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Fernandez-Iriondo I, Jimenez-Marin A, Sierra B, Aginako N, Bonifazi P, Cortes JM. Brain Mapping of Behavioral Domains Using Multi-Scale Networks and Canonical Correlation Analysis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:889725. [PMID: 35801180 PMCID: PMC9255673 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.889725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous mapping of multiple behavioral domains into brain networks remains a major challenge. Here, we shed some light on this problem by employing a combination of machine learning, structural and functional brain networks at different spatial resolutions (also known as scales), together with performance scores across multiple neurobehavioral domains, including sensation, motor skills, and cognition. Provided by the Human Connectome Project, we make use of three cohorts: 640 participants for model training, 160 subjects for validation, and 200 subjects for model performance testing thus enhancing prediction generalization. Our modeling consists of two main stages, namely dimensionality reduction in brain network features at multiple scales, followed by canonical correlation analysis, which determines an optimal linear combination of connectivity features to predict multiple behavioral performance scores. To assess the differences in the predictive power of each modality, we separately applied three different strategies: structural unimodal, functional unimodal, and multimodal, that is, structural in combination with functional features of the brain network. Our results show that the multimodal association outperforms any of the unimodal analyses. Then, to answer which human brain structures were most involved in predicting multiple behavioral scores, we simulated different synthetic scenarios in which in each case we completely deleted a brain structure or a complete resting state network, and recalculated performance in its absence. In deletions, we found critical structures to affect performance when predicting single behavioral domains, but this occurred in a lesser manner for prediction of multi-domain behavior. Overall, our results confirm that although there are synergistic contributions between brain structure and function that enhance behavioral prediction, brain networks may also be mutually redundant in predicting multidomain behavior, such that even after deletion of a structure, the connectivity of the others can compensate for its lack in predicting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaro Fernandez-Iriondo
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- Computational Neuroimaging Lab, BioCruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Doctoral Programme in Informatics Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Antonio Jimenez-Marin
- Computational Neuroimaging Lab, BioCruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Biomedical Research Doctorate Program, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Basilio Sierra
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Naiara Aginako
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Paolo Bonifazi
- Computational Neuroimaging Lab, BioCruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jesus M. Cortes
- Computational Neuroimaging Lab, BioCruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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Exploring the Role of the Nucleus Accumbens in Adaptive Behavior Using Concurrent Intracranial and Extracranial Electrophysiological Recordings in Humans. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0105-20.2020. [PMID: 33168620 PMCID: PMC7688305 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0105-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent human electrophysiological evidence implicated θ-band communication between the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and frontal and parietal cortex in cognitive flexibility. Since the NAc is connected with the motor system, we tested whether phase and amplitude-based NAc-cortical connectivity and power modulation likewise underlie flexibility in motor action control. We combined concurrently recorded intracranial and extracranial electroencephalograms from seven psychiatric patients implanted with deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes who performed a stop signal task (SST). Inhibition success, as opposed to failure, was associated with greater prestimulus information flow from right NAc to medial frontal cortex through phase coupling of θ oscillations. Inhibition failure evoked θ power increases in the left NAc and medial frontal cortex, whereas parieto-occipital cortex showed an α power decrease. We conclude that NAc-to-frontal θ connectivity, possibly facilitating processing of task-relevant information, and α and θ power modulations, possibly reflecting post-error engagement of cognitive control, contribute to adaptive behavior pertaining motor control.
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Gur RC, Butler ER, Moore TM, Rosen AFG, Ruparel K, Satterthwaite TD, Roalf DR, Gennatas ED, Bilker WB, Shinohara RT, Port A, Elliott MA, Verma R, Davatzikos C, Wolf DH, Detre JA, Gur RE. Structural and Functional Brain Parameters Related to Cognitive Performance Across Development: Replication and Extension of the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory in a Single Sample. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:1444-1463. [PMID: 33119049 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The parieto-frontal integration theory (PFIT) identified a fronto-parietal network of regions where individual differences in brain parameters most strongly relate to cognitive performance. PFIT was supported and extended in adult samples, but not in youths or within single-scanner well-powered multimodal studies. We performed multimodal neuroimaging in 1601 youths age 8-22 on the same 3-Tesla scanner with contemporaneous neurocognitive assessment, measuring volume, gray matter density (GMD), mean diffusivity (MD), cerebral blood flow (CBF), resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging measures of the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFFs) and regional homogeneity (ReHo), and activation to a working memory and a social cognition task. Across age and sex groups, better performance was associated with higher volumes, greater GMD, lower MD, lower CBF, higher ALFF and ReHo, and greater activation for the working memory task in PFIT regions. However, additional cortical, striatal, limbic, and cerebellar regions showed comparable effects, hence PFIT needs expansion into an extended PFIT (ExtPFIT) network incorporating nodes that support motivation and affect. Associations of brain parameters became stronger with advancing age group from childhood to adolescence to young adulthood, effects occurring earlier in females. This ExtPFIT network is developmentally fine-tuned, optimizing abundance and integrity of neural tissue while maintaining a low resting energy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory and the Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ellyn R Butler
- Brain Behavior Laboratory and the Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Brain Behavior Laboratory and the Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adon F G Rosen
- Brain Behavior Laboratory and the Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Brain Behavior Laboratory and the Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Brain Behavior Laboratory and the Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Brain Behavior Laboratory and the Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Efstathios D Gennatas
- Brain Behavior Laboratory and the Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Warren B Bilker
- Brain Behavior Laboratory and the Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Allison Port
- Brain Behavior Laboratory and the Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark A Elliott
- Brain Behavior Laboratory and the Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ragini Verma
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Brain Behavior Laboratory and the Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John A Detre
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory and the Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Gomez-Andres A, Suades A, Cucurell D, de Miquel MA, Juncadella M, Rodríguez-Fornells A. Electrophysiological correlates of feedback processing in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 24:102075. [PMID: 31734528 PMCID: PMC6861637 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage patients show a reduced sensitivity to negative feedback, depicted by diminished amplitude of the feedback-related negativity (FRN). A delayed increase of theta oscillatory activity (4–8 Hz) was found for the patient group in presence of monetary losses compared to the healthy control group. No significant differences between groups were found at positive feedback event-related (ERP) components, such as the feedback P300 (FB-P3), neither on the time-frequency domain (beta-gamma band −25–35). Damage to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regions might be altering the performance monitoring mechanisms associated to feedback processing and belief updating, resulting in altered day-to-day decision-making functioning.
Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to anterior communicating artery (AComA) aneurysm rupture often experience deficits in executive functioning and decision-making. Effective decision-making is based on the subjects’ ability to adjust their performance based on feedback processing, ascribing either positive or negative value to the actions performed reinforcing the most adaptive behavior in an appropriate temporal framework. A crucial brain structure associated to feedback processing is the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a brain region frequently damaged after AComA aneurysm rupture. In the present study, we recorded electrophysiological responses (event-related potentials (ERPs') and oscillatory activity (time frequency analysis) during a gambling task in a series of 15 SAH patients. Previous studies have identified a feedback related negativity (FRN) component associated with an increase on frontal medial theta power in response to negative feedback or monetary losses, which is thought to reflect the degree of negative prediction error. Our findings show a decreased FRN component in response to negative feedback and a delayed increase of theta oscillatory activity in the SAH patient group when compared to the healthy controls, indicating a reduced sensitivity to negative feedback processing and an effortful signaling of cognitive control and monitoring processes lengthened in time, respectively. These results provide us with novel neurophysiological markers regarding feedback processing and performance monitoring patterns in SAH patients, illustrating a dysfunctional reinforcement learning system probably contributing to the maladaptive day-to-day functioning in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Gomez-Andres
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain; Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Suades
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain; ENTIA, Fundació de Neurorehabilitació i Recerca Cognitiva, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Cucurell
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain; Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Angels de Miquel
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain; Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences (UBNeuro), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Muzik O, Diwadkar VA. Hierarchical control systems for the regulation of physiological homeostasis and affect: Can their interactions modulate mood and anhedonia? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 105:251-261. [PMID: 31442518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Predominant concepts assert that conscious willful processes do not assert a significant influence on autonomic functions associated with physiological homeostasis (e.g., thermal regulation). The singular purpose of this review is to promote a reappraisal of concepts regarding the circumscribed role of hierarchical control systems. To effect this reappraisal, we assess the interaction between top-down and bottom-up regulatory mechanisms, specifically by highlighting the intersection between the "physiological" (specifically thermoregulatory pathways) and the "psychological" (specifically mood/anhedonia related processes). This reappraisal suggests that the physiological and psychological processes can interact in unanticipated ways, and is grounded in multiple lines of recent experimental evidence. For example, behavioral techniques that through a combination of hormesis (forced breathing, cold exposure) and meditation appear to exert unusual effects on homeostatic function (cold tolerance) and suppression of aberrant auto-immune responses. The molecular correlates of these effects (the putative release of endogenous cannabinoids and endorphins) may exert salutary effects on mood/anhedonia, even more significant than those exerted by cognitive behavioral techniques or meditation alone. By focusing on this interaction, we present a putative mechanistic model linking physiology with psychology, with particular implications for disturbances of mood/anhedonia. We suggest that volitional changes in breathing patterns can activate primary control centers for descending pain/cold stimuli in periaqueductal gray, initiating a stress-induced analgesic response mediated by endocannabinoid/endorphin release. The analgesic effects, and the feelings of euphoria generated by endocannbinoid release are prolonged via a top-down "outcome expectancy" control mechanism regulated by cortical areas. By focusing on modification strategies that principally target homeostatic function (but may also exert ancillary effects on mood), we articulate a novel framework for how hierarchical control systems for the regulation of physiological homeostasis and affect interact. This interaction may allow practitioners of focused modification strategies to assert increased control over key components of the affective system, allowing for viable treatment approaches for patients with disturbances of mood/anhedonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Muzik
- Departments of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Cognitive control in children with learning disabilities: neuromarker for deficient executive functions. Neuroreport 2018; 28:638-644. [PMID: 28492417 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neural underpinnings of learning disabilities (LD) are still not known. Recent discussions focus over whether domain-specific and/or domain-unspecific reasons might be responsible for LD either alone or in combination with each other. This study applied standard nonverbal Go-NoGo tasks (visual continuous performance test) to LD and healthy control children to examine whether they show deficient executive functions. During this Go-NoGo task, electroencephalogram was measured in addition to reaction times, hits, omissions, and commissions to the Go and NoGo stimuli. It was shown that children with LD reacted slower with variable responses to Go stimuli and made more omission errors in comparison with the healthy control children. The analysis of the event-related potential indicated that the deficient behavior in this task is associated with smaller - and in part nonexistent - P3d amplitudes. This neural activation indicates a different neural activation pattern during action inhibition in LD children. The neural networks involved in controlling action inhibition are mostly located in frontal brain areas, for which it has been shown that children with LD show neural activation deficiencies. This is possibly a consequence of a maturational delay of the frontal cortex.
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Genizi J, Guidetti V, Arruda MA. Primary Headaches and School Performance-Is There a Connection? Curr Pain Headache Rep 2018; 21:31. [PMID: 28551735 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-017-0633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Headache is a common complaint among children and adolescents. School functioning is one of the most important life domains impacted by chronic pain in children. This review discusses the epidemiological and pathophysiological connections between headaches and school functioning including a suggested clinical approach. RECENT FINDINGS The connection between recurrent and chronic headache and learning disabilities might be psychosocial (fear of failure) or anatomical (malfunctioning of the frontal and prefrontal areas). Only few population-based and clinical studies were done and good studies are still needed in order to understand the complex relationship better. However, relating to our patients' learning and school performance, history is crucial when a child with primary headaches is evaluated. Learning disabilities seem to have a high prevalence among children with primary headache syndromes especially migraine. The connection between the two is complex and might be either part of a common brain pathophysiology and/or a consequence of poor quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Genizi
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
| | - V Guidetti
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - M A Arruda
- Glia Institute, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Heldmann M, Münte TF, Paracka L, Beyer F, Brüggemann N, Saryyeva A, Rasche D, Krauss JK, Tronnier VM. Human subthalamic nucleus - Automatic auditory change detection as a basis for action selection. Neuroscience 2017; 355:141-148. [PMID: 28504196 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) shapes motor behavior and is important for the initiation and termination of movements. Here we ask whether the STN takes aggregated sensory information into account, in order to exert this function. To this end, local field potentials (LFP) were recorded in eight patients suffering from Parkinson's disease and receiving deep-brain stimulation of the STN bilaterally. Bipolar recordings were obtained postoperatively from the externalized electrode leads. Patients were passively exposed to trains of auditory stimuli containing global deviants, local deviants or combined global/local deviants. The surface event-related potentials of the Parkinson's patients as well as those of 19 age-matched healthy controls were characterized by a mismatch negativity (MMN) that was most pronounced for the global/local double deviants and less prominent for the other deviant conditions. The left and right STN LFPs similarly were modulated by stimulus deviance starting at about 100ms post-stimulus onset. The MMN has been viewed as an index of an automatic auditory change detection system, more recently phrased in terms of predictive coding theory, which prepares the organism for attention shifts and for action. The LFP-data from the STN clearly demonstrate that the STN receives information on stimulus deviance, possibly as a means to bias the system to interrupt ongoing and to allow alternative actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Lejla Paracka
- Department of Neurology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frederike Beyer
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Assel Saryyeva
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Rasche
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joachim K Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Event-related potentials and cognition in Parkinson’s disease: An integrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:691-714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wojtecki L, Elben S, Vesper J, Schnitzler A. The rhythm of the executive gate of speech: subthalamic low-frequency oscillations increase during verbal generation. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:1200-1211. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wojtecki
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology; Medical Faculty; Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf; Moorenstr. 5 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
- Department of Neurology; Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation; Medical Faculty; Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf; Moorenstr. 5 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
| | - Saskia Elben
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology; Medical Faculty; Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf; Moorenstr. 5 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
- Department of Neurology; Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation; Medical Faculty; Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf; Moorenstr. 5 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
| | - Jan Vesper
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery; Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation; Medical Faculty; Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf; Duesseldorf Germany
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology; Medical Faculty; Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf; Moorenstr. 5 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
- Department of Neurology; Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation; Medical Faculty; Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf; Moorenstr. 5 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
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11
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Barkley-Levenson E, Galván A. Eye blink rate predicts reward decisions in adolescents. Dev Sci 2016; 20. [PMID: 27061442 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ventral striatum displays hyper-responsiveness to reward in adolescents relative to other age groups, and animal research on the developmental trajectory of the dopaminergic system suggests that dopamine may underlie adolescent sensitivity to reward. However, practical limitations prevent the direct measurement of dopamine in healthy adolescents. Eye blink rate (EBR) shows promise as a proxy measure of striatal dopamine D2 receptor function. We investigated developmental differences in the relationship between EBR and reward-seeking behavior on a risky decision-making task. Increasing EBR was associated with greater reward maximization on the task for adolescent but not adult participants. Furthermore, adolescents demonstrated greater sensitivity to reward value than adults, as evinced by shifts in decision patterns based on increasing potential reward. These findings suggest that previously observed adolescent behavioral and neural hypersensitivity to reward may in fact be due to greater dopamine receptor activity, as represented by the relationship of blink rate and reward-seeking behavior. They also demonstrate the feasibility and utility of using EBR as a proxy for dopamine in healthy youth in whom direct measurements of dopamine are prohibitively invasive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Galván
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.,Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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12
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Sun L, Hinrichs H. Moving average template subtraction to remove stimulation artefacts in EEGs and LFPs recorded during deep brain stimulation. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 266:126-36. [PMID: 27039973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well established therapy to treat movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. More recently it has also been discussed as a therapy for certain psychiatric diseases. However, during active DBS the recordings of local field potentials (LFP) and the electroencephalogram (EEG) can be corrupted by substantial spike-type artefacts which need to be removed before any analysis. NEW METHOD Here, we present a new method that we term ' Moving Average Subtraction' (MAS) that removes DBS artefacts by subtracting adaptive DBS artefact templates from the artefact contaminated data. In particular we have developed a resampling technique which is more efficient than upsampling for a precise reconstruction of the artefact shape without the need to oversample the EEGs. RESULTS By applying this method we can derive undistorted signals even in case of the low sampling frequencies that are usual in clinical recordings. We applied the new technique to 12 data sets recorded at the surface and in various brain structures [subthalamic nucleus (STN), pedunculo pontine nucleus (PPN), Globus pallidus internus (GPi)] with 7 patients. Our results demonstrate the suppression of artefact related activity at the basic and harmonic frequencies of DBS. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) The new technique outperforms the non-adaptive template subtraction technique for the removal of high frequency artefact residuals without producing the spectral dips that occur with notch filter approaches. CONCLUSIONS The new technique facilitates the analysis of higher frequency bands (Gamma activity) in LFPs and EEGs recorded during active DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Sun
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02129 Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hermann Hinrichs
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Forschungscampus STIMULATE, Sandtorstraße 23, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioural Brain Sciences (CBBS), Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Göttlich M, Krämer UM, Kordon A, Hohagen F, Zurowski B. Resting-state connectivity of the amygdala predicts response to cognitive behavioral therapy in obsessive compulsive disorder. Biol Psychol 2015; 111:100-9. [PMID: 26388257 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder which is characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualized, repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions). The gold standard for the treatment of OCD is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention. This is the first study exploring the predictive value of resting-state functional connectivity for the outcome of CBT. METHODS We assessed whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity in a group of 17 un-medicated OCD inpatients prior to CBT compared to 19 healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The graph theoretical metric degree centrality served as indicator for altered voxel-wise whole-brain functional connectivity. The relative change in the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) score was used to evaluate treatment outcome. RESULTS The degree centrality of the right basolateral nuclei group of the amygdala was positively correlated with the response to subsequent CBT. OCD patients showed a lower degree centrality of the superficial amygdala (bilateral). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that two different sub-regions of the amygdala and their respective neural networks are affected in OCD: the superficial amygdala and networks related to evaluation of reinforcers and risk anticipation and the basolateral amygdala which is implicated in fear processing. The diminished CBT response in patients showing a lower degree centrality of the basolateral amygdala reflects a deficient fear circuit in these patients which may impact fear extinction as a core mechanism of exposure-based CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Göttlich
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute for Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Kordon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fritz Hohagen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bartosz Zurowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; University of Hamburg, Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Germany
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The role of high-frequency oscillatory activity in reward processing and learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 49:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Zibly Z, Shaw A, Harnof S, Sharma M, Graves C, Deogaonkar M, Rezai A. Modulation of mind: therapeutic neuromodulation for cognitive disability. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 21:1473-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Tiefe Hirnstimulation des Nucleus accumbens bei fokalen Epilepsien. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR EPILEPTOLOGIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10309-013-0344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nucleus accumbens activity dissociates different forms of salience: evidence from human intracranial recordings. J Neurosci 2013; 33:8764-71. [PMID: 23678119 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5276-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models and empirical work indicate a critical role of the NAcc in salience processing. For instance, the NAcc not only responds to appetitive and aversive information, but it also signals novelty, contextual deviance, and action monitoring. However, because most studies have investigated only one specific type of salience independently, it remains unclear how the NAcc concurrently differentiates between different forms of salience. To investigate this issue, we used intracranial electroencephalography in human epilepsy patients together with a previously established visual oddball paradigm. Here, three different oddball categories (novel, neutral, and target images) were infrequently presented among a standard scene image, and subjects responded to the target via button press. This task allowed us to differentiate "item novelty" (new vs neutral oddballs) from "contextual deviance" (neutral oddballs vs standard images) and "targetness" (target vs neutral oddballs). Time-frequency analysis revealed a dissociation between item novelty and contextual deviance on the basis of decreases in either θ (4-8 Hz) or β power (20-30 Hz). Targetness, on the other hand, was signaled by positive deflections in the stimulus-locked local field potentials, which, importantly, correlated with subjects' reaction times. These findings indicate that, in an ongoing stream of information, the NAcc differentiates between types of salience by distinct neural mechanisms to guide goal-directed behavior.
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Dresler T, Lürding R, Paelecke-Habermann Y, Gaul C, Henkel K, Lindwurm-Späth A, Leinisch E, Jürgens TP. Cluster headache and neuropsychological functioning. Cephalalgia 2012; 32:813-21. [PMID: 22711901 DOI: 10.1177/0333102412449931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite significant advances in unravelling the pathophysiology of cluster headache (CH), little is known about neuropsychological functioning. Apart from neuroimaging studies indicating involvement of posterior hypothalamic and other areas frequently involved in nociception, some studies suggest involvement of prefrontal areas. Among others, these mediate executive functioning (EF). METHODS Therefore, three neuropsychological tests (Trail Making Test (TMT), Go/Nogo Task and Stroop Task) were completed by four headache patient samples (chronic CH, episodic CH in the active or inactive period, and migraine patients) and compared to healthy controls. RESULTS Analyses revealed that patients especially with chronic and active episodic CH were particularly impaired in tests relying more on intact EF (i.e. TMT-B, Stroop interference) than on basal cognitive processes (i.e. TMT-A, Stroop naming). Within the CH groups performance decreased linearly with increasing severity. DISCUSSION These findings are in line with a recently proposed involvement of prefrontal structures in CH pathophysiology as patients performed worse on neuropsychological tasks relying on these structures. Impaired EF could also result from medication and sleep disturbances due to active CH. Because the decreased performance was also present outside the attacks it may hint at generally altered brain functions, but do not necessarily reflect clinically relevant behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dresler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Human hypothalamus shows differential responses to basic motivational stimuli--an invasive electrophysiology study. Neuroscience 2011; 189:330-6. [PMID: 21651964 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus supports basic motivational behaviours such as mating and feeding. Recording directly from the posterior inferior hypothalamus in a male patient receiving a deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrode for the alleviation of cluster headache, we tested the hypothalamic response to different classes of motivational stimuli (sexually relevant: pictures of dressed and undressed women; pictures of food) and pictures of common objects as control. Averaged local field potentials (LFP) to sexually relevant stimuli were characterized by a biphasic significantly enhanced response (relative to objects; bootstrapping statistics) with a first phase starting at around 200 ms and a second phase peaking at around 600 ms. Sexually relevant stimuli also showed a greatly enhanced positivity relative to other stimulus classes in surface event-related potentials in a group of 11 male control participants. It is suggested that the hypothalamus is involved in the recruitment of attentional resources by sexually relevant stimuli reflected in this surface positivity. In a second session, the response to food stimuli relative to objects was tested in two states: after fasting for 14 h, LFPs to food and object stimuli showed significant differences in between 300 and 850 ms, which disappeared after a full high-calorie meal, thus replicating classic studies in monkeys [Rolls et al., Brain Res (1976) 111:53-66]. The current data are the first to demonstrate hypothalamic responses to the sight of motivational stimuli in man and thus shows that recording from DBS electrodes might provide important information about the cognitive functions of subcortical structures.
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Abstract
There is no specialized alcohol addiction area in the brain; rather, alcohol acts on a wide range of excitatory and inhibitory nervous networks to modulate neurotransmitters actions by binding with and altering the function of specific proteins. With no hemato-encephalic barrier for alcohol, its actions are strongly related to the amount of intake. Heavy alcohol intake is associated with both structural and functional changes in the central nervous system with long-term neuronal adaptive changes contributing to the phenomena of tolerance and withdrawal. The effects of alcohol on the function of neuronal networks are heterogeneous. Because ethanol affects neural activity in some brain sites but is without effect in others, its actions are analyzed in terms of integrated connectivities in the functional circuitry of neuronal networks, which are of particular interest because of the cognitive interactions discussed in the manuscripts contributing to this review. Recent molecular data are reviewed as a support for the other contributions dealing with cognitive disturbances related to alcohol acute and addicted consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Tomberg
- Brain Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and CENOLI, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Camara E, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Ye Z, Münte TF. Reward networks in the brain as captured by connectivity measures. Front Neurosci 2009; 3:350-62. [PMID: 20198152 PMCID: PMC2796919 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.01.034.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An assortment of human behaviors is thought to be driven by rewards including reinforcement learning, novelty processing, learning, decision making, economic choice, incentive motivation, and addiction. In each case the ventral tegmental area/ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) (VTA–VS) system has been implicated as a key structure by functional imaging studies, mostly on the basis of standard, univariate analyses. Here we propose that standard functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis needs to be complemented by methods that take into account the differential connectivity of the VTA–VS system in the different behavioral contexts in order to describe reward based processes more appropriately. We first consider the wider network for reward processing as it emerged from animal experimentation. Subsequently, an example for a method to assess functional connectivity is given. Finally, we illustrate the usefulness of such analyses by examples regarding reward valuation, reward expectation and the role of reward in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Camara
- Departament de Ciencies Fisiològiques, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Hennige AM, Sartorius T, Lutz SZ, Tschritter O, Preissl H, Hopp S, Fritsche A, Rammensee HG, Ruth P, Häring HU. Insulin-mediated cortical activity in the slow frequency range is diminished in obese mice and promotes physical inactivity. Diabetologia 2009; 52:2416-2424. [PMID: 19756482 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS There is evidence from mouse models and humans that alterations in insulin action in the brain are accompanied by an obese phenotype; however, the impact of insulin with regard to behavioural aspects such as locomotion is unknown. METHODS To address insulin action in the brain with regard to cortical activity in distinct frequency bands and the behavioural consequences, the insulin signalling pathway was followed from the receptor to electrical activity and locomotion. Western blot analysis, electrocorticograms with intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) application of insulin, and measurements of locomotor activity were performed in lean and obese, as well as Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/4-deficient, mice. RESULTS We show that insulin application i.c.v. into lean mice was accompanied by a profound increase in cortical activity in the slow frequency range, while diet-induced obese mice displayed insulin resistance. In parallel, insulin administered i.c.v. increased locomotor activity in lean mice, whereas a phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3) kinase inhibitor or obesity abolished insulin-mediated locomotion. A potential candidate that links insulin signalling to locomotion is the Kv1.3 channel that is activated by PI3-kinase. Pharmacological inhibition of Kv1.3 channels that bypassed insulin receptor activation promoted activity. Moreover, mice deficient in TLR2/4-dependent signalling displayed an increase in cortical activity in the slow frequency range that was correlated with improved spontaneous and insulin-mediated locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data provide functional evidence for a direct effect of insulin on brain activation patterns in the slow frequency bands and locomotor activity in lean mice, while in obese mice, insulin-mediated locomotion is blunted and further aggravates physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hennige
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - T Sartorius
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - S Z Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - O Tschritter
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - H Preissl
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - S Hopp
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - A Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - H-G Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - P Ruth
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - H-U Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Headache and cognitive profile in children: a cross-sectional controlled study. J Headache Pain 2009; 11:45-51. [PMID: 19841863 PMCID: PMC3452186 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-009-0165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether children affected by tension-type headache and migraine without aura, compared with a healthy control group that was matched by age, culturally and socioeconomically display a diverse intellectual functioning and have a separate “cognitive profile”. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2006 to November 2008 at “Sapienza University” in Rome. A total of 134 children were diagnosed as being affected by either migraine without aura (93) or tension-type headache (41). On the basis of our exclusion/inclusion criteria, we enrolled 82 of these 134 children, 63 of whom were affected by migraine without aura and 19 by tension-type headache. On entry, cognitive functions were assessed in both the affected subjects and the control group by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-revised. Significant differences were found between the headache and control groups in the mean total intelligence quotient and verbal intelligence quotient scores (p < 0.001). Significant negative correlations were found between the total intelligence quotient, verbal intelligence quotient, performance intelligence quotient and the frequency of attacks (r = −0.55 and p < 0.001, r = −0.61 and p < 0.001, r = −0.29 and p < 0.01, respectively), as well as between the total intelligence quotient score and the age at headache onset (r = 0.234, p < 0.05). Our results suggest that the cognitive profile of children affected by headache should be assessed at the first child neurology outpatient observation. From a therapeutic point of view, although within a normal range, the abilities most likely to be less brilliant in such children are verbal skills.
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Heinze HJ, Heldmann M, Voges J, Hinrichs H, Marco-Pallares J, Hopf JM, Müller UJ, Galazky I, Sturm V, Bogerts B, Münte TF. Counteracting incentive sensitization in severe alcohol dependence using deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens: clinical and basic science aspects. Front Hum Neurosci 2009; 3:22. [PMID: 19750197 PMCID: PMC2741292 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.09.022.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens (NAcc) has been implicated in the craving for drugs and alcohol which is a major reason for relapse of addicted people. Craving might be induced by drug-related cues. This suggests that disruption of craving-related neural activity in the NAcc may significantly reduce craving in alcohol-dependent patients. Here we report on preliminary clinical and neurophysiological evidence in three male patients who were treated with high frequency deep brain stimulation of the NAcc bilaterally. All three had been alcohol-dependent for many years, unable to abstain from drinking, and had experienced repeated relapses prior to the stimulation. After the operation, craving was greatly reduced and all three patients were able to abstain from drinking for extended periods of time. Immediately after the operation but prior to connection of the stimulation electrodes to the stimulator, local field potentials were obtained from the externalized cables in two patients while they performed cognitive tasks addressing action monitoring and incentive salience of drug-related cues. LFPs in the action monitoring task provided further evidence for a role of the NAcc in goal-directed behaviors. Importantly, alcohol-related cue stimuli in the incentive salience task modulated LFPs even though these cues were presented outside of the attentional focus. This implies that cue-related craving involves the NAcc and is highly automatic.
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25
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van der Meer MAA, Redish AD. Low and High Gamma Oscillations in Rat Ventral Striatum have Distinct Relationships to Behavior, Reward, and Spiking Activity on a Learned Spatial Decision Task. Front Integr Neurosci 2009; 3:9. [PMID: 19562092 PMCID: PMC2701683 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.07.009.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Local field potential (LFP) oscillations in the brain reflect organization thought to be important for perception, attention, movement, and memory. In the basal ganglia, including dorsal striatum, dysfunctional LFP states are associated with Parkinson's disease, while in healthy subjects, dorsal striatal LFPs have been linked to decision-making processes. However, LFPs in ventral striatum have been less studied. We report that in rats running a spatial decision task, prominent gamma-50 (45–55 Hz) and gamma-80 (70–85 Hz) oscillations in ventral striatum had distinct relationships to behavior, task events, and spiking activity. Gamma-50 power increased sharply following reward delivery and before movement initiation, while in contrast, gamma-80 power ramped up gradually to reward locations. Gamma-50 power was low and contained little structure during early learning, but rapidly developed a stable pattern, while gamma-80 power was initially high before returning to a stable level within a similar timeframe. Putative fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) showed phase, firing rate, and coherence relationships with gamma-50 and gamma-80, indicating that the observed LFP patterns are locally relevant. Furthermore, in a number of FSIs such relationships were specific to gamma-50 or gamma-80, suggesting that partially distinct FSI populations mediate the effects of gamma-50 and gamma-80.
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26
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Camara E, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Münte TF. Functional connectivity of reward processing in the brain. Front Hum Neurosci 2009; 2:19. [PMID: 19242558 PMCID: PMC2647336 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.09.019.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversial results have been reported concerning the neural mechanisms involved in the processing of rewards and punishments. On the one hand, there is evidence suggesting that monetary gains and losses activate a similar fronto-subcortical network. On the other hand, results of recent studies imply that reward and punishment may engage distinct neural mechanisms. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we investigated both regional and interregional functional connectivity patterns while participants performed a gambling task featuring unexpectedly high monetary gains and losses. Classical univariate statistical analysis showed that monetary gains and losses activated a similar fronto-striatal-limbic network, in which main activation peaks were observed bilaterally in the ventral striatum. Functional connectivity analysis showed similar responses for gain and loss conditions in the insular cortex, the amygdala, and the hippocampus that correlated with the activity observed in the seed region ventral striatum, with the connectivity to the amygdala appearing more pronounced after losses. Larger functional connectivity was found to the medial orbitofrontal cortex for negative outcomes. The fact that different functional patterns were obtained with both analyses suggests that the brain activations observed in the classical univariate approach identifies the involvement of different functional networks in the current task. These results stress the importance of studying functional connectivity in addition to standard fMRI analysis in reward-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Camara
- Department of Neuropsychology, University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
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27
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Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Wahl et al. demonstrate via invasive recordings from Deep Brain Stimulation leads that the thalamus (but not basal ganglia) is sensitive to certain linguistic violations, consistent with a subcortical role in selective recruitment of language-related cortical areas.
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