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Mucellini CI, Silva Júnior JVJ, de Oliveira PSB, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Novel genomic targets for proper subtyping of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) and BVDV-2. Virus Genes 2023; 59:836-844. [PMID: 37589803 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome phylogenetic analysis, the most suitable strategy for subtyping bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) and BVDV-2, is not feasible for many laboratories. Consequently, BVDV isolates/strains have been frequently subtyped based on analysis of single genomic regions, mainly the 5' untranslated region (UTR). This approach, however, may lead to inaccurate and/or poorly statistically supported viral classification. Herein, we describe novel primer sets whose amplicons may be easily sequenced and used for BVDV subtyping. Initially, genomic regions previously described as the most suitable targets for BVDV subtyping were analyzed for design of high-coverage primers. The putative amplicons were analyzed in silico for their suitability to reproduce the phylogenetic classification of 118 BVDV-1 and 88 BVDV-2 complete/near-complete genomes (CNCGs) (GenBank). This analysis was also performed considering the region amplifiable by primers HCV90-368, 324-326 and BP189-389 (5'UTR), which have been used for BVDV diagnosis and/or classification. After confirming the agreement between the analyses of our primers' amplicon versus the CNCGs, we optimized the RT-PCRs and evaluated their performance for amplification of BVDV isolates/strains (n = 35 for BVDV-1; n = 33 for BVDV-2). Among the potential targets for BVDV subtyping, we designed high-coverage primers for NS3-NS4A (BVDV-1) (526 bp amplicon) and NS5B (BVDV-2) (728 bp). The classification based on these regions fully reproduced the subtyping of all CNCGs. On the other hand, subtyping based on the putative amplicons from primers HCV90-368, 324-326 and BP189-389 showed disagreements in relation the CNCG analysis. The NS3-NS4A and NS5B primers also allowed the amplification of all BVDV isolates/strains tested. Finally, we suggest the use of these primers in future phylogenetic and epidemiological studies of BVDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Isabela Mucellini
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
- Setor de Virologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pablo Sebastian Britto de Oliveira
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Pang F, Long Q, Wei M. Immune evasion strategies of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1282526. [PMID: 37900320 PMCID: PMC10613064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1282526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a significant pathogen that causes great economic losses in the global livestock industry. During the long-term interactions between BVDV and its hosts, the virus has evolved multiple strategies to evade the host's innate immunity and adaptive immunity, thereby promoting viral survival and replication. This review focuses on the most recent research on immune evasion strategies employed by BVDV, including evading type I IFN signaling pathway, evading host adaptive immunity, mediating NF-κB signaling pathway, mediating cell apoptosis and inducing autophagy. Unraveling BVDV's immune evasion strategies will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of BVDV and contribute to the development of more effective therapies for the prevention, control and eradication of BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Zhigailov AV, Perfilyeva YV, Ostapchuk YO, Kan SA, Lushova AV, Kuligin AV, Ivanova KR, Kuatbekova SA, Abdolla N, Naizabayeva DA, Maltseva ER, Berdygulova ZA, Mashzhan AS, Zima YA, Nizkorodova AS, Skiba YA, Mamadaliyev SM. Molecular and serological survey of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in cattle in Kazakhstan. Res Vet Sci 2023; 162:104965. [PMID: 37516041 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the occurrence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection and to assess the population immunity in cattle vaccinated against BVDV in different regions of Kazakhstan. Cattle samples were collected in 12 oblasts (43 districts) of Kazakhstan. A total of 2477 cattle from 114 herds and 21 Bukhara deer (Cervus elaphus bactrianus) were examined by ELISA and conventional RT-PCR. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with BVDV infection in the country. In total, antibodies against BVDV were found in 79.3% (1965/2477) of all the animals and 92.1% (105/114) of all the herds examined. Seroprevalence in unvaccinated and vaccinated animals was 48.6% (447/920) and 98.7% (1391/1410), respectively. Seroprevalence in deer was 19.1% (4/21). The BVDV RNA was detected in six unvaccinated cattle (0.2%). Sequence analysis of the 5'-untranslated region demonstrated that four of the detected strains belonged to BVDV-1 and two strains to BVDV-2. Regression analysis revealed that age, production type, housing method, farm size, and geographic location were risk factors for BVDV infection in cattle in Kazakhstan. The present data confirm circulation of BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 in Kazakhstan and highlight the need to improve strategies for prevention and control of BVDV infection in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Zhigailov
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Yuliya V Perfilyeva
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan.
| | - Yekaterina O Ostapchuk
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Sofiya A Kan
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Anzhelika V Lushova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Artyom V Kuligin
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Karina R Ivanova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Nurshat Abdolla
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara A Naizabayeva
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Elina R Maltseva
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; Tethys Scientific Society, Almaty 050063, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanna A Berdygulova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan
| | - Akzhigit S Mashzhan
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Anna S Nizkorodova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Yuriy A Skiba
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; Tethys Scientific Society, Almaty 050063, Kazakhstan
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Falkenberg SM, Bauermann FV, Scoles GA, Bonilla D, Dassanayake RP. A Serosurvey for Ruminant Pestivirus Exposure Conducted Using Sera From Stray Mexico Origin Cattle Captured Crossing Into Southern Texas. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:821247. [PMID: 35372539 PMCID: PMC8964521 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.821247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program (CFTEP) monitor a quarantine zone along the Texas border to prevent the introduction of stray livestock carrying cattle fever ticks entering the United States from Mexico. Stray cattle collected by CFTEP are checked for ticks and several infectious disease-causing pathogens, but not for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). BVDV is one of the most economically impactful viruses affecting US cattle producers. BVDV is present in all parts of the world, but it has been demonstrated that another distantly related pestivirus, HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPev), can also cause BVD. To date, HoBiPev has not been detected in the United States, but is commonly found in Brazil, and sporadically in Europe and Asia. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of pestiviruses, with a specific focus on HoBiPev, in stray cattle. Virus neutralization (VN) assay was used to determine seroprevalence (or antibody titers) of BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and HoBiPev. Approximately 50% (67 of 134) of the samples were seropositive for pestiviruses; all 67 positive samples were positive (50%) for BVDV-1, 66 samples of the 67 were positive (49.3%) for BVDV-2, and the same 66 samples of the 67 were also positive (49.3%) for HoBiPev. Due to the antigenic cross-reactivity among Pestiviruses, the comparative antibody against each pestivirus was calculated from all VN-positive samples. Titers were clearly higher against BVDV-1, and only one sample had a titer clearly higher against BVDV-2. No sample had an antibody titer higher for HoBiPev, and while this does not prove the absence of HoBiPev, it does provide evidence that the prevalence of HoBiPev is less predominant than BVDV-1. Additionally, data from these samples provide evidence on the susceptibility of animals that may enter into the United States, with ~50% of the animals seronegative for bovine pestiviruses. This cattle population provides a unique opportunity to evaluate and monitor changes in seroprevalence of economically important cattle diseases affecting the cattle industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shollie M. Falkenberg
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Shollie M. Falkenberg
| | - Fernando V. Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Glen A. Scoles
- USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Denise Bonilla
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
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