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van Sluijs R, Scholtysik T, Brunner A, Kuoni L, Bee D, Kos M, Bartenbach V, Lambercy O. Design and evaluation of the OmniSuit: A passive occupational exoskeleton for back and shoulder support. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 120:104332. [PMID: 38876001 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Many physically straining occupations involve lifting movements over the full-vertical range of motion, which over time may lead to the development of musculoskeletal injuries. To address this, occupational exoskeletons can be designed to provide meaningful support to the back and shoulders during lifting movements. This paper introduces the main functional design features of the OmniSuit, a novel passive occupational exoskeleton. We present the technical and biomechanical considerations for the expected support level, as well as an evaluation of the physiological benefit and usability of the exoskeleton in a sample of 31 healthy volunteers performing physically demanding tasks in a laboratory setting. The OmniSuit exoskeleton significantly reduced Deltoid, Trapezius and Erector Spinae muscle activity between 4.1%MVC and 15.7%MVC when lifting a 2.5kg weight above shoulder level (p<0.001), corresponding to a reduction of up to 49.1% compared to without exoskeleton. A position-dependent reduction of Erector Spinae muscle activity was observed (p<0.001), with reductions ranging between 4.6%MVC and 14.0%MVC during leaning and squatting, corresponding to a reduction up to 41.5% compared to without exoskeleton. The measured muscular support and the predicted support torque based on the biomechanical model were found to show a similar profile for those phases of the movement which are most straining to the shoulder and back muscles. Participants reported experiencing good device usability and minimal discomfort (<1/10) in the shoulder and back during task execution with exoskeleton support. These first results validate that the considered biomechanical model helped design an ergonomic and efficient exoskeleton, and confirm the potential of such wearable assistive devices to provide support over multiple joints during physically demanding tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel van Sluijs
- Auxivo AG, Sonnenbergstrasse 74, Schwerzenbach, 8603, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tamina Scholtysik
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Gloriastrasse 37/39, Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annina Brunner
- Auxivo AG, Sonnenbergstrasse 74, Schwerzenbach, 8603, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Kuoni
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Gloriastrasse 37/39, Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Bee
- Auxivo AG, Sonnenbergstrasse 74, Schwerzenbach, 8603, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Kos
- Auxivo AG, Sonnenbergstrasse 74, Schwerzenbach, 8603, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Volker Bartenbach
- Auxivo AG, Sonnenbergstrasse 74, Schwerzenbach, 8603, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Lambercy
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Gloriastrasse 37/39, Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Ryali P, Wilson V, Celian C, Srivatsa AV, Ghani Y, Lentz J, Patton J. Evaluation of a passive wearable arm ExoNET. Front Robot AI 2024; 11:1387177. [PMID: 39050486 PMCID: PMC11265997 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2024.1387177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Wearable ExoNETs offer a novel, wearable solution to support and facilitate upper extremity gravity compensation in healthy, unimpaired individuals. In this study, we investigated the safety and feasibility of gravity compensating ExoNETs on 10 healthy, unimpaired individuals across a series of tasks, including activities of daily living and resistance exercises. The direct muscle activity and kinematic effects of gravity compensation were compared to a sham control and no device control. Mixed effects analysis revealed significant reductions in muscle activity at the biceps, triceps and medial deltoids with effect sizes of -3.6%, -4.5%, and -7.2% rmsMVC, respectively, during gravity support. There were no significant changes in movement kinematics as evidenced by minimal change in coverage metrics at the wrist. These findings reveal the potential for the ExoNET to serve as an alternative to existing bulky and encumbering devices in post-stroke rehabilitation settings and pave the way for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Ryali
- Neuro-Machine Interaction Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robotics Lab, Center for Neuroplasticity, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Valentino Wilson
- Neuro-Machine Interaction Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robotics Lab, Center for Neuroplasticity, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Courtney Celian
- Robotics Lab, Center for Neuroplasticity, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Adith V. Srivatsa
- Neuro-Machine Interaction Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robotics Lab, Center for Neuroplasticity, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yaseen Ghani
- Neuro-Machine Interaction Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeremy Lentz
- Neuro-Machine Interaction Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - James Patton
- Neuro-Machine Interaction Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robotics Lab, Center for Neuroplasticity, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States
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Ramella G, Grazi L, Giovacchini F, Trigili E, Vitiello N, Crea S. Evaluation of antigravitational support levels provided by a passive upper-limb occupational exoskeleton in repetitive arm movements. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 117:104226. [PMID: 38219374 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Upper-limb occupational exoskeletons to support the workers' upper arms are typically designed to provide antigravitational support. Although typical work activities require workers to perform static and dynamic actions, the majority of the studies in literature investigated the effects of upper-limb occupational exoskeletons in static and quasi-static activities, while only a few works focused on dynamic tasks. This article presents a systematic evaluation of the effects of different levels of antigravitational support (from about 60% to 100% of the arm gravitational load) provided by a passive upper-limb occupational exoskeleton on muscles' activity during repetitive arm movements. The effect of the exoskeleton on muscle activity was evaluated by the comparison of muscle activations with and without the exoskeleton. The average muscle activation was computed considering shoulder full flexion-extension cycles, and sub-movements, namely the arm-lifting (i.e., flexion) and arm-lowering (i.e., extension) movements. Results showed a quasi-linear correlation between antigravitational support and muscle activity reductions, both when considering the full flexion-extension cycle and in the arm-lifting movement (reductions were up to 64 and 61% compared to not wearing the exoskeleton, respectively). When considering the arm-lowering movement, providing antigravitational support close to or higher than 100% of the arm gravitational load led to increased muscle activations of the extensors (up to 127%), suggesting that such an amount of antigravitational support may be not effective for a complete biomechanical load reduction on the shoulder district in dynamic tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ramella
- Biorobotics Laboratory, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Grazi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy; Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Emilio Trigili
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy; Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Vitiello
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy; Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 50143 Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Crea
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy; Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 50143 Florence, Italy
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Coccia A, Capodaglio EM, Amitrano F, Gabba V, Panigazzi M, Pagano G, D'Addio G. Biomechanical Effects of Using a Passive Exoskeleton for the Upper Limb in Industrial Manufacturing Activities: A Pilot Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1445. [PMID: 38474980 DOI: 10.3390/s24051445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the biomechanical impact of a passive Arm-Support Exoskeleton (ASE) on workers in wool textile processing. Eight workers, equipped with surface electrodes for electromyography (EMG) recording, performed three industrial tasks, with and without the exoskeleton. All tasks were performed in an upright stance involving repetitive upper limbs actions and overhead work, each presenting different physical demands in terms of cycle duration, load handling and percentage of cycle time with shoulder flexion over 80°. The use of ASE consistently lowered muscle activity in the anterior and medial deltoid compared to the free condition (reduction in signal Root Mean Square (RMS) -21.6% and -13.6%, respectively), while no difference was found for the Erector Spinae Longissimus (ESL) muscle. All workers reported complete satisfaction with the ASE effectiveness as rated on Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology (QUEST), and 62% of the subjects rated the usability score as very high (>80 System Usability Scale (SUS)). The reduction in shoulder flexor muscle activity during the performance of industrial tasks is not correlated to the level of ergonomic risk involved. This preliminary study affirms the potential adoption of ASE as support for repetitive activities in wool textile processing, emphasizing its efficacy in reducing shoulder muscle activity. Positive worker acceptance and intention to use ASE supports its broader adoption as a preventive tool in the occupational sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Coccia
- Bioengineering Unit of Telese Terme Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 82037 Telese Terme, BN, Italy
| | - Edda Maria Capodaglio
- Occupational Therapy and Ergonomics Unit of Pavia Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Federica Amitrano
- Bioengineering Unit of Telese Terme Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 82037 Telese Terme, BN, Italy
| | - Vittorio Gabba
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatrics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Monica Panigazzi
- Occupational Therapy and Ergonomics Unit of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, PV, Italy
| | - Gaetano Pagano
- Bioengineering Unit of Bari Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 70124 Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Addio
- Bioengineering Unit of Telese Terme Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 82037 Telese Terme, BN, Italy
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Dooley S, Kim S, Nussbaum MA, Madigan ML. Occupational arm-support and back-support exoskeletons elicit changes in reactive balance after slip-like and trip-like perturbations on a treadmill. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 115:104178. [PMID: 37984085 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of arm- and back-support exoskeletons on reactive balance after slip-like and trip-like perturbations on a treadmill. Twenty-eight participants used two arm-support exoskeletons and two back-support exoskeletons with support (i.e., assistive joint torque) activated or deactivated. In each exoskeleton condition, as well in as a control without any exoskeleton, participants were exposed to 12 treadmill perturbations during upright standing. The exoskeletons did not significantly increase the probability of a failed recovery after the perturbations compared to wearing no exoskeleton, but did elicit effects on kinematic variables that suggested balance recovery was more challenging. Moreover, reactive balance differed when wearing back-support and arm-support exoskeletons, and when wearing an activated exoskeleton compared to a deactivated exoskeleton. Together, our results suggest these exoskeletons may increase the risk of slip- and trip-induced falls. The potential mechanisms of this increased risk are discussed and include the added mass and/or motion restrictions associated with wearing these exoskeletons. Our results do not support the assistive hip/back extension moment provided by back-support exoskeletons adversely affecting fall risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Dooley
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Sunwook Kim
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Maury A Nussbaum
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Michael L Madigan
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Dalbøge A, Frost J, Grytnes R, Roy JS, Samani A, Høyrup Christiansen D. Effects of a passive shoulder exoskeleton on muscle activity among Danish slaughterhouse workers. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 114:104111. [PMID: 37611536 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of a shoulder exoskeleton on muscle activity and to compare the effect with a lifting glove among slaughterhouse workers in occupational settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a crossover study of 26 workers measured during two work days with and without the use of a passive shoulder exoskeleton and a lifting glove at a Danish slaughterhouse. Electromyography sensors were placed bilateral on 5 shoulder muscles. The 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of muscle activity normalized by maximal voluntary contractions were measured and analyzed using mixed effect models. RESULTS For the 50th percentiles of the agonist muscles, the exoskeleton reduced muscle activity bilaterally for deltoid anterior with up to 29.47%, deltoid middle with 10.22%, and upper trapezius with 22.21%. The lifting glove only reduced muscle activity for right deltoid anterior (36.59%) and upper trapezius (7.11%), but generally increased left muscle activity with up to 15.58%. DISCUSSION The exoskeleton showed larger reductions in muscle activity compared to the lifting glove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Dalbøge
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Jeppe Frost
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Research Clinic, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Goedstrup Hospital, 7400, Herning, Denmark
| | - Regine Grytnes
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Research Clinic, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Goedstrup Hospital, 7400, Herning, Denmark
| | - Jean-Sebastian Roy
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1 V 0A6, Canada; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, 525 Boulevard Wilfrid-Hamel, Quebec City, QC, G1 M 2S8, Canada
| | - Afshin Samani
- Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - David Høyrup Christiansen
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Research Clinic, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Goedstrup Hospital, 7400, Herning, Denmark; Elective Surgery Centre, Silkeborg Regional Hospital, Silkeborg, Denmark; Research, Regional Hospital Central Jutland, Viborg, Denmark
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Feola E, Refai MIM, Costanzi D, Sartori M, Calanca A. A Neuromechanical Model-Based Strategy to Estimate the Operator's Payload in Industrial Lifting Tasks. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2023; 31:4644-4652. [PMID: 37983149 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2023.3334993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the main technological barriers hindering the development of active industrial exoskeleton is today represented by the lack of suitable payload estimation algorithms characterized by high accuracy and low calibration time. The knowledge of the payload enables exoskeletons to dynamically provide the required assistance to the user. This work proposes a payload estimation methodology based on personalized Electromyography-driven musculoskeletal models (pEMS) combined with a payload estimation method we called "delta torque" that allows the decoupling of payload dynamical properties from human dynamical properties. The contribution of this work lies in the conceptualization of such methodology and its validation considering human operators during industrial lifting tasks. With respect to existing solutions often based on machine learning, our methodology requires smaller training datasets and can better generalize across different payloads and tasks. The proposed payload estimation methodology has been validated on lifting tasks with 0kg, 5kg, 10kg and 15kg, resulting in an average MAE of about 1.4 Kg. Even if 5kg and 10Kg lifting tasks were out of the training set, the MAE related to these tasks are 1.6 kg and 1.1 kg, respectively, demonstrating the generalizing property of the proposed methodology. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that an EMG-driven model-based approach is proposed for human payload estimation.
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Brunner A, van Sluijs R, Luder T, Camichel C, Kos M, Bee D, Bartenbach V, Lambercy O. Effect of passive shoulder exoskeleton support during working with arms over shoulder level. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 4:e26. [PMID: 38510589 PMCID: PMC10952051 DOI: 10.1017/wtc.2023.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders have the highest prevalence of work-related health problems. Due to the aging population, the prevalence of shoulder pain in workers in physically demanding occupations is increasing, thereby causing rising costs to society and underlining the need for preventive technologies. Wearable support structures are designed to reduce the physical work load during physically demanding tasks. Here, we evaluate the physiological benefit of the DeltaSuit, a novel passive shoulder exoskeleton, using an assessment framework that conforms to the approach proposed in the literature. In this study, 32 healthy volunteers performed isometric, quasi-isometric, and dynamic tasks that represent typical overhead work to evaluate the DeltaSuit performance. Muscle activity of the arm, neck, shoulder, and back muscles, as well as cardiac cost, perceived exertion, and task-related discomfort during task execution with and without the exoskeleton were compared. When working with the DeltaSuit, muscle activity was reduced up to 56% (p < 0.001) in the Trapezius Descendens and up to 64% (p < 0.001) in the Deltoideusmedius. Furthermore, we observed no additional loading on the abdomen and back muscles. The use of the exoskeleton resulted in statistically significant reductions in cardiac cost (15%, p < 0.05), perceived exertion (21.5%, p < 0.001), and task-related discomfort in the shoulder (57%, p < 0.001). These results suggest that passive exoskeletons, such as the DeltaSuit, have the potential to meaningfully support users when performing tasks in overhead postures and offer a valuable solution to relieve the critical body parts of biomechanical strains for workers at high risk of musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Brunner
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Tobias Luder
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cherilyn Camichel
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Kos
- Research and Development, Auxivo AG, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Dario Bee
- Research and Development, Auxivo AG, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | | | - Olivier Lambercy
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
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Moeller T, Moehler F, Krell-Roesch J, Dežman M, Marquardt C, Asfour T, Stein T, Woll A. Use of Lower Limb Exoskeletons as an Assessment Tool for Human Motor Performance: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3032. [PMID: 36991743 PMCID: PMC10057915 DOI: 10.3390/s23063032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Exoskeletons are a promising tool to support individuals with a decreased level of motor performance. Due to their built-in sensors, exoskeletons offer the possibility of continuously recording and assessing user data, for example, related to motor performance. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of studies that rely on using exoskeletons to measure motor performance. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review, following the PRISMA Statement guidelines. A total of 49 studies using lower limb exoskeletons for the assessment of human motor performance were included. Of these, 19 studies were validity studies, and six were reliability studies. We found 33 different exoskeletons; seven can be considered stationary, and 26 were mobile exoskeletons. The majority of the studies measured parameters such as range of motion, muscle strength, gait parameters, spasticity, and proprioception. We conclude that exoskeletons can be used to measure a wide range of motor performance parameters through built-in sensors, and seem to be more objective and specific than manual test procedures. However, since these parameters are usually estimated from built-in sensor data, the quality and specificity of an exoskeleton to assess certain motor performance parameters must be examined before an exoskeleton can be used, for example, in a research or clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Moeller
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Felix Moehler
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Janina Krell-Roesch
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Miha Dežman
- Institute for Anthropomatics and Robotics, High Performance Humanoid Technologies (H2T), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Charlotte Marquardt
- Institute for Anthropomatics and Robotics, High Performance Humanoid Technologies (H2T), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tamim Asfour
- Institute for Anthropomatics and Robotics, High Performance Humanoid Technologies (H2T), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Woll
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Chen B, Zhou Y, Chen C, Sayeed Z, Hu J, Qi J, Frush T, Goitz H, Hovorka J, Cheng M, Palacio C. Volitional control of upper-limb exoskeleton empowered by EMG sensors and machine learning computing. ARRAY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.array.2023.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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