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Fan X, Qiu L, Huang L, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Miao Y. MiR-190a regulates milk protein biosynthesis through the mTOR and JAK2–STAT5 signaling pathways by targeting PTHLH in buffalo mammary epithelial cells. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
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Sun M, Cao Y, Xing Y, Mu X, Hao Y, Yang J, Niu X, Li D. Effects of L-arginine and arginine-arginine dipeptide on amino acids uptake and αS1-casein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad339. [PMID: 37782762 PMCID: PMC10590174 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine (Arg), as an important functional amino acids (AA), is essential for milk protein synthesis in lactating ruminants. Arg shares transporters with cationic and neutral AA in mammary epithelial cells. Therefore, competitive inhibition might exist among these AA in uptake by mammary epithelial cells. In this study, cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) were used as the model to investigate whether the availability of L-Arg (0.7, 1.4, 2.8, 5.6, and 11.2 mM) affects the uptake of other AA and if this related to αS1-casein synthesis, and whether Arginine-Arginine (Arg-Arg) substituting part of free L-Arg can alleviate competitive inhibition among Arg and other AA, so as to promote αS1-casein synthesis. Our results showed that 2.8 mM L-Arg generated the greatest positive effects on αS1-casein synthesis and the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway (P < 0.01). With L-Arg supply increasing from 0.7 to 11.2 mM, the net-uptake of other AA (except Glu and Ala) decreased linearly and quadratically (Plinear < 0.01; Pquadratic < 0.01). Compared with 2.8 mM, the net-uptake of essential amino acids (EAA) and total amino acids (TAA) were lower at 11.2 mM L-Arg group, while greater at 1.4 mM L-Arg group (P < 0.01). Arg-Arg dipeptide replacing 10% free L-Arg increased αS1-casein synthesis (P < 0.05), net-uptake of EAA and TAA, as well as phosphorylation level of mTOR and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70S6K) and mRNA expression of oligopeptide transporter 2 (PepT2; P < 0.01). These observations suggested that the increased αS1-casein synthesis by 10% Arg-Arg dipeptide might be related to the increase of AA availability and the activation of mTOR signaling pathway in BMEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Yue Cao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xing
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Xiaojia Mu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Yihong Hao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Niu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Dabiao Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010000, China
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The Role of microRNAs in the Mammary Gland Development, Health, and Function of Cattle, Goats, and Sheep. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7040078. [PMID: 34940759 PMCID: PMC8708473 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is an integral and therefore complex structural element of mammalian nutrition. Therefore, it is simple to conclude that lactation, the process of producing milk, is as complex as the mammary gland, the organ responsible for this biochemical activity. Nutrition, genetics, epigenetics, disease pathogens, climatic conditions, and other environmental variables all impact breast productivity. In the last decade, the number of studies devoted to epigenetics has increased dramatically. Reports are increasingly describing the direct participation of microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, in the regulation of mammary gland development and function. This paper presents a summary of the current state of knowledge about the roles of miRNAs in mammary gland development, health, and functions, particularly during lactation. The significance of miRNAs in signaling pathways, cellular proliferation, and the lipid metabolism in agricultural ruminants, which are crucial in light of their role in the nutrition of humans as consumers of dairy products, is discussed.
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Amino Acids Supplementation for the Milk and Milk Protein Production of Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072118. [PMID: 34359247 PMCID: PMC8300144 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The composition of milk not only has nutritional implications, but is also directly related to the income of dairy producers. As regards milk’s composition, concerns around milk protein have emerged from the increased consumption of casein products. The synthesis of proteins in milk is a highly complex and high-cost process, because the conversion efficiency of dietary protein to milk protein is very low in dairy cows. Thus, some studies have increased milk protein by using protein supplements or a single amino acid (AA) supply. AAs are the building blocks of protein, and can also stimulate the protein synthetic pathway. This review mainly concerns the use of AAs for producing milk protein in high-producing dairy cows, particularly with methionine, lysine, and histidine. Understanding the mechanisms of AAs will help to promote milk protein synthesis in the dairy industry. Abstract As the preference of consumers for casein products has increased, the protein content of milk from dairy cows is drawing more attention. Protein synthesis in the milk of dairy cows requires a proper supply of dietary protein. High protein supplementation may help to produce more milk protein, but residues in feces and urine cause environmental pollution and increase production costs. As such, previous studies have focused on protein supplements and amino acid (AA) supply. This review concerns AA nutrition for enhancing milk protein in dairy cows, and mainly focuses on three AAs: methionine, lysine, and histidine. AA supplementation for promoting protein synthesis is related to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex and its downstream pathways. Each AA has different stimulating effects on the mTOR translation initiation pathway, and thus manifests different milk protein yields. This review will expand our understanding of AA nutrition and the involved pathways in relation to the synthesis of milk protein in dairy cows.
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Andoni E, Curone G, Agradi S, Barbato O, Menchetti L, Vigo D, Zelli R, Cotozzolo E, Ceccarini MR, Faustini M, Quattrone A, Castrica M, Brecchia G. Effect of Goji Berry ( Lycium barbarum) Supplementation on Reproductive Performance of Rabbit Does. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061672. [PMID: 34205213 PMCID: PMC8227310 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infectious diseases represent serious problems for the reproductive performance of livestock animals because they negatively affect not only the welfare of the animals, but also the profitability of the farm. Moreover, the European Community continues to promote the reduction of the use of antibiotics and hormones in animal breeding. In this context, it is necessary to find new nutritional approaches to reduce the negative energy balance, and at the same time, to reinforce the immune system of the animals. In this research, the effect of goji berry supplementation on the reproductive activity and productive performance of rabbits is evaluated. Lycium barbarum fruit is considered a nutraceutical natural product containing various biologically active substances that show health benefits for both humans and animals. In particular, the berry can modulate hormones and metabolites involved in energy balance and reproduction, stimulate and balance the immune system activity, contributing to the defense of the organism against pathogens. Our results suggest that the integration with goji berry in the rabbit diet at 1% affects the reproductive activity, influencing the pattern secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estrogens, as well as the sexual receptivity. Moreover, the fruit induced a higher milk production, improving the productive performance of young rabbits. Abstract Goji berry shows a wide range of beneficial properties in human health, but only a few studies evaluated its effects in livestock animals. The objective of this research was to assess the effects of goji berry supplementation on the hormonal profile, productive, and reproductive performance of does. Two months before artificial insemination, 105 nulliparous does were randomly divided into three groups (n = 35) based on the dietary treatment: commercial diet (C), or a diet supplemented with either 1% (G1), or 3% (G3) of goji berry, respectively. The results showed that receptivity was higher in G1 than in the C group (p < 0.05). Trends toward significance for differences between the G1 and G3 groups in marginal means of LH concentrations (p = 0.059), and between G1 and C in LH AUC values (p = 0.078), were evidenced. Estrogen concentrations showed a more fluctuating trend but a significant interaction effect (p < 0.001). The G1 group showed higher litter weight than C at birth (p = 0.008) and weaning (p < 0.001), as well as higher litter size at weaning (p = 0.020). The G1 group also exhibited the highest mean milk production (p < 0.01). In conclusion, goji berry influenced reproductive and productive performance, probably via modulating hormonal patterns and milk production in rabbits. However, further studies are needed to validate these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egon Andoni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Albania, 1029 Kamez, Albania;
| | - Giulio Curone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (S.A.); (D.V.); (M.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Stella Agradi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (S.A.); (D.V.); (M.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Olimpia Barbato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (O.B.); (R.Z.); (A.Q.)
| | - Laura Menchetti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40137 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-503-34583
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (S.A.); (D.V.); (M.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Riccardo Zelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (O.B.); (R.Z.); (A.Q.)
| | - Elisa Cotozzolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy;
| | | | - Massimo Faustini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (S.A.); (D.V.); (M.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Alda Quattrone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (O.B.); (R.Z.); (A.Q.)
| | - Marta Castrica
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety “Carlo Cantoni”, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (S.A.); (D.V.); (M.F.); (G.B.)
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Zhou G, Xu Q, Wu F, Wang M, Chen L, Hu L, Zhao J, Loor JJ, Zhang J. Arginine Alters miRNA Expression Involved in Development and Proliferation of Rat Mammary Tissue. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020535. [PMID: 33669500 PMCID: PMC7923093 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary MiRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate a variety of developmental and physiological processes, with many having well-defined developmental and cell-type specific expression patterns. Aspects of the cell cycle such as cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis can be regulated by miRNA, underscoring an unexplored link between arginine supply and mammary tissue function during lactation. The specific objective of the present study was to determine miRNA profiles in mammary tissue at the end of lactation in response to enhanced dietary supply of arginine. Our results indicate that arginine may potentially be involved in the development of rat mammary glands through miRNA. Abstract This study was designed to determine the effects of dietary arginine on development and proliferation in rat mammary tissue through changes in miRNA profiles. Twelve pregnant Wistar rats were allocated randomly to two groups. A basal diet containing arginine or the control diet containing glutamate on an equal nitrogen basis as the arginine supplemented diet were used. The experiment included a pre-experimental period of four days before parturition and an experimental period of 17 days after parturition. Mammary tissue was collected for histology, RNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing analysis. The greater mammary acinar area indicated that arginine supplementation enhanced mammary tissue development (p < 0.01). MicroRNA profiling indicated that seven miRNA (miR-206-3p, miR-133a-5p, miR-133b-3p, miR-1-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-1b and miR-486) were differentially expressed in response to Arginine when compared with the glutamate-based control group. In silico gene ontology enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis revealed between 240 and 535 putative target genes among the miRNA. Further verification by qPCR revealed concordance with the differential expression from the sequencing results: 17 of 28 target genes were differentially expressed (15 were highly expressed in arginine and 2 in control) and 11 target genes did not have significant difference in expression. In conclusion, our study suggests that arginine may potentially regulate the development of rat mammary glands through regulating miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Xuhuai Regio, Huaian 223000, China;
| | - Qiaoyun Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.X.); (F.W.); (M.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Feifan Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.X.); (F.W.); (M.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.X.); (F.W.); (M.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Lianmin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.X.); (F.W.); (M.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liangyu Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.X.); (F.W.); (M.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.X.); (F.W.); (M.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.X.); (F.W.); (M.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-189-1213-9777
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Wang J, Hao Z, Hu J, Liu X, Li S, Wang J, Shen J, Song Y, Ke N, Luo Y. Small RNA deep sequencing reveals the expressions of microRNAs in ovine mammary gland development at peak-lactation and during the non-lactating period. Genomics 2020; 113:637-646. [PMID: 33007397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are involved in mammary gland development and lactation in livestock. Little is known about the roles of miRNAs in ovine mammary gland development, hence in this study the expression profiles of miRNAs of the mammary gland tissues of ewes at peak-lactation and during the non-lactating period were investigated using RNA sequencing. A total of 147 mature miRNAs were expressed in the two periods. Compared with peak-lactation, eight miRNAs in the non-lactating ewe mammary gland were significantly up-regulated, whereas fifteen miRNAs were down-regulated. A KEGG analysis revealed that the target genes of the up-regulated miRNAs were significantly enriched in lysosome, Wnt and MAPK signaling pathways, while the target genes of down-regulated miRNAs were significantly enriched in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and axon guidance. These results suggest that further study of the differentially expressed miRNAs could provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of mammary development and lactation in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Zhiyun Hao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiu Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shaobin Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jianqing Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jiyuan Shen
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yize Song
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Na Ke
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuzhu Luo
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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