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Emmert ME, Emmert AS, Goh Q, Cornwall R. Sexual dimorphisms in skeletal muscle: current concepts and research horizons. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 137:274-299. [PMID: 38779763 PMCID: PMC11343095 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00529.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex compositional and functional nature of skeletal muscle makes this organ an essential topic of study for biomedical researchers and clinicians. An additional layer of complexity is added with the consideration of sex as a biological variable. Recent research advances have revealed sexual dimorphisms in developmental biology, muscle homeostasis, adaptive responses, and disorders relating to skeletal muscle. Many of the observed sex differences have hormonal and molecular mechanistic underpinnings, whereas others have yet to be elucidated. Future research is needed to investigate the mechanisms dictating sex-based differences in the various aspects of skeletal muscle. As such, it is necessary that skeletal muscle biologists ensure that both female and male subjects are represented in biomedical and clinical studies to facilitate the successful testing and development of therapeutics for all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Emmert
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Andrew S Emmert
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Qingnian Goh
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Roger Cornwall
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
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2
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Drummer DJ, McNiff JL, Howard EE, Gwin JA, Carrigan CT, Murphy NE, Wilson MA, Michalak J, Ryan BJ, McClung JP, Pasiakos SM, Margolis LM. Exogenous erythropoietin increases hematological status, fat oxidation, and aerobic performance in males following prolonged strenuous training. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16038. [PMID: 38757249 PMCID: PMC11099744 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of EPO on hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct), time trial (TT) performance, substrate oxidation, and skeletal muscle phenotype throughout 28 days of strenuous exercise. Eight males completed this longitudinal controlled exercise and feeding study using EPO (50 IU/kg body mass) 3×/week for 28 days. Hgb, Hct, and TT performance were assessed PRE and on Days 7, 14, 21, and 27 of EPO. Rested/fasted muscle obtained PRE and POST EPO were analyzed for gene expression, protein signaling, fiber type, and capillarization. Substrate oxidation and glucose turnover were assessed during 90-min of treadmill load carriage (LC; 30% body mass; 55 ± 5% V̇O2peak) exercise using indirect calorimetry, and 6-6-[2H2]-glucose PRE and POST. Hgb and Hct increased, and TT performance improved on Days 21 and 27 compared to PRE (p < 0.05). Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and metabolic clearance rate during LC increased (p < 0.05) from PRE to POST. Myofiber type, protein markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, and capillarization were unchanged PRE to POST. Transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial activity and fat metabolism increased from PRE to POST (p < 0.05). These data indicate EPO administration during 28 days of strenuous exercise can enhance aerobic performance through improved oxygen carrying capacity, whole-body and skeletal muscle fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin J. Drummer
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
| | - Julie L. McNiff
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Combat Feeding DivisionU.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM)NatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Emily E. Howard
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jess A. Gwin
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Christopher T. Carrigan
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nancy E. Murphy
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Marques A. Wilson
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Julia Michalak
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
| | - Benjamin J. Ryan
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - James P. McClung
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of HealthU.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Lee M. Margolis
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
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3
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Rocha JNDS, Pereira-Monteiro MR, Vasconcelos ABS, Pantoja-Cardoso A, Aragão-Santos JC, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME. Different resistance training volumes on strength, functional fitness, and body composition of older people: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 119:105303. [PMID: 38128241 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Aging causes several changes in the body, reducing strength and muscle mass, which leads to a decline in function. Resistance training (RT) is used to counteract these changes. However, there is still ongoing debate about the optimal volume of RT in the context of aging. We systematically reviewed articles that assessed the impact of different volumes of RT on muscular strength, functional fitness, and body composition of older people. We conducted a systematic search in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, LILACS, PEDro, and Google Scholar databases, using keywords related to the older population and various RT volumes. We performed meta-analyses for each outcome separately using intervention time in weeks for subgroup analyses. We employed random effects models for all meta-analyses and expressed the results as standardized mean differences (Hedges' g). We included 31 studies, encompassing a total of 1.744 participants. The sample size ranged from 18 to 376, with an average size of 56 participants. Participants' ages ranged from 60 to 83 years. On average, HV-RT (High-Volume Resistance Training) induced significant adaptations in muscle strength of the upper limbs (g = 0.36; 95 % CI = 0.11-0.61) and lower limbs (g = 0.41; 95 % CI = 0.23-0.59), with superiority more pronounced after 12 weeks of training. Regarding functional fitness, there was a tendency favoring HV-RT (g = 0.41; 95 % CI = 0.23-0.59). Thus, HV-RT outperforms LV-RT (Low-Volume Resistance Training) in enhancing muscle strength, particularly in longer interventions with independent older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan Pantoja-Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe
| | - José Carlos Aragão-Santos
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PROCFIS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe
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4
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D'Souza AC, Wageh M, Williams JS, Colenso-Semple LM, McCarthy DG, McKay AKA, Elliott-Sale KJ, Burke LM, Parise G, MacDonald MJ, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Menstrual cycle hormones and oral contraceptives: a multimethod systems physiology-based review of their impact on key aspects of female physiology. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1284-1299. [PMID: 37823207 PMCID: PMC10979803 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00346.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormonal changes around ovulation divide the menstrual cycle (MC) into the follicular and luteal phases. In addition, oral contraceptives (OCs) have active (higher hormone) and placebo phases. Although there are some MC-based effects on various physiological outcomes, we found these differences relatively subtle and difficult to attribute to specific hormones, as estrogen and progesterone fluctuate rather than operating in a complete on/off pattern as observed in cellular or preclinical models often used to substantiate human data. A broad review reveals that the differences between the follicular and luteal phases and between OC active and placebo phases are not associated with marked differences in exercise performance and appear unlikely to influence muscular hypertrophy in response to resistance exercise training. A systematic review and meta-analysis of substrate oxidation between MC phases revealed no difference between phases in the relative carbohydrate and fat oxidation at rest and during acute aerobic exercise. Vascular differences between MC phases are also relatively small or nonexistent. Although OCs can vary in composition and androgenicity, we acknowledge that much more work remains to be done in this area; however, based on what little evidence is currently available, we do not find compelling support for the notion that OC use significantly influences exercise performance, substrate oxidation, or hypertrophy. It is important to note that the study of females requires better methodological control in many areas. Previous studies lacking such rigor have contributed to premature or incorrect conclusions regarding the effects of the MC and systemic hormones on outcomes. While we acknowledge that the evidence in certain research areas is limited, the consensus view is that the impact of the MC and OC use on various aspects of physiology is small or nonexistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysha C D'Souza
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mai Wageh
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Devin G McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alannah K A McKay
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Hunter SK, S Angadi S, Bhargava A, Harper J, Hirschberg AL, D Levine B, L Moreau K, J Nokoff N, Stachenfeld NS, Bermon S. The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2328-2360. [PMID: 37772882 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event. These sex differences in performance emerge with the onset of puberty and coincide with the increase in endogenous sex steroid hormones, in particular testosterone in males, which increases 30-fold by adulthood, but remains low in females. The primary goal of this consensus statement is to provide the latest scientific knowledge and mechanisms for the sex differences in athletic performance. This review highlights the differences in anatomy and physiology between males and females that are primary determinants of the sex differences in athletic performance and in response to exercise training, and the role of sex steroid hormones (particularly testosterone and estradiol). We also identify historical and nonphysiological factors that influence the sex differences in performance. Finally, we identify gaps in the knowledge of sex differences in athletic performance and the underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities for high-impact studies. A major step toward closing the knowledge gap is to include more and equitable numbers of women to that of men in mechanistic studies that determine any of the sex differences in response to an acute bout of exercise, exercise training, and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, and Athletic and Human Performance Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joanna Harper
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SWEDEN
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Natalie J Nokoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Nina S Stachenfeld
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco and the LAMHESS, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, FRANCE
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6
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Jentsch VL, Wolf OT, Otto T, Merz CJ. The impact of physical exercise on the consolidation of fear extinction memories. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14373. [PMID: 37350416 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Based on the mechanisms of fear extinction, exposure therapy is the most common treatment for anxiety disorders. However, extinguished fear responses can reemerge even after successful treatment. Novel interventions enhancing exposure therapy efficacy are therefore critically needed. Physical exercise improves learning and memory and was also shown to enhance extinction processes. This study tested whether physical exercise following fear extinction training improves the consolidation of extinction memories. Sixty healthy men underwent a differential fearconditioning paradigm with fear acquisition training on day 1 and fear extinction training followed by an exercise or resting control intervention on day 2. On day 3, retrieval and reinstatement were tested including two additional but perceptually similar stimuli to explore the generalization of exercise effects. Exercise significantly increased heart rate, salivary alpha amylase, and cortisol, indicating successful exercise manipulation. Contrary to our expectations, exercise did not enhance but rather impaired extinction memory retrieval on the next day, evidenced by significantly stronger differential skin conductance responses (SCRs) and pupil dilation (PD). Importantly, although conditioned fear responses were successfully acquired, they did not fully extinguish, explaining why exercise might have boosted the consolidation of the original fear memory trace instead. Additionally, stronger differential SCRs and PD toward the novel stimuli suggest that the memory enhancing effects of exercise also generalized to perceptually similar stimuli. Together, these findings indicate that physical exercise can facilitate both the long-term retrievability and generalization of extinction memories, but presumably only when extinction was successful in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Jentsch
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian J Merz
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Roberts MD, McCarthy JJ, Hornberger TA, Phillips SM, Mackey AL, Nader GA, Boppart MD, Kavazis AN, Reidy PT, Ogasawara R, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Booth FW, Esser KA. Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2679-2757. [PMID: 37382939 PMCID: PMC10625844 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of "work-induced hypertrophy" in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much of the preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports that involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion in translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion, and postexercise elevations in muscle protein synthesis rates. However, several lines of past and emerging evidence suggest that additional mechanisms that feed into or are independent of these processes are also involved. This review first provides a historical account of how mechanistic research into skeletal muscle hypertrophy has progressed. A comprehensive list of mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy is then outlined, and areas of disagreement involving these mechanisms are presented. Finally, future research directions involving many of the discussed mechanisms are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Monteiro MRP, Cardoso AP, de Resende-Neto AG, Vasconcelos ABS, Camargo EA, Gobbo LA, Maté-Muñoz JL, Heredia-Elvar JR, Behm DG, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME. Is functional training an efficient approach to improve body composition in older people? A systematic review. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1156088. [PMID: 37405136 PMCID: PMC10315661 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1156088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Increases in fat mass and reductions in lean mass are associated with the frailty and mortality of older people. In this context, Functional Training (FT) is an option to increase lean mass and reduce fat mass in older people. Thus, this systematic review aims to investigate the effects of FT on body fat and lean mass in older people. Methods: We included randomized controlled clinical trials, with at least one intervention group that employed FT, with the age of participants ≥60 years; and participants physically independent and healthy. We performed the systematic investigation in Pubmed MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. We extracted the information and used the PEDro Scale to assess the methodological quality of each study. Results: Our research found 3,056 references with five appropriate studies. Of the five studies, three presented reductions in fat mass, all of them with interventions between three and 6 months, different training dose parameters, and 100% of the sample was composed of women. On the other hand, two studies with interventions between 10 and 12 weeks presented conflicting results. Conclusion: Despite the limited literature about lean mass, it appears that long-term FT interventions may reduce fat mass in older women. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=399257, identifier CRD42023399257.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Raphael Pereira Monteiro
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Brazil
| | - Alan Pantoja Cardoso
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luis Alberto Gobbo
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ramón Heredia-Elvar
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
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9
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Lavin KM, Graham ZA, McAdam JS, O'Bryan SM, Drummer D, Bell MB, Kelley CJ, Lixandrão ME, Peoples B, Tuggle SC, Seay RS, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Huentelman MJ, Pirrotte P, Reiman R, Alsop E, Hutchins E, Antone J, Bonfitto A, Meechoovet B, Palade J, Talboom JS, Sullivan A, Aban I, Peri K, Broderick TJ, Bamman MM. Dynamic transcriptomic responses to divergent acute exercise stimuli in young adults. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:194-212. [PMID: 36939205 PMCID: PMC10110731 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00144.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise elicits dynamic transcriptional changes that, when repeated, form the fundamental basis of health, resilience, and performance adaptations. While moderate-intensity endurance training combined with conventional resistance training (traditional, TRAD) is often prescribed and recommended by public health guidance, high-intensity training combining maximal-effort intervals with intensive, limited-rest resistance training is a time-efficient alternative that may be used tactically (HITT) to confer similar benefits. Mechanisms of action of these distinct stimuli are incompletely characterized and have not been directly compared. We assessed transcriptome-wide responses in skeletal muscle and circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) to a single exercise bout in young adults randomized to TRAD (n = 21, 12 M/9 F, 22 ± 3 yr) or HITT (n = 19, 11 M/8 F, 22 ± 2 yr). Next-generation sequencing captured small, long, and circular RNA in muscle and EVs. Analysis identified differentially expressed transcripts (|log2FC|>1, FDR ≤ 0.05) immediately (h0, EVs only), h3, and h24 postexercise within and between exercise protocols. In aaddition, all apparently responsive transcripts (FDR < 0.2) underwent singular value decomposition to summarize data structures into latent variables (LVs) to deconvolve molecular expression circuits and interregulatory relationships. LVs were compared across time and exercise protocol. TRAD, a longer but less intense stimulus, generally elicited a stronger transcriptional response than HITT, but considerable overlap and key differences existed. Findings reveal shared and unique molecular responses to the exercise stimuli and lay groundwork toward establishing relationships between protein-coding genes and lesser-understood transcripts that serve regulatory roles following exercise. Future work should advance the understanding of these circuits and whether they repeat in other populations or following other types of exercise/stress.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined small and long transcriptomics in skeletal muscle and serum-derived extracellular vesicles before and after a single exposure to traditional combined exercise (TRAD) and high-intensity tactical training (HITT). Across 40 young adults, we found more consistent protein-coding gene responses to TRAD, whereas HITT elicited differential expression of microRNA enriched in brain regions. Follow-up analysis revealed relationships and temporal dynamics across transcript networks, highlighting potential avenues for research into mechanisms of exercise response and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen M Lavin
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Zachary A Graham
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jeremy S McAdam
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Samia M O'Bryan
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Devin Drummer
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Margaret B Bell
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Christian J Kelley
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Manoel E Lixandrão
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Brandon Peoples
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - S Craig Tuggle
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Regina S Seay
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Rebecca Reiman
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Eric Alsop
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Elizabeth Hutchins
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Jerry Antone
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Anna Bonfitto
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Bessie Meechoovet
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Joanna Palade
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Joshua S Talboom
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Amber Sullivan
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Inmaculada Aban
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Kalyani Peri
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Timothy J Broderick
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
| | - Marcas M Bamman
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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10
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Drummer DJ, Lavin KM, Graham ZA, O'Bryan SM, McAdam JS, Lixandrão ME, Seay R, Aban I, Siegel HJ, Ghanem E, Singh JA, Bonfitto A, Antone J, Reiman R, Hutchins E, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Schutzler SE, Barnes CL, Ferrando AA, Bridges SL, Bamman MM. Muscle transcriptomic circuits linked to periarticular physiology in end-stage osteoarthritis. Physiol Genomics 2022; 54:501-513. [PMID: 36278270 PMCID: PMC9762959 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00092.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of individuals with end-stage osteoarthritis (OA) to functionally recover from total joint arthroplasty is highly inconsistent. The molecular mechanisms driving this heterogeneity have yet to be elucidated. Furthermore, OA disproportionately impacts females, suggesting a need for identifying female-specific therapeutic targets. We profiled the skeletal muscle transcriptome in females with end-stage OA (n = 20) undergoing total knee or hip arthroplasty using RNA-Seq. Single-gene differential expression (DE) analyses tested for DE genes between skeletal muscle overlaying the surgical (SX) joint and muscle from the contralateral (CTRL) leg. Network analyses were performed using Pathway-Level Information ExtractoR (PLIER) to summarize genes into latent variables (LVs), i.e., gene circuits, and link them to biological pathways. LV differences in SX versus CTRL muscle and across sources of muscle tissue (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, or tensor fascia latae) were determined with ANOVA. Linear models tested for associations between LVs and muscle phenotype on the SX side (inflammation, function, and integrity). DE analysis revealed 360 DE genes (|Log2 fold-difference| ≥ 1, FDR ≤ 0.05) between the SX and CTRL limbs, many associated with inflammation and lipid metabolism. PLIER analyses revealed circuits associated with protein degradation and fibro-adipogenic cell gene expression. Muscle inflammation and function were linked to an LV associated with endothelial cell gene expression highlighting a potential regulatory role of endothelial cells within skeletal muscle. These findings may provide insight into potential therapeutic targets to improve OA rehabilitation before and/or following total joint replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin J Drummer
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kaleen M Lavin
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida
| | - Zachary A Graham
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Samia M O'Bryan
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jeremy S McAdam
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida
| | - Manoel E Lixandrão
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Regina Seay
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Inmaculada Aban
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Herrick J Siegel
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Elie Ghanem
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jasvinder A Singh
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Comprehensive Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, Bone, and Autoimmunity Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anna Bonfitto
- Division of Neurogenomics, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jerry Antone
- Division of Neurogenomics, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Rebecca Reiman
- Division of Neurogenomics, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Elizabeth Hutchins
- Division of Neurogenomics, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Scott E Schutzler
- Department of Geriatrics and Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - C Lowry Barnes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics and Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - S Louis Bridges
- Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
- Division of Rheumatology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Marcas M Bamman
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida
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11
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Naimo MA, Gu JK. The Relationship between Resistance Training Frequency and Muscle Quality in Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138099. [PMID: 35805760 PMCID: PMC9265918 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has established the role of resistance training (RT) on muscle function in adolescents, but a lack of evidence to optimize RT for enhancing muscle quality (MQ) exists. This study examined whether RT frequency is associated with MQ in a nationally representative adolescent cohort. A total of 605 adolescents (12−15 year) in NHANES were stratified based on RT frequency. MQ was calculated as combined handgrip strength divided by arm lean mass (via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Analysis of covariance was adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, and arm fat percentage; p < 0.05 was considered significant. RT frequency was associated with MQ for 2−7 day/week but not 1 day/week. When no RT was compared to 1−2 and 3−7 day/week, associations were present for 3−7 day/week but not 1−2 day/week. When comparing no RT to 1−4 and 5−7 day/week, associations existed for 5−7 day/week but not 1−4 day/week. Next, no RT was compared to 1, 2−3, and 4−7 day/week; associations were found for 4−7 day/week, while 2−3 day/week had a borderline association (p = 0.06); there were no associations for 1 day/week. Finally, no RT was compared to 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5−7 day/week; associations were present for all except 1 and 3 day/week. These prospective data suggest a minimum RT frequency of 2 day/week is associated with MQ in adolescents as indicated by the lack of differences in MQ between 1 day/week RT versus no RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall A. Naimo
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-941-376-2043
| | - Ja K. Gu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA;
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