCLUSION In conclusion, two years into the pandemic, elite athletes were likelier to have better mental health profiles than sub-elite athletes but surprisingly had lower diet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Taheri
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sports, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Helmi Ben Saad
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Laboratory "Heart Failure, LR12SP09", Farhat HACHED Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jad Adrian Washif
- Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Masoud Mirmoezzi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Youzbashi
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mozhgan Moshtagh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Hussein Muñoz-Helú
- Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Autonomous University of Occident, Los Mochis, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Yusuf Soylu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Türkiye
| | - Cem Kurt
- Kirkpinar Sport Sciences Faculty, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Marjan Sadat Rezaei
- Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ashouri
- Department of Sports Physiology, University of Mazandran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Shazia Tahira
- Department of Psychology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mansour Sayyah
- Trauma Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ismail Dergaa
- Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jana Strahler
- Sportpsychology, Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Tyler W Lebaron
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, USA
- Molecular Hydrogen Institute, Enoch, UT, USA
| | | | - Ardeshir Alizade
- School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé, University Rennes, Rennes, France
- Institute International Des Sciences du Sport, Irodouer, France
| | | | - Cain Clark
- Faculty of Health, Education, and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nooshin Bigdeli
- Control Engineering Department, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Özgür Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Inonu University, 44000, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Karim Ben Ayed
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Kef. University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
- Sport Sciences, Health and Movement (2SHM) Laboratory, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Mabliny Thuany
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Khadijeh Irandoust
- Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
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Wen P, Tan F, Wu M, Cai Q, Xu R, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li S, Lei M, Chen H, Khan MSA, Zou Q, Hu X. Proper use of light environments for mitigating the effects of COVID-19 and other prospective public health emergency lockdowns on sleep quality and fatigue in adolescents. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14627. [PMID: 37064435 PMCID: PMC10027303 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a public health emergency of international concern, and some countries still implement strict regional lockdowns. Further, the upcoming 2023 Asian Games and World University Games will implement a closed-loop management system. Quarantine can harm mental and physical health, to which adolescents are more vulnerable compared with adults. Previous studies indicated that light can affect our psychology and physiology, and adolescents were exposed to the artificial light environment in the evening during the lockdown. Thus, this study aimed to establish and assess appropriate residential light environments to mitigate the effects of lockdowns on sleep quality and fatigue in adolescents. The participants were 66 adolescents (12.15 ± 2.45 years of age) in a closed-loop management environment, who participated in a 28-day (7-day baseline, 21-day light intervention) randomized controlled trial of a light-emitting diode (LED) light intervention. The adolescents were exposed to different correlated color temperature (CCT) LED light environments (2000 K or 8000 K) for 1 h each evening. The results for self-reported daily sleep quality indicated that the low CCT LED light environment significantly improved sleep quality (p < 0.05), and the blood test results for serum urea and hemoglobin indicated that this environment also significantly reduced fatigue (p < 0.05) and moderately increased performance, compared to the high CCT LED light environment. These findings can serve as a springboard for further research that aims to develop interventions to reduce the effects of public health emergency lockdowns on mental and physical health in adolescents, and provide a reference for participants in the upcoming Asian Games and World University Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Wen
- School of Physical Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Fuyun Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Guangzhou Institute of Sport Science, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Qijun Cai
- Guangzhou Institute of Sport Science, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Ruiping Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Sport Science, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Sport Science, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Dongguan Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Shukun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Menglai Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huanqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Muhammad Saddique Akbar Khan
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qihong Zou
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Mascaro L, Drummond SPA, Leota J, Boardman JM, Hoffman D, Rajaratnam SMW, Aidman E, Facer-Childs ER. Cognitive fitness modulates gender differences in sleep and mental health among competitive athletes under chronic stress. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1118822. [PMID: 36969596 PMCID: PMC10031072 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1118822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Mental fitness is increasingly considered a key component of an athlete’s competitive arsenal. Active domains of mental fitness include cognitive fitness, sleep, and mental health; and these domains can differ between men and women athletes. Our study investigated the associations of cognitive fitness and gender to sleep and mental health, and the interaction between cognitive fitness and gender on sleep and mental health, in competitive athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: 82 athletes competing at levels from regional/state to international (49% women, M-age = 23.3 years) completed measures of self-control, intolerance of uncertainty, and impulsivity (together representing constructs of cognitive fitness), items about sleep (total sleep time, sleep latency, and mid-sleep time on free days) and a measure of mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress).Results: Women athletes reported lower self-control, higher intolerance of uncertainty, and higher positive urgency impulsivity compared with men athletes. Women reported sleeping later, but this gender difference disappeared after controlling for cognitive fitness. Women athletes—after controlling for cognitive fitness—reported higher depression, anxiety, and stress. Across genders, higher self-control was associated with lower depression, and lower intolerance of uncertainty was associated with lower anxiety. Higher sensation seeking was associated with lower depression and stress, and higher premeditation was associated with greater total sleep time and anxiety. Higher perseverance was associated with higher depression for men—but not women—athletes.Conclusion: Women athletes in our sample reported poorer cognitive fitness and mental health compared to men athletes. Most cognitive fitness factors protected competitive athletes under chronic stress, but some exposed them to poorer mental health. Future work should examine the sources of gender differences. Our findings suggest a need to develop tailored interventions aimed at improving athlete wellbeing, with a particular focus on women athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mascaro
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean P. A. Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Josh Leota
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Johanna M. Boardman
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoffman
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- St Kilda Football Club, Australian Football League, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shantha M. W. Rajaratnam
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eugene Aidman
- Defence Science & Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Elise R. Facer-Childs
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- St Kilda Football Club, Australian Football League, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Danny Frawley Centre for Health and Wellbeing, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Elise R. Facer-Childs,
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Taheri M, Irandoust K, Reynoso-Sánchez LF, Muñoz-Helú H, Cruz-Morales KN, Torres-Ramírez R, Mirmoezzi M, Youzbashi L, Mirakhori F, Dergaa I, Vancini RL, Mataruna-Dos-Santos LJ, Korinna Zazueta-Beltrán D, Zouhal H, Morales-Beltrán RA, Soylu Y, Molgado-Sifuentes A, González-Hernández J, Hernández-Cruz G, Bojorquez Castro LB, Kurt C, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H, Seghatoleslami A, López-Camacho MO, Mendoza-Baldenebro RE, Torabi F, Ben Saad H, Washif JA, Strahler J, Guimarães-Mataruna AF, Lebaron TW, Shaabani Ezdini E, Rezaei MS, Moshtagh M, Yagin FH, Gülü M, Esmaeili A, Müller P, Ammar A, Scoditti E, Garbarino S, Puce L, Bragazzi NL, Nobari H. Effects of home confinement on physical activity, nutrition, and sleep quality during the COVID-19 outbreak in amateur and elite athletes. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1143340. [PMID: 37139442 PMCID: PMC10150803 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1143340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the progress in the management of the pandemic caused by COVID-19, it is necessary to continue exploring and explaining how this situation affected the athlete population around the world to improve their circumstances and reduce the negative impact of changes in their lifestyle conditions that were necessitated due to the pandemic. The aim of this study was to analyze the moderating influence of physical activity (PA) and dietary habits on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic experience on sleep quality in elite and amateur athletes. Materials and methods A total of 1,420 elite (40.1%) and amateur (59.9%) athletes (41% women; 59% men) from 14 different countries participated in a cross-sectional design study. Data were collected using a battery of questionnaires that identified sociodemographic data, sleep quality index, PA levels, dietary habits, and the athletes' perception of their experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Means and standard deviations were calculated for each variable. The analysis of variances and the correlation between variables were carried out with non-parametric statistics. A simple moderation effect was calculated to analyze the interaction between PA or dietary habits on the perception of the COVID-19 experience effect on sleep quality in elite and amateur athletes. Results The PA level of elite athletes was higher than amateur athletes during COVID-19 (p < 0.001). However, the PA level of both categories of athletes was lower during COVID-19 than pre-COVID-19 (p < 0.01). In addition, amateurs had a higher diet quality than elite athletes during the pandemic (p = 0.014). The perception of the COVID-19 experience as controllable was significantly higher (p = 0.020) among elite athletes. In addition, two moderating effects had significant interactions. For amateur athletes, the PA level moderated the effect of controllable COVID-19 experience on sleep quality [F (3,777) = 3.05; p = 0.028], while for elite athletes, the same effect was moderated by dietary habits [F (3,506) = 4.47, p = 0.004]. Conclusion Elite athletes had different lifestyle behaviors compared to amateurs during the COVID-19 lockdown. Furthermore, the relevance of maintaining high levels of PA for amateurs and good quality dietary habits by elite athletes was noted by the moderating effect that both variables had on the influence of the controllable experience during the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Taheri
- Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Morteza Taheri
| | - Kadijeh Irandoust
- Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
- Institute of Future Studies, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Hussein Muñoz-Helú
- Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Autonomous University of Occident, Los Mochis, Mexico
| | | | - Raymundo Torres-Ramírez
- Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Autonomous University of Occident, Los Mochis, Mexico
| | - Masoud Mirmoezzi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Youzbashi
- Department of sport sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mirakhori
- Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ismail Dergaa
- Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hassane Zouhal
- Univ Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Rennes, France
- Institute International des Sciences du Sport, Irodouer, France
| | | | - Yusuf Soylu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Türkiye
| | | | - Juan González-Hernández
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Germán Hernández-Cruz
- Faculty of Sport Organization, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | | | - Cem Kurt
- Kirkpinar Sport Sciences Faculty, Trakya University, Edirne, Türkiye
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | - Farnaz Torabi
- Department of Physical Education, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Helmi Ben Saad
- Faculty of Medicine, Farhat Hached Hospital, Research Laboratory “Heart Failure, LR12SP09”, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jad Adrian Washif
- Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jana Strahler
- Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Tyler W. Lebaron
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, United States
- Molecular Hydrogen Institute, Enoch, UT, United States
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Marjan Sadat Rezaei
- Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Moshtagh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatma Hilal Yagin
- Department of Biostatistics, and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Gülü
- Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Türkiye
| | - Atefeh Esmaeili
- Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Patrick Müller
- Division of Cardiology and Angiology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Univerisity Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Achraf Ammar
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Lecce, Italy
| | - Sergio Garbarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, Medical School, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Training load, sports performance, physical and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective cohort of Swiss elite athletes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278203. [PMID: 36454814 PMCID: PMC9714901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions have led to abrupt changes in the lives of elite athletes. OBJECTIVES The objective of this prospective cohort study was to examine training load, subjective sports performance, physical and mental health among Swiss elite athletes during a 6-month follow-up period starting with the first Swiss lockdown. METHODS Swiss elite athletes (n = 203) participated in a repeated online survey evaluating health, training, and performance related metrics. After the first assessment during the first lockdown between April and May 2020, there were monthly follow-ups over 6 months. RESULTS Out of 203 athletes completing the first survey during the first lockdown, 73 athletes (36%) completed all assessments during the entire 6-month follow-up period. Sports performance and training load decreased during the first lockdown and increased again at the beginning of the second lockdown in October 2020, while symptoms of depression and financial fears showed only a transient increase during the first lockdown. Self-reported injuries and illnesses did not change significantly at any timepoint in the study. Stricter COVID-19 restrictions, as measured by the Government Stringency Index (GSI), were associated with reduced subjective sports performance, as well as lower training intensity, increased financial fears, poorer coping with restrictions, and more depressive symptoms, as measured by the 9-item module of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). CONCLUSION This study revealed a negative impact of the COVID-19 restrictions on sports performance, training load and mental health among Swiss elite athletes, while the rate of self-reported injuries and illnesses remained unaffected.
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Håkansson A, Moesch K, Kenttä G. COVID-19-related impact on mental health and career uncertainty in student-athletes—Data from a cohort of 7,025 athletes in an elite sport high school system in Sweden. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:943402. [PMID: 36203654 PMCID: PMC9530189 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.943402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesMental health consequences and behavior change has been described in elite athletes following the vast impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world of sports. However, most study samples have been of limited size, and few studies have assessed student-athletes. This study aimed to analyze perceived mental health impact, measured as clinical degree of depression and anxiety, worry about one's sport and about one's career, and behavioral change with respect to video gaming behavior, in high-school athletes in Sweden.MethodsData on anxiety and depression as well as on perceived behavioral changes during COVID-19 were collected from students at sports high schools in Sweden (N = 7,025) in February 2021, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsSixteen and 14% met criteria of moderate/severe depression and anxiety, respectively. Many respondents reported feeling mentally worse during the pandemic (66%), and were worried about the future of their sport (45%) or about their own future in sports (45%). Increased gaming behavior during COVID-19 was reported by 29%. All mental health variables were significantly more common in women, except increased gaming (more common in men). Being worried about one's career was less common in winter sports, more common in team sports and more common in older student-athletes, and associated with both depression and anxiety in regression analyses.DiscussionSelf-reported mental health impact of COVID-19 is substantial in student-athletes, and even more so in women and in team sports. The lower impact in winter athletes suggests a moderating effect of the seasons in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Håkansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Region Skåne, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, Malmö, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Anders Håkansson
| | - Karin Moesch
- Region Skåne, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, Malmö, Sweden
- Swedish Sports Confederation, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Sports Sciences, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Göran Kenttä
- Swedish Sports Confederation, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Lundqvist C, Kristiansen E. Lockdown and No Lockdown: How Norwegian and Swedish Elite Athletes Managed Preparations for Tokyo 2020 and Mental Health Challenges in the Shadow of COVID-19. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:918825. [PMID: 35982760 PMCID: PMC9378964 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.918825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explored Norwegian and Swedish Olympic aspirants' perceived challenges for the preparations of Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games (OG) and risk and protective factors for mental health. The focus for this study was the timespan between the declaration of the postponement of Tokyo 2020 and the final months before the Games. A secondary purpose was to explore experiences of both elite athletes affected by lockdown (i.e., Norwegian athletes) and elite athletes not affected by lockdown in their home country (i.e., Swedish athletes). Twelve elite athletes (Norwegian: n = 6; Swedish: n = 6; Women: n = 6; Men: n = 6) with a mean age of 28.25 (SD = 3.60) participated. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between April and June 2021. Seven athletes had qualified and five were still trying to qualify. Eight of the interviewed athletes had previous experiences with OG participation. Template analysis revealed two main themes: (a) challenges and risk-factors for mental health and (b) protective factors. The pandemic exposed athletes to several psychological strains like uncertainty and difficulties with planning and preparations for the OG and personal and social challenges (i.e., worry about physical health and risk of overtraining, social contacts, identity, and life issues). Protective factors included perceived benefits of increased recovery and time for quality training. The athletes used several coping strategies and self-care behaviors (e.g., focus on the controllable, playfulness, putting sports in perspective, daily routines, short-term goals, working or studying for personal development) and they tapped into various internal and external psychosocial resources perceived as protective for mental health, personal growth, resiliency, and adjustment to the pandemic. The holistic perspectives used contribute to an increased understanding of elite sport athletes' mental health needs in stressful and unforeseen situations such as a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lundqvist
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Carolina Lundqvist
| | - Elsa Kristiansen
- Department of Business, Strategy and Political Science, USN School of Business, University of South-Eastern, Drammen, Norway
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Pourfridoni M, Khan MAB, Daneshi S, Vazirinasab H, Nosrati Z, Daneshi‐Maskooni M. Health literacy and fear among Iranian medical students due to COVID-19: An observational study. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2586. [PMID: 35429408 PMCID: PMC9110898 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The coronavirus disease of the 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created a sense of fear due to uncertainties in medical students' personal and professional lives. Medical education is challenging and poses a more significant academic and emotional rigor when compared with other professional programs. With the COVID-19 having limited treatment options, health literacy (HL) is crucial for managing and responding to the pandemic. This research aims to examine the impact of HL on COVID-19-associated fear among Iranian medical students. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted measuring the HL and fear of COVID-19 using validated scales. Two hundred and seventy-eight survey responses were received and analyzed descriptively by using SPSS software inferential statistics. RESULTS Mean age of participants was 22.93 ± 5.427 years. The correlation between students' total health literacy (HELIA) scores and their fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S) scores was -0.279 (p value = .019). The FCV-19S has a negative correlation with total HELIA in the group of females and males, single and married people, bachelor and MD students, and students living in rural areas and urban areas. The negative correlation of FCV-19S with total HELIA in males and students who reside in rural areas was the only one that was not significant. In associate degree students, the correlation between FCV-19S and total HELIA was positive but not significant. Education grades had a significant impact on FCV-19S. Furthermore, the place of residence also had a significant impact on FCV-19S. However, the gender and marital status did not significantly impact FCV-19S. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that students with higher HL scores had lesser fear of COVID-19. The key stakeholders require several positive strategies to reduce fear and improve health, and such vital policies will assist in improving the students' health and achieving the sustainable developmental goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moien AB Khan
- Health and Wellness Research Group, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health SciencesUnited Arab Emirates UniversityAl‐AinUnited Arab Emirates
- Primary CareNHS Northwest LondonLondonUK
| | - Salman Daneshi
- Department of Public Health, School of HealthJiroft University of Medical SciencesJiroftIran
| | - Habibe Vazirinasab
- Department of Public Health, School of HealthJiroft University of Medical SciencesJiroftIran
| | - Zahra Nosrati
- Faculty of MedicineKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Milad Daneshi‐Maskooni
- Department of Nutrition, School of MedicineJiroft University of Medical SciencesJiroftIran
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Kirabira J, Ben Forry J, Ssebuufu R, Akimana B, Nakawuki M, Anyayo L, Mpamizo E, Chan Onen B, Ingabire J, Gumisiriza N, Waiswa A, Mawanda A, Ashaba S, Kyamanywa P. Psychological distress and associated factors among hospital workers in Uganda during the COVID-19 lockdown - A multicentre study. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08807. [PMID: 35075435 PMCID: PMC8769903 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of psychological distress (PD), and its associated demographic, psychosocial, hospital and health-related factors among hospital workers in Uganda during the COVID-19 related lockdown. METHODS An online cross-sectional study was conducted among three hundred ninety six participants recruited from eight hospitals and PD was assessed using the Kessler 6 distress scale from May to June 2020. RESULTS PD was present in 92.7% of the participants with majority (78.3%) having mild to moderate PD whereas 14.4% had severe PD. Severe PD had statistically significant association with having financial liabilities (O.R = 3.69 (1.55-8.77), p = 0.003). However, ability to maintain contact with family members and friends (O.R = 0.43 (0.22-0.84), p value = 0.013), and having enough personal protective equipment and safety tools at work place (O.R = 0.44 (0.23-0.84), p value = 0.012) were protective against severe PD. having excessive worry about getting infected with COVID-19, conflicts within a home, segregation by friends or community, longer working hours or involvement in management of suspected or confirmed case were not associated with severe PD. CONCLUSION The findings indicate the need to take into consideration the mental wellbeing of health workers during this COVID-19 outbreak. Whereas hospital workers continue to provide their services during the COVID-19 pandemic and related lockdown, it is important that they maintain contact with social support networks and be provided with counselling and mental health and psychosocial services in order to optimise their mental health during this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kirabira
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
- Department of Psychiatry, Busitema University, P.O. Box 236, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Jimmy Ben Forry
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
- Department of Psychiatry, Mubende Regional Referral Hospital, P.O. Box 4, Mubende, Uganda
| | - Robinson Ssebuufu
- Department of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, P.O Box 71, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Benedict Akimana
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Madrine Nakawuki
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Lucas Anyayo
- Department of Psychiatry, Lira University, P.O. Box 1035, Lira, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Mpamizo
- Department of Psychiatry, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Bruno Chan Onen
- Department of Surgery, Makerere College of Health Science, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jane Ingabire
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, P.O. Box 43, Jinja, Uganda
| | - Nolbert Gumisiriza
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Ali Waiswa
- Department of Pathology, Makerere College of Health Science, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anatoli Mawanda
- Department of Pathology, Makerere College of Health Science, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Scholastic Ashaba
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
- Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Patrick Kyamanywa
- Department of Surgery, Kampala International University, Western Campus, P.O Box 71, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
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Training Conditions and Emotional Impact on Spanish Olympic Swimmers and Rowers in Social Isolation Due to COVID-19. Results of a Survey. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132011148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This article analyzes the results of a survey conducted in 2020 with Spanish Olympic swimmers and rowers, who were confined to their homes due to the epidemiological crisis. The questionnaire was administered between 23 April and 25 May. Responses to the questionnaire on emotional and adaptive reactions during the COVID-19 confinement (REACOVID-19) were received from 88 subjects, who represented 100% of the total population of Spanish Olympic swimmers and rowers. Through this questionnaire, they were asked about their living conditions, their daily training habits and their psychological, cognitive and emotional adaptation during the confinement. The results show the commitment of these athletes to their sports goals and their responsibility in respecting the confinement rules. Sixty-seven per cent of them stated that they had not left their homes for 96 days. In these extreme circumstances, the majority trained an average of 11 to 13 h a week and coped with the confinement with a positive attitude, in spite of the inconveniences of social isolation, the lack of equipment and technical support for training and the limitations of their physical space. The article analyzes which emotional and social factors influenced both their motivation and their hours of training.
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Jurecka A, Skucińska P, Gądek A. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus Pandemic on Physical Activity, Mental Health and Quality of Life in Professional Athletes-A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179423. [PMID: 34502010 PMCID: PMC8431129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Due to the rapid rate of spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, a number of restrictions have been introduced into public spaces, including those related to the operation of sports facilities, compounding the difficulty for athletes to conduct appropriate forms of training. The aim of this study was to review current scientific reports assessing the impact of the pandemic on the physical activity, mental state, and quality of life of professional athletes. Popular scientific databases—PubMed, Scopus, and Embase—were systematically searched from the beginning of the pandemic until 12 July 2021. According to the adopted criteria, 14 articles were included in the review. Ten of the qualified studies determined the impact of the pandemic on the physical activity of athletes. The authors of 11 papers assessed the mental state and quality of life of athletes during the pandemic. The studies showed negative effects of the pandemic: a decrease in overall physical fitness and number of days and hours of training, as well as an increase in the occurrence of negative emotions (stress, fatigue, and depression) and a decrease in sleep quality. Changes in physical activity had an impact on overall well-being ratings, which depended on the sex of the subjects. Women were more likely to experience negative emotions compared to men. The mental state of the athletes affected the quality of sleep. This review summarises the negative effects of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic on the physical and mental health of professional athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Jurecka
- Department of Orthopedics and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Paulina Skucińska
- Students’ Scientific Society, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-007 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Artur Gądek
- Department of Orthopedics and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
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Batalla-Gavalda A, Cecilia-Gallego P, Revillas-Ortega F, Beltran-Garrido JV. Variations in the Mood States during the Different Phases of COVID-19's Lockdown in Young Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179326. [PMID: 34501913 PMCID: PMC8430794 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 led to a situation of home lockdown. Competitions, training, and sports activities were canceled for much of this period. This situation could have affected the physical and mental health and the mood states of young athletes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the variations in the mood states of young athletes of a highly competitive level during the different phases of lockdown in. The mood states of 45 Spanish youth athletes confined during the 10-week lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic -19 were assessed, using the Spanish-translated version of the POMS questionnaire, at the start of the home lockdown and at the start and at the end of the partial lockdown. The Total Mood Disturbance scores at week 10 were lower than those obtained in week 1 (pBonferroni = 0.031). The depression scores at week 6 (pBonferroni = 0.048) and at week 10 (pBonferroni < 0.001) were lower than those obtained in week 1. The confusion scores at week 10 were lower than those obtained in week 1 (pBonferroni = 0.002). These variations differed between team and individual sports. In conclusion, the lockdown produced changes in the young athletes’ mood states that should be considered when trying to optimize their physical and mental performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Batalla-Gavalda
- EUSES Escola Universitària de la Salut i l’Esport, Rovira i Virgili University, 43870 Tarragona, Spain; (A.B.-G.); (P.C.-G.)
| | - Pau Cecilia-Gallego
- EUSES Escola Universitària de la Salut i l’Esport, Rovira i Virgili University, 43870 Tarragona, Spain; (A.B.-G.); (P.C.-G.)
- Centre de Tecnificació Terres de l’Ebre, 43870 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Fernando Revillas-Ortega
- Centre de Tecnificació Terres de l’Ebre, 43870 Tarragona, Spain;
- Psicosport—Serveis de Psicologia de l’Esport, 43500 Tortosa, Spain
| | - Jose Vicente Beltran-Garrido
- EUSES Escola Universitària de la Salut i l’Esport, Rovira i Virgili University, 43870 Tarragona, Spain; (A.B.-G.); (P.C.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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Psychological States and Training Habits during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Spanish Basketball Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179025. [PMID: 34501619 PMCID: PMC8430994 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting restrictions designed to slow the spread of infection greatly disrupted people’s lives. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of lockdown on the psychology, training, and sleep habits of a cohort of basketball players. An online survey involving 169 professional and amateur athletes was conducted using four validated psychological questionnaires (WLEIS-S, POMS, BRS, SMS-II) and a Likert scale to measure the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and training variables. Gender differences in fatigue (p = 0.022); friendships (p = 0.017); others’ emotional appraisal (p < 0.001); and resilience (p = 0.031) were apparent, with higher values for women in all categories bar resilience. Comparisons before and during the lockdown revealed that all participants reduced their RPE (p < 0.001); training days (p = 0.004); and training hours (p < 0.001), and experienced a decline in the quality of sleep (p < 0.001). Sleep hours (p < 0.001) increased during lockdown. The professionals and females maintained their training days (p > 0.05), while the non-professionals and males did not. Psychological states during lockdown were a predictor of the differences in training and recovery variables. In situations where training and competition are limited, it is important to develop plans to maintain physical activity, good quality sleep, and promote greater emotional management and understanding to control negative moods.
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