1
|
Amoia CF, Hakizimana JN, Chengula AA, Munir M, Misinzo G, Weger-Lucarelli J. Genomic Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Newcastle Disease Virus Genotypes in Africa: Implications for Diagnosis, Vaccination, and Regional Collaboration. Viruses 2024; 16:795. [PMID: 38793675 PMCID: PMC11125703 DOI: 10.3390/v16050795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new virulent genotypes and the continued genetic drift of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) implies that distinct genotypes of NDV are simultaneously evolving in different geographic locations across the globe, including throughout Africa, where NDV is an important veterinary pathogen. Expanding the genomic diversity of NDV increases the possibility of diagnostic and vaccine failures. In this review, we systematically analyzed the genetic diversity of NDV genotypes in Africa using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Information published between 1999 and 2022 were used to obtain the genetic background of different genotypes of NDV and their geographic distributions in Africa. The following genotypes were reported in Africa: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XI, XIII, XIV, XVII, XVIII, XX, and XXI. A new putative genotype has been detected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, of 54 African countries, only 26 countries regularly report information on NDV outbreaks, suggesting that this number may be vastly underestimated. With eight different genotypes, Nigeria is the country with the greatest genotypic diversity of NDV among African countries. Genotype VII is the most prevalent group of NDV in Africa, which was reported in 15 countries. A phylogeographic analysis of NDV sequences revealed transboundary transmission of the virus in Eastern Africa, Western and Central Africa, and in Southern Africa. A regional and continental collaboration is recommended for improved NDV risk management in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie F. Amoia
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania;
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania
| | - Jean N. Hakizimana
- OR Tambo Africa Research Chair for Viral Epidemics, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania;
| | - Augustino A. Chengula
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania;
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK;
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania;
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania
- OR Tambo Africa Research Chair for Viral Epidemics, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania;
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thomrongsuwannakij T, Phu DH, Chansiripornchai N. Evaluation of the efficacy of commercial live vaccines against the local Thai QX field strain for the protection of specific pathogen-free chicks. Vet World 2024; 17:771-777. [PMID: 38798293 PMCID: PMC11111713 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.771-777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The high prevalence of QX-like variant among Thai isolates poses a significant threat to poultry production. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of commercially available heterologous infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines against the local Thai QX-like strain in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks from Thailand. Materials and Methods The experiment involved 100 SPF chicks divided into 4 arms. Arms I and II received the TAbic IB VAR (233A) and Ibird (1/96) vaccines, respectively, on day 1. After 10 days, both arms received the H120 vaccine. Arms III and IV were non-vaccinated positive and negative controls. Challenge infection was local Thai QX-like virus on birds of Arms I, II, and III, and negative control of Arm IV. Clinical signs of infectious bronchitis (IB) and IBV detection using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were assessed at 2, 4, and 6 days post-challenge (dpc). At 6 dpc, the birds were humanely euthanized for post-mortem examination with the ciliostasis test and histopathological analysis of the tracheas, lungs, and kidneys. Results Virus shedding started at 4 dpc (33.3% positive) and reached 100% positivity at 6 dpc with obvious clinical respiratory symptoms in non-vaccinated-challenged birds. No detection of IBV in vaccinated-challenged arms. Ciliary activity scores were significantly lower in non-vaccinated-challenged birds at 23.64 (standard deviation [SD] ± 1.74) and 96.50 (SD ± 1.91) and 95.64 (SD ± 1.77), respectively (p = 0.05) than in vaccinated-challenged birds. The most remarkable histopathological changes were observed in non-vaccinated-challenged birds, with moderately severe changes in the trachea, lungs, and kidneys. On the other hand, birds in vaccinated-challenged arms showed no significant changes. Conclusion This study demonstrated the efficacy of TAbic IB VAR (233A) or Ibird (1/96) vaccine combined with a Massachusetts serotype vaccine (H120) against the local Thai QX-like strain in SPF chicks, contributing valuable insights to the selection of suitable commercially available vaccines to combat the prevalent local QX-like strains in Thailand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thotsapol Thomrongsuwannakij
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakorn Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Niwat Chansiripornchai
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grace D, Knight-Jones TJD, Melaku A, Alders R, Jemberu WT. The Public Health Importance and Management of Infectious Poultry Diseases in Smallholder Systems in Africa. Foods 2024; 13:411. [PMID: 38338547 PMCID: PMC10855203 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Poultry diseases pose major constraints on smallholder production in Africa, causing high flock mortality and economic hardship. Infectious diseases, especially viral diseases like Newcastle disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and bacterial diseases, especially colibacillosis and salmonellosis, are responsible for most chicken losses, with downstream effects on human nutrition and health. Beyond production impacts, poultry diseases directly harm public health if zoonotic, can give rise to epidemics and pandemics, and facilitate antimicrobial resistance through treatment attempts. HPAI, campylobacteriosis, and salmonellosis are the priority zoonoses. Sustainable solutions for poultry health remain elusive despite recognition of the problem. This review summarises current knowledge on major poultry diseases in smallholder systems, their impacts, and options for prevention and control. We find biosecurity, vaccination, good husbandry, and disease-resistant breeds can reduce disease burden, but practical limitations exist in implementing these measures across smallholder systems. Treatment is often inefficient for viral diseases, and treatment for bacterial diseases risks antimicrobial resistance. Ethnoveterinary practices offer accessible alternatives but require more rigorous evaluation. Multisectoral collaboration and policies that reach smallholder poultry keepers are essential to alleviate disease constraints. Successful control will improve livelihoods, nutrition, and gender equity for millions of rural families. This review concludes that sustainable, scalable solutions for smallholder poultry disease control remain a critical unmet need in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delia Grace
- Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Chatham ME4 4TB, UK
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi P.O. Box 30709, Kenya
| | | | - Achenef Melaku
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia;
| | - Robyn Alders
- Development Policy Centre, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Wudu T. Jemberu
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5689, Ethiopia or (W.T.J.)
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ouma EA, Kankya C, Dione M, Kelly T, Enahoro D, Chiwanga G, Abukari Y, Msoffe P, Kayang BB, Zhou H. Poultry health constraints in smallholder village poultry systems in Northern Ghana and Central Tanzania. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1159331. [PMID: 37465273 PMCID: PMC10352078 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1159331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Smallholder poultry production is a major contributor to food security and rural livelihoods in low-and middle-income countries. However, infectious diseases limit improvements to smallholder poultry production and performance of the sector in general. Infectious diseases of poultry, especially viral diseases, have major impacts on the health and productivity of flocks and account for significant morbidities and mortalities of birds each year. Methods This study utilized participatory epidemiology approaches to better understand the poultry health constraints and challenges faced by smallholder poultry producers in village poultry systems in Northern Ghana and Central Tanzania. Results The results show dominance of small-scale semi-intensive and extensive scavenging poultry production systems in the study areas. Newcastle disease ranked as the highest cause of morbidity and mortality in chickens in the two countries. The disease occurred mainly during the months coinciding with the dry season in both countries. Other health challenges among poultry flocks included worm infestation, fowl pox, coryza, and coccidiosis. Producers, especially in rural locations, had poor access to veterinary services and critical inputs necessary for poultry production. In the Northern region of Ghana, producers lacked definitive diagnoses for sick poultry due to a shortage of veterinary personnel and diagnostic laboratories. Discussion These challenges point to the need for increased investment in poultry disease control and prevention programs, particularly in rural areas. Interventions focused on expansion of veterinary and agricultural extension services and diagnostic laboratory capacity in rural areas and increased gender-sensitive training to enhance smallholder knowledge in poultry husbandry and disease prevention measures will support the development of the smallholder village poultry systems. Tapping into the diverse genetic reservoir of local chicken ecotypes with enhanced resistance to Newcastle disease through genomic selection, coupled with models for enhancing ND vaccination supply and use in the rural areas are potential future avenues for addressing ND constraints to production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Awuor Ouma
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Terra Kelly
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dolapo Enahoro
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gaspar Chiwanga
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, South Zone, Mtwara, Tanzania
| | - Yakubu Abukari
- Regional Department of Agriculture, Northern Regional Coordinating Council, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Peter Msoffe
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Boniface Baboreka Kayang
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao J, Zhao Y, Zhang G. Key Aspects of Coronavirus Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050698. [PMID: 37242368 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an enveloped and positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. IBV was the first coronavirus to be discovered and predominantly causes respiratory disease in commercial poultry worldwide. This review summarizes several important aspects of IBV, including epidemiology, genetic diversity, antigenic diversity, and multiple system disease caused by IBV as well as vaccination and antiviral strategies. Understanding these areas will provide insight into the mechanism of pathogenicity and immunoprotection of IBV and may improve prevention and control strategies for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Trapp J, Rautenschlein S. Infectious bursal disease virus' interferences with host immune cells: What do we know? Avian Pathol 2022; 51:303-316. [PMID: 35616498 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2080641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInfectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) induces one of the most important immunosuppressive diseases in chickens leading to high economic losses due increased mortality and condemnation rates, secondary infections and the need for antibiotic treatment. Over 400 publications have been listed in PubMed.gov in the last five years pointing out the research interest in this disease and the development of improved preventive measures. While B cells are the main target cells of the virus, also other immune and non-immune cell populations are affected leading a multifaceted impact on the normally well orchestrated immune system in IBDV-infected birds. Recent studies clearly revealed the contribution of innate immune cells as well as T cells to a cytokine storm and subsequent death of affected birds in the acute phase of the disease. Transcriptomics identified differential regulation of immune related genes between different chicken genotypes as well as virus strains, which may be associated with a variable disease outcome. The recent availability of primary B cell culture systems allowed a closer look into virus-host interactions during IBDV-infection. The new emerging field of research with transgenic chickens will open up new opportunities to understand the impact of IBDV on the host also under in vivo conditions, which will help to understand the complex virus-host interactions further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Trapp
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Endacott IC, Galipo E, Ekiri AB, Alafiatayo R, Adebowale K, Dineva M, Wakawa A, Ogwuche A, Maikai BV, Armson B, Mijten E, Varga G, Cook AJC. Baseline Assessment of Poultry Production, Pharmaceutical Product Use, and Related Challenges on Commercial Poultry Flocks in Kano and Oyo States of Nigeria. Vet Sci 2021; 8:315. [PMID: 34941842 PMCID: PMC8709114 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry production is a major component of the livestock sector in Nigeria and continues to expand rapidly; however, it is still constrained by low productivity. A farm survey was conducted to provide a baseline assessment of poultry production (products generated, farm costs, and revenue), pharmaceutical use, and related challenges faced by farmers on 44 commercial poultry farms in Oyo and Kano states of Nigeria. Live spent layers, eggs, and used beddings were the most frequently sold products for revenue. Antibiotic products were widely used, the most reported were Doxygen, Tylosin, and Conflox. Overall, 40% of farms used feed additives (including toxin binders, minerals, and vitamins) and 12% used coccidiostats. Access to pharmaceutical products was a key challenge and appeared to disproportionally affect farmers in the northern part (Kano) of Nigeria. Other challenges included perceived antibiotic ineffectiveness, high cost of drugs, and long distances to pharmaceutical suppliers. Challenges related to vaccine use were unavailability, distance to the supplier, and health issues interfering with the vaccination schedule. Study findings highlight the need for improved access to veterinary pharmaceuticals, particularly in the northern states. Further investigations into the causes of antibiotic ineffectiveness and strategies for distribution of high-quality, effective pharmaceuticals are also necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella C. Endacott
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; (I.C.E.); (E.G.); (R.A.); (M.D.); (B.A.)
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Erika Galipo
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; (I.C.E.); (E.G.); (R.A.); (M.D.); (B.A.)
| | - Abel B. Ekiri
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; (I.C.E.); (E.G.); (R.A.); (M.D.); (B.A.)
| | - Ruth Alafiatayo
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; (I.C.E.); (E.G.); (R.A.); (M.D.); (B.A.)
| | - Kehinde Adebowale
- Zoetis Belgium S.A., 1930 Zaventem, Belgium; (K.A.); (A.O.); (E.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Mariana Dineva
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; (I.C.E.); (E.G.); (R.A.); (M.D.); (B.A.)
| | - Aliyu Wakawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria;
| | - Adah Ogwuche
- Zoetis Belgium S.A., 1930 Zaventem, Belgium; (K.A.); (A.O.); (E.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Beatty-Viv Maikai
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria; (B.-V.M.); (A.J.C.C.)
| | - Bryony Armson
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; (I.C.E.); (E.G.); (R.A.); (M.D.); (B.A.)
| | - Erik Mijten
- Zoetis Belgium S.A., 1930 Zaventem, Belgium; (K.A.); (A.O.); (E.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Gabriel Varga
- Zoetis Belgium S.A., 1930 Zaventem, Belgium; (K.A.); (A.O.); (E.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Alasdair J. C. Cook
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria; (B.-V.M.); (A.J.C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|