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Scholtz M, Guthrie AJ, Newton R, Schulman ML. Review of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae as venereal pathogens in horses. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 39103748 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Three bacteria extensively acknowledged as venereal pathogens with the potential to induce endometritis include Taylorella equigenitalis, the causative agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM), specific strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and certain capsule types of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The United Kingdom's Horserace Betting Levy Board recommends pre-breeding screening for these bacteria in their International Codes of Practice and >20 000 samples are tested per annum in the United Kingdom alone. While the pathogenesis and regulatory importance of CEM are well established, an evaluation of the literature pertaining to venereal transmission of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae was lacking. The aim of this review was to evaluate published literature and determine the significance of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae as venereal pathogens in horses. Literature definitively demonstrating venereal transmission was not available. Instead, application of molecular typing methods suggested that common environmental sources of contamination, such as water, or fomites be considered as modes of transmission. The presence of organisms with pathogenic potential on a horse's external genitalia did not predict venereal transmission with resultant endometritis and reduced fertility. These findings may prompt further investigation using molecular technologies to confirm or exclude venereal spread and investigation of alternative mechanisms of transmission are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Scholtz
- Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Alan John Guthrie
- Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Richard Newton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Lance Schulman
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Kabir A, Lamichhane B, Habib T, Adams A, El-Sheikh Ali H, Slovis NM, Troedsson MHT, Helmy YA. Antimicrobial Resistance in Equines: A Growing Threat to Horse Health and Beyond-A Comprehensive Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:713. [PMID: 39200013 PMCID: PMC11350719 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The equine industry holds substantial economic importance not only in the USA but worldwide. The occurrence of various infectious bacterial diseases in horses can lead to severe health issues, economic losses, and restrictions on horse movement and trade. Effective management and control of these diseases are therefore crucial for the growth and sustainability of the equine industry. While antibiotics constitute the primary treatment strategy for any bacterial infections in horses, developing resistance to clinically important antibiotics poses significant challenges to equine health and welfare. The adverse effects of antimicrobial overuse and the escalating threat of resistance underscore the critical importance of antimicrobial stewardship within the equine industry. There is limited information on the epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections in horses. In this comprehensive review, we focus on the history and types of antimicrobials used in horses and provide recommendations for combating drug-resistant bacterial infections in horses. This review also highlights the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in horses, emphasizing the public health significance and transmission dynamics between horses and other animals within a One Health framework. By fostering responsible practices and innovative control measures, we can better help the equine industry combat the pressing threat of AMR and thus safeguard equine as well as public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajran Kabir
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.K.)
| | - Bibek Lamichhane
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.K.)
| | - Tasmia Habib
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.K.)
| | - Alexis Adams
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.K.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.K.)
| | - Nathan M. Slovis
- McGee Medical Center, Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA;
| | - Mats H. T. Troedsson
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.K.)
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.K.)
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Hou G, Ahmad S, Li Y, Yan D, Yang S, Chen S, Qiu Z, Yu X, Li N, Li Y, Liang Y, Leng Q, Qu Y. Epidemiological, Virulence, and Antibiotic Resistance Analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Major Source of Threat to Livestock and Poultry in Some Regions of Xinjiang, China. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1433. [PMID: 38791650 PMCID: PMC11117231 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is recognized as a zoonotic pathogen with an increasing threat to livestock and poultry. However, research on K. pneumoniae of animal origin remains limited. To address the gap, a comprehensive investigation was carried out by collecting a total of 311 samples from the farms of four animal species (dairy cow, chicken, sheep, and pig) in selected areas of Xinjiang, China. Isolates were identified by khe gene amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Genotyping of K. pneumonia isolates was performed using wzi typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). PCR was employed to identify virulence and resistance genes. An antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer method. The findings revealed an isolation of 62 K. pneumoniae strains, with an average isolation rate of 19.94%, with the highest proportion originating from cattle sources (33.33%). Over 85.00% of these isolates harbored six virulence genes (wabG, uge, fimH, markD, entB, and ureA); while more than 75.00% of isolates possessed four resistance genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, oqxA, and gyrA). All isolates exhibited complete resistance to ampicillin and demonstrated substantial resistance to sulfisoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and enrofloxacin, with an antibiotic resistance rate of more than 50%. Furthermore, 48.39% (30/62) of isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, with a significantly higher isolation rate observed in the swine farms (66.67%) compared to other farms. Genetic characterization revealed the classification of the 62 isolates into 30 distinct wzi allele types or 35 different sequence types (STs). Notably, we identified K. pneumoniae strains of dairy and swine origin belonging to the same ST42 and wzi33-KL64 types, as well as strains of dairy and chicken origin belonging to the same wzi31-KL31-K31 type. These findings emphasize the widespread occurrence of drug-resistant K. pneumoniae across diverse animal sources in Xinjiang, underscoring the high prevalence of multidrug resistance. Additionally, our results suggest the potential for animal-to-animal transmission of K. pneumoniae and there was a correlation between virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes. Moreover, the current study provides valuable data on the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and genetic diversity of K. pneumoniae originating from diverse animal sources in Xinjiang, China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingwen Leng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (G.H.); (S.A.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (S.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (N.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yonggang Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (G.H.); (S.A.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (S.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (N.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
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Thomson P, García P, del Río C, Castro R, Núñez A, Miranda C. Antimicrobial Resistance and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Genes in Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter Isolates from the Uterus of Healthy Mares. Pathogens 2023; 12:1145. [PMID: 37764953 PMCID: PMC10535638 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a growing concern for human and animal health. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes in Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. isolates from the uterus of healthy mares. For this purpose, 21 mares were swabbed for samples, which were later seeded on blood agar and MacConkey agar. The isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF and the antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer technique. To characterize the resistance genes, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) scheme was performed. Of the isolates identified as Gram-negative, 68.8% were Enterobacterales, represented by E. coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter spp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae; 28.1% belonged to the genus Acinetobacter spp.; and 3.1% to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A 9.3% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), presenting resistance to antibiotics from three different classes, while 18.8% presented resistance to two or more classes of different antibiotics. The diversity of three genes that code for ESBL (blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaSHV) was detected in 12.5% of the strains. The most frequent was blaSHV, while blaTEM and blaCTX-M were present in Citrobacter spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These results are an alarm call for veterinarians and their environment and suggest taking measures to prevent the spread of these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Thomson
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Microbioma, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile;
| | - Patricia García
- Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago 8940000, Chile;
| | - Camila del Río
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Microbioma, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Castro
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 3473620, Chile
| | - Andrea Núñez
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Curicó 3340000, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
| | - Carolina Miranda
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Red de Salud UC-CHRISTUS, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago 8940000, Chile;
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Pimenta J, Pinto AR, Saavedra MJ, Cotovio M. Equine Gram-Negative Oral Microbiota: An Antimicrobial Resistances Watcher? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040792. [PMID: 37107153 PMCID: PMC10135200 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses are considered as reservoirs of multidrug resistant bacteria that can be spread through the environment and possibly to humans. The aim of this study was to characterize the oral Gram-negative microbiota of healthy horses and evaluate their antimicrobial susceptibility profile in a One Health approach. For this purpose, samples were collected from the gingival margin of healthy horses, free of antimicrobial therapy, cultured in selective mediums, identified, and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Fifty-five Gram-negative isolates were identified, with 89.5% being zoonotic and 62% affecting humans, which were also found commonly in the environment. Forty-eight isolates (96%) were MDR. The phenotypic resistance presented as higher to macrolides (81.8%), β-lactams (55.4%), and quinolones (50%), and lower to sulfonamides (27.3%), tetracyclines, and amphenicols (both with 30.9%). In total, 51.5% of the isolates presented resistance to carbapenems. In addition to being the first report on the commensal oral microbiota of horses and respective susceptibility profile, this study highlights the horse as a valuable sentinel that can control the evolution and transmission of multidrug-resistant bacteria between the "One Health triad" since it is in contact with humans, other animals, and the environment, in different geographic locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pimenta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit (A2BUnit), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Research Center and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit (A2BUnit), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences and Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria José Saavedra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit (A2BUnit), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Research Center and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences and Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Cotovio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit (A2BUnit), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Research Center and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Alsaadi A, Imam M, Alghamdi AA, Alghoribi MF. Towards promising antimicrobial alternatives: The future of bacteriophage research and development in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1355-1362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Phenotypic and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase/AmpC- and carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Iran. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4769-4776. [PMID: 35657452 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the current study is to evaluate the phenotypic and molecular characterization of ESBL/AmpC- and carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae isolates in Iran. METHODS From October 2018 until the end of April 2020, different clinical samples were collected and K. pneumoniae isolates were identified using conventional biochemical tests and PCR assay. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Modified Hedge Test (MHT) was applied to the identification of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae. ESBL and AmpC-producing K. pneumoniae were detected using Double Disc Test (DDT) and Disc Potentiation Test (DPT), respectively. The presence of carbapenemase, ESBL, and AmpC encoding genes was screened by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay. RESULTS A total of 100 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected. K. pneumoniae isolates had the highest resistance rate to cefazolin (66%) and cefotaxime (66%). Meropenem and amikacin with sensitivity rates of 76% and 69% were the most effective antimicrobial agents on K. pneumoniae isolates. It was found that 12 (12%), 27 (27%), and 9 (9%) K. pneumoniae isolates were positive in MHT, DDT, and DPT tests, respectively. Among the carbapenemase-encoding genes, blaOXA-48 (24%) and blaIMP (13%) genes had the highest frequency, while blaKPC and blaGIM genes were not detected among K. pneumoniae isolates. blaTEM (48%) and blaCMY (8%) genes had the highest frequency among ESBL and AmpC β-lactamase-encoding genes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS It is vital to adopt effective control strategies for K. pneumoniae infections and ensure rapid identification of antibiotic resistance profile.
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Samir A, Abdel-Moein KA, Zaher HM. The Public Health Burden of Virulent Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Isolated from Diseased Horses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:217-224. [PMID: 35394385 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae has been associated with both nosocomial and community-acquired infections with mounting public health concern throughout the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the burden of virulent extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae among diarrheic horses or those with respiratory illness to underscore the public health implication of such strains. Materials and Methods: Rectal and nasal swabs were gathered from 100 diseased horses (50 diarrheic and 50 with respiratory illness). The collected swabs were processed for isolation of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae using a selective medium followed by phenotypic and molecular identification of the isolates. All ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains were investigated for six virulence genes (type 3 fimbrial adhesin [mrkD], enterobactin [entB], regulator of mucoid phenotype A [rmpA], Klebsiella ferric iron uptake [kfu], mucoviscosity-associated gene A [magA], and type 2 capsular polysaccharide [K2]). Results: Of the 100 examined animals, ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae was recovered from 13 (13%), with isolation rates in horses suffering from diarrhea and respiratory illness being 20% and 6%, respectively. Among the obtained isolates, bla TEM and bla SHV were found in all strains (100%) followed by bla CTX-M in 92.3%, while none of the isolates had bla OXA. In addition, 13 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains exhibited a multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern. Regarding the occurrence of virulence genes among the isolates, mrkD (100%) and entB (100%) were the most predominant virulence genes followed by rmpA (76.9%) and kfu (46.2%). On the contrary, magA and K2 were negative in all ESBL-producing strains. Furthermore, this work provides four K. pneumoniae mrkD partial sequences that displayed high genetic relatedness with those obtained from human to clarify the public health burden of such isolates. Conclusion: The occurrence of virulent ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae among diseased horses highlights the potential role of this animal in the epidemiology of such virulent and antimicrobial-resistant strains, which may have great public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Samir
- Department of Microbiology and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled A Abdel-Moein
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala M Zaher
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Arafa AA, Hedia RH, Dorgham SM, Ibrahim ES, Bakry MA, Abdalhamed AM, Abuelnaga ASM. Determination of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from horses with respiratory manifestation. Vet World 2022; 15:827-833. [PMID: 35698500 PMCID: PMC9178564 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.827-833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The World Health Organization considers multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae a major global threat. Horses harbor commensal isolates of this bacterial species and potentially serve as reservoirs for human MDR bacteria. This study investigated antimicrobial resistance in horses caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: One hundred fifty-nine nasal swab samples were collected from horses with respiratory distress not treated with cefotaxime and erythromycin. Biochemical and serological identification was performed on all samples. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect 16S-23S ITS, mucoviscosity-associated gene (magA), uridine diphosphate galacturonate 4-epimerase gene (uge), and iron uptake system gene (kfu), blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX genes. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic relatedness of randomly selected K. pneumoniae isolates carrying the blaTEM gene were performed. Results: Ten isolates of Klebsiella spp. were obtained from 159 samples, with an incidence of 6.28% (10 of 159). Based on biochemical and serological identification, K. pneumoniae was detected in 4.4% (7 of 159) of the samples. Using PCR, all tested K. pneumoniae isolates (n=7) carried the 16S-23S ITS gene. By contrast, no isolates carried magA, uge, and kfu genes. The blaTEM gene was detected in all test isolates. Moreover, all isolates did not harbor the blaSHV or blaCTX gene. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic relatedness reported that the maximum likelihood unrooted tree generated indicated the clustering of the test isolate with the other Gram-negative isolate blaTEM. Finally, the sequence distance of the blaTEM gene of the test isolate (generated by Lasergene) showed an identity range of 98.4-100% with the blaTEM gene of the different test isolates. Conclusion: The misuse of antimicrobials and insufficient veterinary services might help generate a population of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in equines and humans, representing a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A. Arafa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Riham H. Hedia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Sohad M. Dorgham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Eman S. Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Magdy A. Bakry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Abeer M. Abdalhamed
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Azza S. M. Abuelnaga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
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Duplication of bla CTX-M-1 and a class 1 integron on the chromosome enhances antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from racehorses in Japan. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 27:225-227. [PMID: 34655811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae have become a cause for great concern. Although some studies have reported the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria and ESBL-encoding genes in horses worldwide, the genetic structure surrounding the ESBL gene has not been analysed in detail. In the present study, we isolated two ESBL-producing Escherichia coli strains from diseased racehorses in Japan and demonstrated the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. METHODS Two ESBL-producing E. coli strains (E148 and E189) were isolated from the heart and liver of horses with endocarditis and sepsis in 2014 and 2016, respectively, in Japan. Complete genomic sequences of the two strains were analysed using a PacBio RSII sequencer. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the agar dilution method. RESULTS The two isolates possessed a chromosomal AMR gene cluster containing blaCTX-M-1 that was similar to the pEQ1 plasmid found in E. coli isolated from a racehorse in the Czech Republic. In one of the two strains, tandem duplication of the 16-kb region containing blaCTX-M-1 and a class 1 integron, which occurred via IS26-mediated recombination, increased minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) associated with the duplicated AMR genes. CONCLUSION Chromosomal blaCTX-M-1 possibly derived from the pEQ1 or pEQ1-like plasmid was found in Japanese equine E. coli isolates. In Japanese strains, many AMR genes containing blaCTX-M-1 and the class 1 integron are highly accumulated in one region on the chromosome, and the AMR of E. coli was enhanced via the IS26-mediated duplication of the AMR gene cluster.
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11
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Sato W, Sukmawinata E, Uemura R, Kanda T, Kusano K, Kambayashi Y, Sato T, Ishikawa Y, Toya R, Sueyoshi M. Antimicrobial resistance profiles and phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli isolated from healthy Thoroughbred racehorses in Japan. J Equine Sci 2020; 31:85-91. [PMID: 33376444 PMCID: PMC7750643 DOI: 10.1294/jes.31.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal
Escherichia coli isolated from healthy Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses in Japan. A total of
212 fecal samples were individually collected from TB racehorses from March 2017 to August
2018 at Japan Racing Association training centers. E. coli was isolated by using selective
agar media, deoxycholate-hydrogen sulfide-lactose (DHL) and eosin methylene blue (EMB). A
total of 417 E. coli isolates were examined against 10 antimicrobial agents by using the
broth microdilution method. The 417 E. coli isolates were phylogenetically grouped using a
multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The highest proportion of resistance was observed for
streptomycin (30.9%, 129/417) followed by ampicillin (19.4%, 81/417), trimethoprim (15.8%,
66/417), tetracycline (8.4%, 35/417), chloramphenicol (2.6%, 11/417), kanamycin (1.2%,
5/417), nalidixic acid (0.5%, 2/417), cefazolin (0.2%, 1/417), colistin (0.2%, 1/417), and
gentamycin (0%). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli was detected in 7.9% (33/417) of
isolates. The proportions of resistance against ampicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, and
chloramphenicol and of multidrug-resistant phenotypes in E. coli belonging to phylogenetic
group B2 were significantly higher than those of other groups. This study clarified the
distribution of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) E. coli in Japanese racehorses. A continuous
monitoring program for antimicrobial resistance is required to control the spread of AMR
bacteria in racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Sato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Eddy Sukmawinata
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Ryoko Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Diseases Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takuya Kanda
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Miho Training Center, Racehorse Clinic, Japan Racing Association, Ibaraki 300-0400, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kambayashi
- Miho Training Center, Racehorse Clinic, Japan Racing Association, Ibaraki 300-0400, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Ritto Training Center, Racehorse Clinic, Japan Racing Association, Shiga 520-3005, Japan
| | - Yuhiro Ishikawa
- Ritto Training Center, Racehorse Clinic, Japan Racing Association, Shiga 520-3005, Japan
| | - Ryohei Toya
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Masuo Sueyoshi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Isolated From Healthy Thoroughbred Racehorses in Japan. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103232. [PMID: 33077095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) enterococci was evaluated in Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses in Japan. Fecal samples were collected from 212 healthy TB racehorses at the Miho and Ritto Training Centers of the Japan Racing Association from March 2017 to August 2018. Isolation and identification were performed by enterococcus selective medium and confirmed to the species using MALDI-TOF MS. Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against 11 antimicrobials by minimum inhibitory concentration based on recommendation from Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Among 583 enterococcus isolates, E. faecium and E. faecalis were identified for 48.2% (281/583) and 7.4% (43/583), respectively. One isolate that was representing E. faecium (153 isolates) and E. faecalis (31 isolates) from each sample was selected for antimicrobial susceptibility test. The highest rate of resistance for E. faecium isolates was observed against enrofloxacin (57.5%; 88/153), followed by streptomycin (32.0%; 49/153), kanamycin (18.3%; 28/153), gentamycin (5.9%; 9/153), erythromycin (5.9%; 9/153), and oxytetracycline (4.6%; 7/153). For E. faecium isolates, the highest resistance was observed against streptomycin (90.3%; 28/31), followed by kanamycin (41.9%; 13/31), gentamycin (29.0%; 9/31), lincomycin (9.7%; 3/31), oxytetracycline (6.5%; 2/31), erythromycin (6.5%; 2/31), tylosin (6.5%; 2/31), enrofloxacin (6.5%; 2/31), and chloramphenicol (3.2%; 1/31). The results indicated that enrofloxacin and aminoglycosides were highly resistant among tested antimicrobials. Continuous monitoring studies are useful to increase the awareness of the potential for AMR bacteria to arise from imprudent use of antimicrobials in TB racehorses in Japan.
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Antimicrobial Resistance in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071161. [PMID: 32659916 PMCID: PMC7401552 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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