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Alcouffe L, Tareau MA, Oberlis M, Adenis A, Vignier N. Research in an intercultural context: mediator-investigators of epidemiological health studies, bridges between two worlds. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1342140. [PMID: 39022426 PMCID: PMC11251968 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1342140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
ContextFrench Guiana is a French overseas department where very different linguistic, cultural and societal populations live together in a small area. Health issues and their specific epidemiological profiles call for research projects crossing several cultures. In this context, health mediators have a role to play in research. The aim of this study was to describe the perceptions, attitudes and opinions on research of mediators and researchers collaborating on research projects, and to describe the strengths and difficulties encountered during this cooperation.MethodsThe Inter-med project was conducted in French Guiana between February 2022 and April 2023 on the base of semi-directive interviews with mediators, or researchers, all working in health research in the intercultural context of French Guiana. The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants were described. An inductive thematic analysis was carried out on all the interviews, and word occurrence analysis on certain themes. The information was triangulated with field coordination notebooks from two epidemiological surveys conducted in French Guiana between 2021 and 2022.ResultsA total of 26 semi-structured interviews were conducted and 1,328 notebook pages analyzed. Mediation was described as an indispensable interface between the world of research and that of the population targeted by a survey. Mediators have a role to play at different stages of projects, in respect of good clinical practice, ethics and legislation. They act as interfaces between languages, concepts and representations. Their profession remains under-defined and under-dimensioned. The jobs offered are often precarious. Mediation work is emotionally costly, calls on soft skills and requires a combination of rigor and flexibility. All these aspects are implemented in the specific world of research, where there are common concepts and divergent perceptions. Researchers and mediators converge on a common goal: improving health.ConclusionThis study covers several aspects of the development and implementation of research projects. Respect for good clinical practice and people, transparency and data quality are redundant concerns, and this study touches on ethnocentrism, stigmatization and cultural representations. This study points out that the integration and recognition of mediators could be beneficial in research conducted in a cross-cultural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Alcouffe
- Institut Santé des Populations en Amazonie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Inserm CIC1424, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Marc-Alexandre Tareau
- Institut Santé des Populations en Amazonie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Inserm CIC1424, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Association Mélisse, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Antoine Adenis
- Institut Santé des Populations en Amazonie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Inserm CIC1424, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Nicolas Vignier
- Institut Santé des Populations en Amazonie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Inserm CIC1424, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Hôpital Avicenne and Jean Verdier, AP-HP, Bobigny, French Guiana
- IAME, Inserm UMR 1137, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, UFR SMBH, Bobigny, France
- Institut Convergences et Migration, Aubervilliers, French Guiana
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Motlová LB, Vlčková K, Prokešová B, Suchánková E, Štirská L, Janoušková M. "I Didn't Expect to Be So Caught Up in It": a Qualitative Study of Experiences of Medical Students' Volunteering for Ukrainian Refugees. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2023; 47:659-662. [PMID: 37991684 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-023-01903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 triggered a huge wave of migration, with thousands of refugees arriving at Prague's Central Station. With no medical service available, medical students started to volunteer and were running an infirmary available around the clock. The research aimed to explore medical students' professional experiences, emotionally challenging situations, and coping strategies in this demanding setting. METHODS The authors used a qualitative analysis of semi-structured in-depth interviews with 19 participants recruited through purposive sampling. Interviews took place between April and May 2022. Data were recorded, transcribed, and processed by using thematic qualitative analysis. RESULTS The research identified five emotionally challenging situations: caring for traumatized refugees, refusal of treatment, disruption of everyday life, independent decision-making, and complexity of voluntary work. Students adopted both adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies for dealing with stress and trauma. Almost half the students reported signs of secondary traumatization and moral distress; however, no one asked for psychological help. CONCLUSIONS Medical school curricula should cover trauma-informed approaches, healthy coping strategies, and destigmatization of psychological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolína Vlčková
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Center for Palliative Care, Prague, Czech Republic
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Crivatu IM, Horvath MAH, Massey K. The Impacts of Working With Victims of Sexual Violence: A Rapid Evidence Assessment. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:56-71. [PMID: 34000946 PMCID: PMC9660261 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211016024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM Supporting clients who have experienced trauma can lead to trauma symptoms in those working with them; workers in the sexual violence field are at heightened risks of these. This article collated and critically appraised papers, published from 2017 onward, in the area of people assisting victims of sexual violence. It explores the impacts and effects the work has on them, their coping and self-care mechanisms, and organizational support offered to them. DESIGN A question-based rapid evidence assessment with a triangulated weight of evidence approach was used. Academic and nonacademic databases were searched. Twenty-five papers were included for analysis based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS Most studies were of medium to high methodological quality. Negative impacts included trauma symptoms, disrupted social relationships, behavioral changes, and emotional and psychological distress. Ability to manage negative impacts was influenced by overall organizational support, availability of training, supervision and guidance, workloads and caseload characteristics, individual characteristics, and their coping and self-care mechanisms. Positive impacts included empowering feelings, improved relationships, compassion satisfaction, and posttraumatic growth. CONCLUSIONS Impacts are significant. Support at work and in personal life increases staff's ability to cope and find meaning in their role. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina Massey
- School of Law, Criminal Justice and Policing, Canterbury Christ Church
University, United Kingdom
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4
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Apostolara P, Adamakidou T, Mouta E, Vus V, Malliarou M, Mantzorou M, Papathanasiou IV. BURNOUT AND DEPRESSION OF GREEK HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS WORKING IN REFUGEES' RECEPTION CENTERS AND ACCOMMODATION PROGRAMS. POLSKI MERKURIUSZ LEKARSKI : ORGAN POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA LEKARSKIEGO 2023; 51:228-233. [PMID: 37589107 DOI: 10.36740/merkur202303107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim: The investigation of health professionals' burnout and depression, working in refugees' reception centers and their possible intercorrelation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: A descriptive correlation study was carried out in health professionals, who worked in refugees' reception centers and accommodation programs throughout Greece. Data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire through online Google Forms. The questionnaire contained demographics, the Copenhagen Burnout Questionnaire (CBI-Gr) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The SPSS 22.00 was used for the statistical analysis and the significance level was set at 0.05. RESULTS Results: The sample consisted of 125 healthcare professionals working in refugees' reception centers and accommodation programs, the majority of tchem were women (62.4%), aged between 30-39 years (39.2%) nurses (24.8%) and with a master's degree (28%). A strong linear positive correlation was found between depression and burnout (r=0.542, p=0.000). A statistically significant correlation was also recorded between burnout and female gender (p=0.001), the age group of 30-39 (p=0.042) and nursing profession (p=0.003). CONCLUSION Conclusions: A strong linear relationship between burnout and depression was revealed, a finding indicating that it is imperative to implement interventions to strengthen the resilience of health professionals working in refugees' reception centers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Viktor Vus
- INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, KYIV, UKRAINE
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5
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Implementation of Trauma-informed Best Practices for International Criminal Investigations Conducted by the United Nations Investigative Team to Promote Accountability for Crimes Committed by Da’esh/ISIL (UNITAD). PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-022-09457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yi LJ, Liu Y, Tang L, Cheng L, Wang GH, Hu SW, Liu XL, Tian X, Jiménez-Herrera MF. A Bibliometric Analysis of the Association Between Compassion Fatigue and Psychological Resilience From 2008 to 2021. Front Psychol 2022; 13:890327. [PMID: 35814110 PMCID: PMC9258720 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.890327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims A negative association between the lower level of psychological resilience (PR) and increased risk of compassion fatigue (CF) and higher Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) stress has been revealed. However, bibliometric studies have not been performed to comprehensively investigate this topic. This study aimed to identify the status and trends in the CF and PR field from 2008 to 2021 and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We identified relevant literature from the Web of Science Core Collection® database using "resilience" and "compassion fatigue" on September 30, 2021. All search results were exported in plain text format for collaboration network analysis, reference-based co-citation analysis, analysis of journals, and keywords-based co-occurrence analysis, which were performed using Citespace® 5.8.R1. Results A total of 388 publications were identified finally, and there has been an increasing trend in the annual number of publications with light fluctuations. The analysis of journals and keywords indicated that nurses and social workers are the main research targets, and their mental problems are the main research topics. The turnover intention of health care providers has been a research focus, particularly during the COVID-19. Conclusion The results of the present study help us understand the status of the CF and PR field and its recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Yi
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, China
- Department of Nursing, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Hao Wang
- Department of Management Engineering, Tangshan Industrial Vocational & Technical College, Tangshan, China
| | - Su-Wen Hu
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Intelligent Oncology in Breast Cancer (iCQBC), Department of Ultrasound, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Department of Nursing, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Ebren G, Demircioğlu M, Çırakoğlu OC. A neglected aspect of refugee relief works: Secondary and vicarious traumatic stress. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:891-900. [PMID: 35201632 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The literature demonstrates evidence that secondary traumatic stress (STS) and vicarious traumatic stress (VTS) may adversely affect the well-being of refugee relief workers and, thus, the quality of their services. The present review offers an exploration of (a) the theoretical background of STS and VTS, (b) their appearance among refugee relief workers, (c) intervention studies available, (d) common points among intervention studies and guidelines on STS and VTS released by local and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and (e) the potential problems that can be associated with the insufficiency of standardized intervention programs as assessed in effectiveness studies. This review may help mental health professionals in countries that host large numbers of refugees and asylum seekers, such as Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan, to design more effective intervention programs targeting STS and VTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Ebren
- Stress Management Application and Research Center, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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Greinacher A, Nikendei A, Kottke R, Wiesbeck J, Herzog W, Friederich HC, Nikendei C. Secondary traumatisation in psychosocial emergency care personnel-A longitudinal study accompanying German trainees. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:957-967. [PMID: 33370475 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial emergency care personnel form an important first responder subgroup, in which trained volunteers provide psychological first aid to accident and trauma survivors, their relatives, eye witnesses, bystanders and first responders themselves. This is the first longitudinal study to assess psychological burden due to secondary traumatisation and relevant resilience factors in psychosocial emergency care personnel. We asked 100 German psychosocial emergency care workers to assess their feeling of preparedness and resilience factors prior training. After training, when participants had worked emergency responses, we assessed secondary traumatisation. Overall, the level of secondary traumatisation was sub-clinical (M = 37.50, SD = 5.35) after training and reported resilience factor levels were high. Three regression analyses were conducted to examine the moderation effect of preparedness on specific expertise (R2 = 0.479, p < 0.001), performance competence (R2 = 0.419, p = 0.002) and inner attitude (R2 = 0.336, p = 0.002) in regard to the relationship between resilience factors and secondary traumatisation. Feeling prepared and competent for emergency responses were protective factors. Practical implications include the following: volunteers should not take part in emergency responses if they are under excessive stress; the volunteers' resilience factors should be taken into account; emergency response training should promote the feeling of preparedness in specific expertise and performance competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Greinacher
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nikendei
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Red Cross, Rescue Service Bodensee-Oberschwaben, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Renate Kottke
- German Red Cross, Baden-Wuerttemberg Regional Association, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wiesbeck
- German Red Cross, Baden-Wuerttemberg Regional Association, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nikendei
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Secondary Traumatic Stress, Depression, and Anxiety Symptoms Among Service Providers Working with Syrian Refugees in Istanbul, Turkey. J Immigr Minor Health 2022; 24:1421-1430. [PMID: 35212824 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the mental health of service providers working with Syrian refugees. Using the Professional Quality of Life framework, we hypothesize greater stress/less support from the work, person, client environment is associated with symptoms of STS, depression, and anxiety. We surveyed a sample of 104 service providers throughout Istanbul late 2018. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations between work (organizational support, caseload, supervision), person (perceived social support), client environment (trauma disclosure, percent Syrian refugees) on STS, depression, and anxiety. We found rates of moderate-to-severe STS to be 27.88%; depression 40.38%; and anxiety 29.81%. Our hypothesis was partially supported. Lower organizational support was associated with moderate-to-severe STS (aOR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84, 0.99) while lower social support with anxiety (aOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81, 0.99). Caseload, supervision, trauma disclosure, percent refugees did not show significant associations. Organizations working with Syrian refugees may benefit from enhancing organizational support and promoting social support for staff.
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Ogińska-Bulik N, Juczyński Z, Michalska P. The Mediating Role of Cognitive Trauma Processing in the Relationship Between Empathy and Secondary Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Female Professionals Working With Victims of Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP1197-NP1225. [PMID: 35067112 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520976211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the negative consequences of indirect trauma exposure is secondary traumatic stress (STS). Professionals helping victims of violence may be at the risk of STS symptoms development. Both empathy and cognitive processing of trauma seem to be important in this process. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between empathy, cognitive processing of trauma and symptoms of STS in women working with people who have experienced violence trauma. The mediation role of cognitive coping strategies in the relationship between empathy and STS was also checked. A total of 154 female professionals representing three groups (therapists, social workers, and probation officers) were included in the study. The age of the respondents ranged from 26 to 67 years (M = 43.98, SD = 10.83). Three standard measurement tools were included in the study: the modified PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), the Empathic Sensitivity Scale, and the Cognitive Processing of Trauma Scale. Correlational analysis indicated STS to have positive associations (Pearson's correlation coefficients) with all three aspects of empathy, and three of the five cognitive coping strategies (denial, regret, downward comparison). Mediation analysis performed by the bootstrapping method found strategies of regret and downward comparison to act as mediators in the relationship between STS and empathic concern. The same results were obtained for perspective taking. In addition, the regret and denial strategies mediated the relationship between personal distress and STS. Empathy and cognitive trauma processing may play an important role in STS symptoms development. Preventive programs for professionals helping trauma victims should focus on cognitive processing of trauma and empathy.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore the levels of resilience and hope among Yazidi women who survived captivity by Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and to examine its relationship with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety, and depressive symptoms. In this cross-sectional study, 139 formerly enslaved Yazidi women were assessed. The mean scores of resilience and hope were below the suggested cutoff means (M = 2.47, SD = 0.48, R = 1-5) and (M = 31.6, SD = 11.7, R = 8-64), respectively. Sociodemographic variables were not related to resilience and hope, other than those women who stayed in captivity for more than a 3-year period who reported significantly lower levels of hope (M = 28.36, SD = 11.69). Formerly enslaved Yazidi women who display higher levels of PTSD, generalized anxiety, and depression exhibit significantly lower levels of resilience and hope. Resilience and hope are therefore important concepts to explore in traumatized populations.
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Mavratza T, Adamakidou T, Apostolara P, Fasoi G, Mantzorou M, Mantoudi A, Drakopoulou M, Misouridou E. Professional Quality of Life in Greek Health Professionals Working with Refugees and Migrants. Mater Sociomed 2021; 33:94-99. [PMID: 34483735 PMCID: PMC8385739 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2021.33.94-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Expatriation and relocation into a new cultural context constitute a psychological journey marked by exposure to potentially traumatic events, the abandonment of the homeland and the effort of seeking safety and a new beginning at all levels. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the Professional Quality of Life in Greek health professionals working with refugees and migrants. Methods: The Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL V) and a demographic and work-related characteristics questionnaire were distributed to 90 health professionals working with migrants and refugees. Results: 25.6% of participants reported high CF risk while 75.7% expressed high to moderate potential for CS. Awareness of the factors associated with CF may help health professionals to prevent or offset the development of this condition. Conclusion: A compassionate organizational culture, clinical supervision and on-going education may protect health professionals working with migrants and refugees from absorbing or internalizing unmanageable emotions which may lead to compassion fatigue and also help them to gain a deeper understanding of their communication and interactions during the emotionally laden moments of trauma care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Georgia Fasoi
- Nursing Department, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
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James H, Crawford GB. Healthcare interpreters and difficult conversations: a survey. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2021:bmjspcare-2021-003045. [PMID: 34312185 DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this survey of healthcare interpreters were to assess the impacts of difficult conversations such as discussions involving explanation of a serious diagnosis, goals-of-care or death or dying and to discover interpreters' opinions on ways to improve these conversations. METHODS A purpose derived survey incorporating the Professional Quality of Life measure 5 was distributed to all healthcare interpreters in an Australian state. Outcome measures were to quantify levels of compassion satisfaction (CS), burn-out and secondary traumatic stress (STS), as well as to determine how well interpreters believed difficult conversations were being conducted and suggestions for improvement. RESULTS There were 94 respondents all scoring moderate (34.1%) or high (65.9%) on the CS score. No respondents scored high on burn-out or STS scales. Significant subgroup analysis was those aged 18-30 with higher burn-out scores. The two most common concerns raised were (1) not knowing the content prior to a discussion and (2) feeling guilty about delivering bad news. The two most frequent suggestions for improvement were (1) prebriefing with medical teams prior and (2) allowing opportunity to explain cultural concerns. CONCLUSIONS Interpreters surveyed were not experiencing burn-out or STS and had moderate or high CS scores. Recommendations are: further training and evidence-based guidelines for medical staff and healthcare interpreters in the facilitation of difficult conversations; prebriefing and debriefing for interpreters; further research to delineate the characteristics that predispose to compassion fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen James
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gregory Brian Crawford
- Palliative Care, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Denkinger JK, Rometsch C, Engelhardt M, Windthorst P, Graf J, Pham P, Gibbons N, Zipfel S, Junne F. Longitudinal Changes in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Resettlement Among Yazidi Female Refugees Exposed to Violence. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2111120. [PMID: 34047793 PMCID: PMC8164098 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly prevalent among refugees surviving mass atrocities, especially among women. Longitudinal studies investigating factors associated with PTSD course are essential to enable adequate treatment yet widely lacking. OBJECTIVE To identify longitudinal changes in PTSD severity and posttraumatic coping among severely traumatized female refugees as well as risk and protective factors for PTSD course. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective cohort study took place in 14 German cities in the context of a humanitarian admission program that resettled 1000 especially vulnerable women and children from northern Iraq to Germany. Approximately 400 adult beneficiaries of the humanitarian admission program were eligible for the study. At baseline, a total of 116 of the 400 beneficiaries (29.0%) participated, with 96 (82.8%) of these women participating in the follow-up assessment. The study included a baseline assessment conducted 2 years after resettlement (September 1, 2017, to January 12, 2018) and a 1-year follow-up (August 29, 2018, to January 15, 2019). EXPOSURES Violence and/or captivity during the 2014 genocide in northern Iraq by the so-called Islamic State. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Posttraumatic stress disorder severity and coping strategies were assessed in interpreter-aided interviews using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. RESULTS A total of 116 women (mean [SD] age, 32.2 [8.2] years; 115 [99.1%] Yazidi; 1 [0.9%] Christian) participated at baseline. According to the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, a high PTSD severity was found (mean [SD] raw sum score, 60.88 [15.75] of 88, with higher scores indicating greater distress), with no significant change over time. Helpful coping strategies included prayer, belief in collective strength, and belief in personal strength. Earlier symptoms of intrusions (β = 0.389, P = .007) and longer captivity (β = 0.218, P = .02) were identified as being associated with PTSD severity 1 year later. Longer captivity was associated with PTSD aggravation over time (β = 0.227, P = .04). Posttraumatic strengthening in faith (β = -0.206, P = .05) and in social relationships (β = -0.221, P = .03) were associated with a reduction in PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that female refugee survivors of genocide are at high risk for severe and chronic PTSD beyond the initial years of resettlement. The findings provide suggestions for mental health care specialized for particularly vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Katharina Denkinger
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Rometsch
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martha Engelhardt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Alice Salomon University Berlin, University of Applied Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Windthorst
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hospital Havelhöhe, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Graf
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Phuong Pham
- Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Niamh Gibbons
- Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Junne
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Studying trauma: Indirect effects on researchers and self - And strategies for addressing them. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Ruiz-Fernández MD, Ortiz-Amo R, Andina-Díaz E, Fernández-Medina IM, Hernández-Padilla JM, Fernández-Sola C, Ortega-Galán ÁM. Emotions, Feelings, and Experiences of Social Workers While Attending to Vulnerable Groups: A Qualitative Approach. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9010087. [PMID: 33477295 PMCID: PMC7830559 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Social workers in the community setting are in constant contact with the suffering experienced by the most vulnerable individual. Social interventions are complex and affect social workers’ emotional well-being. The aim of this study was to identify the emotions, feelings, and experiences social workers have while attending to individuals in situations of vulnerability and hardship. A qualitative methodology based on hermeneutic phenomenology was used. Six interviews and two focus group sessions were conducted with social workers from the community social services and health services of the Andalusian Public Health System in the province of Almería (Spain). Atlas.ti 8.0 software was used for discourse analysis. The professionals highlighted the vulnerability of certain groups, such as the elderly and minors, people with serious mental problems, and people with scarce or no economic resources. Daily contact with situations of suffering generates a variety of feelings and emotions (anger, sadness, fear, concern). Therefore, more attention should be paid to working with the emotions of social workers who are exposed to tense and threatening situations. Peer support, talking, and discussions of experiences are pointed out as relevant by all social workers. Receiving training and support (in formal settings) in order to learn how to deal with vulnerable groups could be positive for their work and their professional and personal quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Ruiz-Fernández
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain; (M.D.R.-F.); (R.O.-A.); (J.M.H.-P.); (C.F.-S.)
| | - Rocío Ortiz-Amo
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain; (M.D.R.-F.); (R.O.-A.); (J.M.H.-P.); (C.F.-S.)
| | - Elena Andina-Díaz
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- SALBIS Research Group, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- EYCC Research Group, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.A.-D.); (I.M.F.-M.); Tel.: +34-987-293101 (E.A.-D.); +34-950-214611 (I.M.F.-M.)
| | - Isabel María Fernández-Medina
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain; (M.D.R.-F.); (R.O.-A.); (J.M.H.-P.); (C.F.-S.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.-D.); (I.M.F.-M.); Tel.: +34-987-293101 (E.A.-D.); +34-950-214611 (I.M.F.-M.)
| | - José Manuel Hernández-Padilla
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain; (M.D.R.-F.); (R.O.-A.); (J.M.H.-P.); (C.F.-S.)
- Adult, Child and Midwifery Department, School of Health and Education, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Cayetano Fernández-Sola
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain; (M.D.R.-F.); (R.O.-A.); (J.M.H.-P.); (C.F.-S.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Autónoma of Chile, Temuco 3580000, Chile
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Geiling A, Knaevelsrud C, Böttche M, Stammel N. Mental Health and Work Experiences of Interpreters in the Mental Health Care of Refugees: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:710789. [PMID: 34733183 PMCID: PMC8558553 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.710789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Interpreters often play a crucial role in the health care of refugees. Although interpreters working with refugees are regularly confronted with emotionally stressful content, little is known about their work-related stress and psychological well-being. Primarily qualitative studies indicate increased emotional stress in interpreters, and difficulties in handling the traumatic content from their clients. Additionally, the working conditions of interpreters appear to be demanding, due to low payment and a lack of supervision or adequate preparation. Objective: The presented systematic review aimed to identify and summarise quantitative and qualitative research on the mental health of interpreters in the mental health care of refugees. Method: A systematic search was performed in five databases, and specific interpreting journals were searched. After removal of duplicates, 6,920 hits remained. Eligible studies included quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies as well as case studies and grey literature. The studies aimed to examine mental health aspects or work experiences of spoken language interpreters in mental health care settings for adult refugees. Results: Altogether, 25 studies were identified, including six quantitative and 19 qualitative studies. Studies were analysed and presented narratively. In the analysis of the qualitative studies, three themes emerged: "Emotions, behaviour, and coping strategies," "Working in a triad," and "Working environment." In the quantitative studies, interpreters showed heightened levels of emotional stress and anxiety, and secondary traumatic stress reactions. In several qualitative studies, interpreters described a devaluing health care system and stressful working conditions with a lack of support structures. Conclusion: Overall, the results indicate a high level of stress among interpreters working with refugees. Quantitative data are sparse, and studies employ heterogeneous assessments in diverse study settings. Therefore, future quantitative research is necessary to consistently investigate interpreters' mental health in different mental health care settings. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42019117948.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Geiling
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Zentrum Überleben, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Knaevelsrud
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Böttche
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Zentrum Überleben, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Stammel
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Zentrum Überleben, Berlin, Germany
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Rometsch C, Denkinger JK, Engelhardt M, Windthorst P, Graf J, Nikendei C, Zipfel S, Junne F. Care providers' views on burden of psychosomatic symptoms of IS-traumatized female refugees participating in a Humanitarian Admission Program in Germany: A qualitative analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239969. [PMID: 33017408 PMCID: PMC7535032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatized refugees often suffer from diverse psychosomatic symptoms. Female Yazidi refugees from Northern Iraq who survived attacks of the so-called "Islamic State" were brought to Germany to receive special medical and psychotherapeutic treatment in a unique worldwide humanitarian admission program (HAP). Here, we report on their psychosomatic symptoms and helpful strategies from the perspective of care providers. METHODS Care providers (N = 84) in this HAP were interviewed in an individual setting as well as in focus groups to gather information about the HAP beneficiaries' psychosomatic symptoms. Data analysis followed Qualitative Content Analysis by Mayring. RESULTS The care providers reported five main psychological burdens of the Yazidis: 1) insecurity regarding loss, 2) worries about family members, 3) ambivalence about staying in Germany or returning to Iraq, 4) life between two worlds and 5) re-actualization of the traumatic experiences. The predominant psychological symptoms the care providers noticed were fear, depressive symptoms, feelings of guilt, and sleep and eating disorders. Regarding somatic symptoms, the care providers mainly received complaints about pain in the head, back, chest and stomach. Helpful strategies for providing adequate health care were care providers' cooperating with physicians, precise documentation of beneficiaries' symptoms, and additional support in directing the beneficiaries through the health care system. Regarding psychotherapy, interpreters help to overcome language barriers, onsite psychotherapy, flexible therapy appointments, psychoeducational methods, time for stabilization, and support in coping with daily life aspects. In the care providers' experience, psychotherapists have to build a relationship of trust. After grief therapy, a trauma-specific therapy in a culturally adapted way is possible. CONCLUSION The HAP is a unique model health care program to offer highly traumatized refugees medical and psychological help. Care providers reported on several (psycho-)somatic symptoms of the traumatized women. The strategies the HAP care providers perceived as helpful can be recommended for similar projects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rometsch
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jana Katharina Denkinger
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martha Engelhardt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Petra Windthorst
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Graf
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Nikendei
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian Junne
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Kindermann D, Sanzenbacher M, Nagy E, Greinacher A, Cranz A, Nikendei A, Friederich HC, Nikendei C. Prevalence and risk factors of secondary traumatic stress in emergency call-takers and dispatchers - a cross-sectional study. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11:1799478. [PMID: 33062208 PMCID: PMC7534265 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1799478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Emergency call-takers and dispatchers (ECDs) field emergency calls and dispatch the appropriate emergency services. Exposure to the callers' traumatic experiences can lead to psychological stress and even to secondary traumatic stress (STS). In addition, previous studies suggest that ECDs may also suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety disorders. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of STS and to screen for PTSD, depression and anxiety disorders in ECDs. We further aimed to identify sociodemographic variables and attachment styles as possible risk factors for higher STS symptom load in ECDs. Methods: STS and PTSD regarding lifetime traumatic events, as well as depression and anxiety disorders, were investigated in N = 71 ECDs. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify possible risk factors for higher STS symptom load. Results: The analysis determined a prevalence of 8.5% for moderate STS and 2.8% for severe STS. A total of 11.3% of the ECDs screened positive for PTSD, 15.5% for depression and 7.0% for anxiety disorders. A higher number of children and the absence of a secure attachment style were identified to be significantly associated with higher STS symptom load. Conclusions: STS resulting from exposure to traumatic emergency caller content is a common phenomenon among ECDs. Specific sociodemographic variables and the attachment style are significant risk factors of STS symptom load. ECDs should receive regular psychoeducational interventions and supervision to identify and mitigate mental distress at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kindermann
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monique Sanzenbacher
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ede Nagy
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Greinacher
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Cranz
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nikendei
- German Red Cross, Rescue Service Bodensee-Oberschwaben, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nikendei
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
This study focuses on the experiences of professionals working with refugees and asylum seekers in the North of Italy. In the last years, professionals who work in this sector have been exposed to an increasing risk of physical and emotional malaise because of the number of challenges they daily manage. A qualitative study has been conducted with the aim of exploring the resource and the fatigue factors of professionals, in relation to their state of well-being or discomfort. Eight focus groups with multi-professional teams were held in eight refugee centres, for a total of 28 professionals involved (16 males and 12 females). The results allowed the description of three different professional profile conditions: Fatigued, Idealizing and Engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amalia De Leo
- Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
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21
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Yan YJ, Jiang L, Hu ML, Wang L, Xu X, Jin ZS, Song Y, Lu ZX, Chen YQ, Li NN, Su J, Wu DX, Xiao T. Psychometric Properties of a Simplified Chinese Version of the Secondary Trauma Questionnaire in a Potentially Traumatized Study Sample. Front Psychol 2020; 11:767. [PMID: 32499735 PMCID: PMC7244250 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for secondary traumatic stress (STS) is lacking in China. It is unclear whether Western models of STS can be adapted satisfactorily for use in non-Western regions. The 20-item Secondary Trauma Questionnaire (STQ) is a self-report measure of traumatic stress symptoms in individuals who have been influenced indirectly by suicide or violent injury of people important to the respondents. METHODS Here, we assessed the psychometric properties of a newly developed Chinese version of the STQ in a potentially traumatized sample (N = 875) composed of doctors, nurses, teachers, civic administration staff, and social workers in China. We performed reliability and validity analyses. Subsequently, we split the total sample into two subsamples for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for measurement invariance analyses. RESULTS The full scale demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.95-0.97), convergent validity, discriminant validity, and factorial validity. CFA affirmed a one-factor structure; the configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariances of the STQ were acceptable across genders. CONCLUSION The present results indicate that the STQ is a reliable and valid self-report assessment for use with potentially traumatized people in China, and further supports the notion that the STQ is amenable to additional future cross-cultural adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-jun Yan
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lichen Jiang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mu-li Hu
- Research and Social Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Research and Social Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-shuai Jin
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Song
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Rehabilitation Department, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhang-xiu Lu
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - You-qiao Chen
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Na-ni Li
- Department of Science and Education, Zhuzhou 331 Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Jun Su
- Department of Science and Education, Zhuzhou 331 Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Da-xing Wu
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tao Xiao
- Research and Social Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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22
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Binder A, Denkinger J, Rometsch-Ogioun El Sount C, Windthorst P, Engelhardt M, Ringwald J, Stuber F, Nikendei C, Kindermann D, Komandur P, Zipfel S, Junne F. Psychological burden, stressors and resources of social workers working with women and children who suffered extreme violence by the 'Islamic state': A mixed method study. J Psychosom Res 2020; 132:109959. [PMID: 32109788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This explorative study aimed to determine the extent of psychological burden in social workers working with traumatized refugees. In addition, distressing and helpful factors determining the psychosocial burden were to be identified and described. METHODS Cross-sectional, mixed method design using quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative part included the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and items to assess specific factors of the working-context. The qualitative part is based on 5 focus groupdiscussions and 16 individual interviews. Evaluation was carried out using qualitative content analysis (QCA) including cross-analysis along the subscales of the PSQ to organise the qualitative material. RESULTS N = 54 social workers completed the questionnaire. High scores were found for all subscales of the PSQ. The distressing factor rated the highest was need of interpreters to communicate (M = 5.1, SD = 1.71), the helpful factor rated the highest was communication skills (M = 6.35, SD = 0.73). In the QCA, aspects of distressing and helpful factors were identified and further detailed. CONCLUSION According to the here presented study results, the psychological burdens of social workers working with refugees seem to be high. The impact of distressing factors such as working with interpreters and exposure to trauma content or PTSD symptoms might be reduced by offering specific education and supervision. The individual extent of psychological burden should be considered and (re-)evaluated on a regular basis as secondary prevention. Helpful factors like self-care, teamwork, networking and cooperation are evident and should be supported by implementing professional and psychological support.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Binder
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - J Denkinger
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - C Rometsch-Ogioun El Sount
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - P Windthorst
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - M Engelhardt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - J Ringwald
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - F Stuber
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - C Nikendei
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Kindermann
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Komandur
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - S Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - F Junne
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Mette J, Robelski S, Wirth T, Nienhaus A, Harth V, Mache S. "Engaged, Burned Out, or Both?" A Structural Equation Model Testing Risk and Protective Factors for Social Workers in Refugee and Homeless Aid. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020583. [PMID: 31963222 PMCID: PMC7014071 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study sheds light on social workers’ working conditions in highly demanding settings and examines the associations between their perceived job demands, resources, resilience, personal burnout, and work engagement. A cross-sectional quantitative online survey was conducted with employees in social work institutions of independent and public sponsors providing help for refugees and homeless persons. The study participants were 243 social workers (68.8% female and 31.3% male) from four federal states in Germany. Correlations between social workers’ job demands, resources, burnout, and work engagement were confirmed in accordance with the Job Demands–Resources model. Results of the structural equation modelling revealed significant positive effects of employees’ job demands on their personal burnout, but no significant effects on their work engagement. The meaning of work as a job resource was significantly positively related to work engagement and negatively related to burnout. Although resilience did not moderate the relationship between employees’ job demands and burnout, it had a significant negative effect on burnout and a positive effect on work engagement. The results indicate a need for the development of health promotion measures for social workers in homeless and refugee aid. Structural approaches should target the reduction of employees’ job demands to diminish their potentially health-depleting effects. Of equal importance, behavioural measures should foster employees’ meaning of work and resilience, since both resources showed beneficial effects on their work engagement and were negatively related to burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Mette
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20459 Hamburg, Germany; (J.M.); (S.R.); (V.H.)
| | - Swantje Robelski
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20459 Hamburg, Germany; (J.M.); (S.R.); (V.H.)
| | - Tanja Wirth
- Competence Centre for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (T.W.); (A.N.)
| | - Albert Nienhaus
- Competence Centre for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (T.W.); (A.N.)
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Hazardous Substances and Public Health, Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention in the Health and Welfare Services (BGW), 22089 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volker Harth
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20459 Hamburg, Germany; (J.M.); (S.R.); (V.H.)
| | - Stefanie Mache
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20459 Hamburg, Germany; (J.M.); (S.R.); (V.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-40-428-37-4313
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Goodman A, Bergbower H, Perrotte V, Chaudhary A. Survival after Sexual Violence and Genocide: Trauma and Healing for Yazidi Women in Northern Iraq. Health (London) 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2020.126046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wirth T, Mette J, Nienhaus A, Schillmöller Z, Harth V, Mache S. "This Isn't Just about Things, It's about People and Their Future": A Qualitative Analysis of the Working Conditions and Strains of Social Workers in Refugee and Homeless Aid. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203858. [PMID: 31614734 PMCID: PMC6843662 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Large parts of Europe have been affected by an influx of refugees and increasing homelessness in recent years. Social workers provide care services for refugees and homeless people, but little is known about their working conditions. The aim of this study was to examine their job demands, resources and health strains. 26 semi-structured interviews were conducted with social workers in refugee and homeless aid in Hamburg and Berlin between October and December 2017. The interviews were analysed following Mayring's qualitative content analysis. Additionally, the job demands and resources of social workers with and without long-term psychological strain were compared. Respondents particularly experienced demands concerning their job content and work organisation, including emotional and quantitative demands. Appreciation expressed by clients and social support from the team served as key resources. Respondents had problems switching off from work, were exhausted and exhibited signs of long-term psychological strain, such as symptoms of burnout or depressive states. Workers reporting long-term psychological strain were more likely to consider themselves as being adversely constrained by legal requirements and to describe inadequate supervision offers and team conflicts. In conclusion, the results indicate the need for job-specific health promotion measures reducing particularly demands concerning social workers' job content and work organisation and further strengthening their social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Wirth
- Competence Centre for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Janika Mette
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20459 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Albert Nienhaus
- Competence Centre for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Hazardous Substances and Public Health, Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention in the Health and Welfare Services (BGW), 22089 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Zita Schillmöller
- Department Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 21033 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Volker Harth
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20459 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Mache
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20459 Hamburg, Germany.
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Greinacher A, Nikendei A, Kottke R, Wiesbeck J, Herzog W, Nikendei C. Secondary Traumatization, Psychological Stress, and Resilience in Psychosocial Emergency Care Personnel. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3213. [PMID: 31484307 PMCID: PMC6747539 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Volunteers active in psychosocial emergency care offer psychological first aid to survivors of accidents and trauma, their relatives, eye witnesses, bystanders, and other first responders. So far, there are no studies that investigate the secondary and primary traumatization of this group of first responders. We included N = 75 volunteers, who filled out questionnaires to assess their secondary (QST/FST) and primary traumatization (PDS), and levels of comorbid psychological stress (PHQ-9, GAD-7, SF-12). We investigated factors of resilience by measuring attachment behavior (ECR-RD, RQ-2), level of personality functioning (OPD-SFK), sense of coherence (SOC-29), social support (F-SozU), and mindfulness (MAAS). The volunteers' levels of secondary and primary traumatization were below cut-off scores. Their levels of comorbid psychological stress were comparable to representative norm samples. Additionally, the volunteers presented high levels of resilience. Gender (β = 0.26; p < 0.05), case discussions (β = -0.37; p < 0.05), and social support (β = 0.45; p < 0.01) were revealed to be predictors of secondary traumatization, while mindfulness turned out to be a predictor of primary traumatization (β = -0.34; p = 0.008). However, we cannot rule out that the low prevalence of traumatization and comorbid psychological stress in our study sample might not be explained by a positive response bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Greinacher
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Nikendei
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Red Cross, Rescue Service Bodensee-Oberschwaben, 88520 Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Renate Kottke
- German Red Cross, Baden-Wuerttemberg Regional Association, 70372 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wiesbeck
- German Red Cross, Baden-Wuerttemberg Regional Association, 70372 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nikendei
- German Red Cross, Rescue Service Bodensee-Oberschwaben, 88520 Ravensburg, Germany
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Kindermann D, Schmid C, Schell T, Junne F, Thalheimer M, Daniels JK, Herzog W, Nikendei C. Experiences and psychological strain in volunteer medical doctors providing medical visual examination for asylum seekers in a reception center in Germany – a qualitative interview study. JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE BEHAVIORAL HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15555240.2019.1586550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Kindermann
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Schmid
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schell
- Public Health Authority, Rhine-Neckar-County and City of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Junne
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Thalheimer
- Department of Quality Management and Medical Controlling of the University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judith K. Daniels
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nikendei
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Medical Clerkship in a State Registration and Reception Center for Forced Migrants in Germany: Students' Experiences, Teachable Moments, and Psychological Burden. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101704. [PMID: 31096613 PMCID: PMC6572228 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aspects of global health are becoming increasingly relevant for doctors of future generations. However, medical curricula rarely include courses which focus on global health or forced migration. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether students are at risk to develop psychological strain, after being confronted with highly burdened or even traumatized asylum seekers. This is a prospective study using a mixed-methods approach. We included n = 22 medical students performing a medical clerkship in a state registration and reception center for refugees. By applying (1) qualitative interviews, (2) reflective diaries, and (3) psychometric questionnaires, we examined the students’ experiences, teachable moments, and potential psychological burdens. In the interviews, the students emphasized the importance of cultural sensitivity during their clerkship. However, they also reported cognitive changes concerning their views of themselves and the world in general; this could indicate vicarious traumatization. The reflective diaries displayed high learning achievements. According to the psychometric questionnaires, the assignment in the reception center had not caused any significant psychological strain for the students. By completing their medical clerkship in a reception center, students were able to improve their medical, organizational, and interactional knowledge and skills. Furthermore, they reported that they had broadened their personal and cultural horizons.
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Jobst E, Gall C, Eiche C, Birkholz T, Prottengeier J. Do good, stay well. Well-being and work satisfaction among German refugee helpers: A national cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209697. [PMID: 30586450 PMCID: PMC6306198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2015, more than 3 million refugees have reached the European Union. In order to receive and integrate them, societies heavily rely on relief organizations and private initiatives. Yet the well-being, work-satisfaction and possible health implications for refugee helpers have not been adequately addressed. Methods In a German national cross-sectional study, we gathered socio-demographic data on refugee helpers. Work satisfaction was examined by means of Neuberger and Allerbeck’s Work Description Inventory. We screened for depression by using the 5-item WHO Well-Being Index (WHO-5), and for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using the PTSD Short Screening Scale (PTSD-7). 1712 questionnaires were analyzed. Results Females accounted for 73.4% (1235), the mean age was 52.0 years (SD: 14.4). 61.6% were academics (1042). 87.0% (1454) were voluntary helpers who invested 9.4 hours (SD: 8.9) per week. Refugee helpers were more satisfied with the content than with the conditions or the organization of their work. Their work satisfaction and overall life satisfaction reached higher values than in representative samples. The mean WHO-5 index for refugee helpers was 68.2 points (SD: 19.0). Positive depression screening was found in 17.3% (226). 982 (57.4%) had experienced a traumatic event in their past or witnessed it during their work in refugee aid. 33 (2.8%) of the helpers had a positive PTSD screening. Conclusions Refugee helpers deliver invaluable services to migrants and receiving communities. Our data indicates above average well-being as well as work-satisfaction. Psychological traumatization is found frequently but fortunately PTSD is rare. All efforts should be made to uphold helpers’ keen spirit and contributions. They should be screened regularly with regards to work satisfaction, well-being and mental health. As part of a comprehensive health promotion strategy they should be instructed about depression, psychological trauma, PTSD and ways to find help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jobst
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine Gall
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Eiche
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Torsten Birkholz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Prottengeier
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Zipfel S. 200 Years of Psychosomatic Medicine-And Still More Timely Than Ever. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:674. [PMID: 30662410 PMCID: PMC6329012 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Rometsch-Ogioun El Sount C, Denkinger JK, Windthorst P, Nikendei C, Kindermann D, Renner V, Ringwald J, Brucker S, Tran VM, Zipfel S, Junne F. Psychological Burden in Female, Iraqi Refugees Who Suffered Extreme Violence by the "Islamic State": The Perspective of Care Providers. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:562. [PMID: 30467483 PMCID: PMC6236063 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A large number of refugees suffer from mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the context of a special quota project, 1100 Yazidi women from Northern Iraq who had suffered extreme violence by the so-called Islamic State (IS) were brought to Germany to receive specialized treatment. This study aims to investigate the psychological burden and trauma-related symptoms of these female IS-victims from the perspectives of their care providers. Material and methods: Care providers with various professional backgrounds (N = 96) were asked to complete a self-developed questionnaire on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (very low) to 7 (very high) analyzing the psychological burden and trauma-related symptoms of the IS-traumatized women since their arrival in Germany. We controlled for potential confounders, namely the care providers' personal experiences of trauma and flight, by using chi-square tests. Results: The mean psychological burden for the whole period in Germany as perceived by care providers was M = 5.51 (SD = 0.94). As the main factors of distress the care providers reported: worries about family members in Iraq (M = 6.69; SD = 0.69), worries about relatives' possibilities to be granted asylum in Germany (M = 6.62; SD = 0.68), and uncertainties regarding their future (M = 5.89; SD = 1.02). The most prominent trauma-related psychological symptoms were nightmares (M = 6.43; SD = 0.54). The care providers reported that somatic complaints have been present among the refugees in the following manifestation: pain (M = 6.24; SD = 1.08), gastrointestinal complaints (M = 4.62; SD = 1.62), and dizziness (M = 4.40; SD = 1.59). The care providers' personal experiences of trauma and flight had no significant influence on their response behavior. Discussion: Care providers working with IS-traumatized female refugees evaluate the psychological burden and trauma-related somatic and psychological symptom loads of their clients as very high. The results of this study provide important information about the perceptions of care providers working in a refugee-services context and may provide insights for the progression of specialized treatment programs and interventions for highly traumatized refugees and culture-sensitive training programs for their care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Katharina Denkinger
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Petra Windthorst
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Nikendei
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Kindermann
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viola Renner
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy for children and Youth, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Ringwald
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Brucker
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Virginia M. Tran
- Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Junne
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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