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Doulidis PG, Reisner R, Auer A, Dimmel K, Lammer T, Künzel F. Prevalence and significance of a canine bocavirus-2 outbreak in a cohort of military dogs in Austria. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1461136. [PMID: 39301279 PMCID: PMC11410759 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1461136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bocaviruses are single-stranded DNA viruses from the Parvoviridae family, which have been minimally discussed in veterinary literature and are considered potentially pathogenic. Due to the recurring illness among young dogs in a closed cohort of military dogs in Austria, we assessed the prevalence, possible disease manifestation and outcome of CBoV-2 infection in this cohort. Materials and methods This led to a comprehensive study that not only analyzed past cases but also performed prospective screening PCR tests to identify CBoV-2 positive dogs within this specific dog population. Pharyngeal and rectal swabs were taken. In addition, a control group (n = 20) of clinically healthy client-owned dogs was sampled. A total of 190 samples were taken and tested for the presence of CBoV-2 specific nucleic acid using screening PCR. In addition to the primers used for routine diagnostics, two other primer pairs were used to verify questionable results. The retrospective part of the study includes a total of 13 military dogs that had previously shown suspected clinical signs. Results At the time of the first examination within the prospective part of the study, CBoV-2 was detected in 31% (12/39) of the dogs. During the second examination, 2% (1/47) tested positive, while all PCR testing in the control group (n = 20) was negative in all cases. The retrospective evaluation of the 13 cases revealed a total of six animals tested positive for CBoV-2 via screening PCR. All puppies suffered from skin lesions (papules, vesicles, or pustules). Other clinical signs included diarrhea (83%), vomiting (77%), respiratory (15%), and neurological (8%) signs. Discussion According to the study there are certain indications that CBoV-2 shares similarities with CPV-2 infection but also exhibits critical differences, making their differentiation essential for patient management, outcomes, and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Doulidis
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Reisner
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Auer
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Dimmel
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Lammer
- Militärhundezentrum Kaisersteinbruch, Kaisersteinbruch, Austria
| | - F Künzel
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Faleye TOC, Driver EM, Bowes DA, Smith A, Kaiser NA, Wright JM, Chapman AR, Halden RU, Varsani A, Scotch M. Canine Parvovirus 2C Identified in Dog Feces from Poop Bags Collected from Outdoor Waste Bins in Arizona USA, June 2022. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023; 2023:5596886. [PMID: 38983716 PMCID: PMC11232495 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5596886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Canine parvoviruses (CPVs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs. However, surveillance has been largely limited to clinically manifest cases, resulting in a dearth of CPV genomic information on virus type, abundance, and diversity, limiting our understanding of its evolutionary dynamics. We tested the feasibility of using dog feces in poop bags collected from outdoor waste bins as a source for environmental surveillance of CPV. After polymerase chain reaction, long-read sequencing, and bioinformatics, we identified that CPV-2c was present in Arizona, USA, in June 2022 and documented variants with amino acid substitutions 530E and 101K in NS1 and NS2, respectively. Based on publicly available sequence data in GenBank as of January 2023, the CPV genome described here represents the only CPV genome described in the USA from the 2022 season, despite news of CPV outbreak-associated fatalities in dogs in the USA. This highlights the need for more studies that document CPV complete or near complete genomes, as well as experimental studies, to further our understanding of its evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope O C Faleye
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Erin M Driver
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Devin A Bowes
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Abriana Smith
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nicole A Kaiser
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jillian M Wright
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ainsley R Chapman
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rolf U Halden
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- One Water One Health, Nonprofit Project of the Arizona State University Foundation, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew Scotch
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Machado IC, Nunes T, Maximino M, Malato J, Tavares L, Almeida V, Sepúlveda N, Gil S. Epidemiologic Factors Supporting Triage of Infected Dog Patients Admitted to a Veterinary Hospital Biological Isolation and Containment Unit. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030186. [PMID: 36977225 PMCID: PMC10057909 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The teaching hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Lisbon hosts a Biological Isolation and Containment Unit (BICU) for the hospitalization of both confirmed and suspected animals of an infectious disease. This study targets the BICU dog population to identify and characterize the most frequent infectious diseases recorded in a 7-year period. Several epidemiologic factors were analyzed for their significance to triage infected cases. During the study period, 534 dogs were admitted, of which 263 (49.3%) had a confirmed infectious disease diagnosis: parvovirosis (49.4%; n = 130); leptospirosis (21.7%; n = 57); multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infection; (10.6%; n = 28), and canine distemper (9.9%; n = 26). Several potential risk factors for these diseases were identified: age under 2 years old (p < 0.001), incomplete vaccination for parvovirosis (p < 0.001), age ≥ 10 years old (p < 0.001), and the presence of concomitant disorders for MDR-infected cases (p = 0.03). Logistic regression models were constructed to classify cases and controls. The sensitivity and specificity estimates were very high (>0.83) for parvovirosis, MDR, and distemper infections. A lower sensitivity (0.77) was obtained for identifying cases with leptospirosis. In conclusion, infectious diseases are frequent, hence, it is essential to decrease their occurrence through effective preventive measures such as vaccination. The constructed logistic models can also help in triaging admitted dogs with a potential infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Cunha Machado
- Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Telmo Nunes
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Maximino
- Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Malato
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular (IMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Virgilio Almeida
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Solange Gil
- Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-351213652800
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dos Santos TG, Orlandin JR, de Almeida MF, Scassiotti RF, Oliveira VC, Santos SIP, Pereira VM, Pinto PAF, Mariano CG, Ambrósio CE. Ozone therapy: protocol for treating canine parvovirus infection. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2023; 45:e004622. [PMID: 36819842 PMCID: PMC9930911 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm004622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine Parvovirus infection is a disease caused by Canine Parvovirus (CPV) that results in hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and secondary infections, mainly in puppies between six weeks and six months old that are not immunized. Since there is no specific treatment for the condition, supportive therapy based on antibiotics, antiemetics, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is traditionally used. Ozone therapy is an economical treatment that has bactericidal, fungicidal, and antiviral properties, besides promoting oxygenation and tissue regeneration, as well as anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, and was used as a complementary therapy in this study. Therefore, four mixed-breed dogs, aged between 2 and 3 months, with no previous immunization against CPV and testing positive for the virus in a rapid test were selected. The animals were randomly distributed into two groups, being 1: the control group (n=2) that received only supportive treatment; and 2: the experimental group (n=2), that in addition to conventional therapy received intravenously 500 mL of ozonized Ringer's Lactate solution. Before treatment and after 24 and 48 hours, the following clinical signs were evaluated: episodes of emesis and diarrhea, weight, hydration, blood glucose level, abdominal pain, and blood count. One control group animal died within the first hours of hospitalization. Both animals in the experimental group presented faster resolution of diarrheal episodes and shorter hospitalization time when compared to the surviving animal that received only supportive treatment. Although further studies are needed, ozone therapy showed promising results for the treatment of canine parvovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Gonçalves dos Santos
- Undergaduate in Veterinary MedicineDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilUndergaduate in Veterinary Medicine, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil,Correspondence
Tiago Gonçalves dos Santos; Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio
Laboratório de Cultivo de Células Tronco e Terapia Gênica, Departamento de Medicina, Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP
Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, ZMV, Campus USP
CEP 13635-900 - Pirassununga (SP), Brasil
E-mail: ;
| | - Jéssica Rodrigues Orlandin
- VeterinarianDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilVeterinarian, DSc. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus Ferreira de Almeida
- Undergaduate in Veterinary MedicineDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilUndergaduate in Veterinary Medicine, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ferreira Scassiotti
- VeterinarianDepartamento de Medicina Veterinária Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilVeterinarian, MSc. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cristina Oliveira
- BiologistDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilBiologist, DSc, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sarah Ingrid Pinto Santos
- VeterinarianDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilVeterinarian, DSc. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitória Mattos Pereira
- Undergaduate in Veterinary MedicineDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilUndergaduate in Veterinary Medicine, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Avelino Ferreira Pinto
- PhysiotherapistDepartamento de CirurgiaFaculdade de Medicina Veterinária e ZootecniaPirassunungaSPBrazilPhysiotherapist, MSc, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Clésio Gomes Mariano
- BiologistDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilBiologist, MSc. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio
- VeterinarianDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilVeterinarian, DSc, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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Tracing the Genetic Evolution of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 (CPV-2) in Thailand. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121460. [PMID: 36558793 PMCID: PMC9781796 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is responsible for hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in dogs worldwide. High genomic substitution rates in CPV-2 contribute to the progressive emergence of novel variants with increased ability to evade the host immune response. Three studies have analyzed the genomic mutations of CPV-2 variants in Thailand. These investigations were independently conducted at different timepoints. Thus, a retrospective integrated analysis of CPV-2 genomic mutations has not been fully performed. Our study aimed at evaluating the evolutionary changes in CPV-2 in Thailand from 2003 to 2019. Two hundred and sixty-eight Thai CPV-2 nucleotide sequences were used for multiple amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses. From 2003 to 2010, CPV-2a and -2b were the only variants detected. CPV-2c, emerged in 2014, replacing CPV-2a and -2b, and has become a major variant in 2019. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the proposed mutation pattern of VP2 amino acid residues could help distinguish Thai CPV-2 variants. This comprehensive examination provides insight into the genomic evolution of CPV-2 in Thailand since its first reporting in 2003, which may facilitate the surveillance of the potential genetic alteration of emergent CPV-2 variants.
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Singh M, Manikandan R, Kumar De U, Chander V, Rudra Paul B, Ramakrishnan S, Maramreddy D. Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.104846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious and key enteropathogen affecting the canine population around the globe by causing canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVE) and vomition. CPVE is one of the the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in puppies and young dogs. Over the years, five distinct antigenic variants of CPV-2, namely CPV-2a, CPV-2b, new CPV-2a, new CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, have emerged throughout the world. CPV-2 infects a diverse range of wild animals, and the newer variants of CPV-2 have expanded their host range to include felines. Despite the availability of highly specific diagnostics and efficacious vaccines, CPV-2 outbreaks have been reported globally due to the emergence of newer antigenic variants, expansion of the viral host range, and vaccination failures. The present chapter describes the latest information pertaining to virus properties and replication, disease manifestations in animals, and an additional recent updates on diagnostic, prevention and control strategies of CPV-2.
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Horecka K, Neal S. Critical Problems for Research in Animal Sheltering, a Conceptual Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:804154. [PMID: 35433910 PMCID: PMC9010978 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.804154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal shelter research has seen significant increases in participation over the past several decades from academic organizations, private organizations, public entities, and even corporations that aims to improve shelter programs, processes, operations, and outcomes for the various stakeholders/participants involved in a shelter system (animals, humans, the community, wildlife, and the environment). These efforts are scattered through a huge variety of different research areas that are challenging to define and scope for organizations seeking to start new lines of research inquiry. This work aims to enumerate some of the most critical outstanding problems for research in animal sheltering in a conceptual framework that is intended to help direct research conversations toward the research topics of highest impact (with the highest quality outcomes possible). To this end, we define seven (7) key areas for research: animal behavior, adoptions and special needs populations, medical conditions, disease transmission, community, ecology, and wellness (one health), operations, and public-private-academic-corporate collaboration. Within each of these areas, we review specific problems and highlight examples of successes in each area in the past several decades. We close with a discussion of some of the topics that were not detailed in this manuscript but, nonetheless, deserve some mention. Through this enumeration, we hope to spur conversation around innovative methodologies, technologies, and concepts in both research and practice in animal sheltering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Horecka
- Research Department, Austin Pets Alive!, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Sue Neal
- Arkansas State University, Department of Political Science, Jonesboro, AR, United States
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Werner M, Unterer S. [Use of antimicrobials in acute canine diarrhea - overview of potential risks, indications and alternatives]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:110-120. [PMID: 33902119 DOI: 10.1055/a-1395-2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In Germany, antibiotics are frequently used in dogs with gastrointestinal disorders such as acute diarrhea. In line with global efforts to limit antibiotic use, this literature review aims to provide a guideline for the rational and judicious use of antibiotics in acute canine diarrhea. Antibiotics can lead to gastrointestinal side effects and may exert a negative influence on the intestinal microbiota in addition to increasing the occurrence of resistant bacteria. There is also evidence that chronic immunological diseases may be triggered by the administration of antibiotics. Therefore, these should not be administered in uncomplicated acute diarrhea without signs of sepsis or systemic inflammatory reaction. In addition, enteropathogenic bacteria usually do not play a role in the etiology of acute diarrhea. For select clinical entities such as acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome, antibiotic therapy should only be recommended in cases displaying signs of bacterial translocation with subsequent sepsis. In the case of parvovirosis, on the other hand, the administration of antibiotics is unavoidable due to the immunological incompetence of the dog caused by the accompanying severe neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Werner
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Stefan Unterer
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Incidence and Predictors of Canine Parvovirus Diagnoses in Puppies Relocated for Adoption. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041064. [PMID: 33918569 PMCID: PMC8070465 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Long-distance companion animal relocation programs move animals from shelters in communities with a large homeless pet population to those where there is a high demand for adoption. Basic principles of infection control and preventive care minimize the risk of unintended disease spread during program operation. This study evaluated the occurrence of canine parvovirus (CPV) diagnoses in puppies after participation in a large-scale ground transport program and the impact of shelter operational practices on such diagnoses. The rate of CPV reported in transported puppies was low, and was not different between puppies that received one or more than one vaccination prior to transport. Abstract Animal relocation programs seek to balance the animal population and resources between source and destination communities to promote positive outcomes, though little objective evidence has been reported on their physical and behavioral implications. The objective of the current report is to describe the incidence and predictors of canine parvovirus (CPV) diagnoses in 8- to 19-week-old puppies reported by destination shelters participating in a large scale, long-distance, structured animal relocation program. The incidence of post-transport CPV diagnoses in the study population of 4088 puppies was 2.3%. The number of pre-transport vaccinations, length of stay at the source shelter, and time between pre-transport vaccination and transport was not associated with the expected difference in count of post-transport CPV diagnoses (p > 0.05), and was lower in those 13–17 weeks of age (IRR = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.02–0.34, p = 0.001), 18–19 weeks of age (IRR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.02–0.80, p = 0.029), transferred in to the source shelter (IRR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.10–0.96, p = 0.043), and transported in the summer season (IRR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.01–0.53, p = 0.010). When basic biosecurity practices and vaccination protocols were in place, post-transport CPV cases in puppies were few, suggesting that the timing of transport should take into account factors other than the number or timing of pre-transport vaccinations.
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Horecka K, Ratnayaka N, Davis EA. Changes in Mass Treatment of the Canine Parvovirus ICU Population in Relation to Public Policy Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2020; 12:E1419. [PMID: 33321892 PMCID: PMC7763010 DOI: 10.3390/v12121419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has indicated that canine parvovirus (CPV) prevalence in the Central Texas region may follow yearly, periodic patterns. The peak in CPV infection rates occurs during the summer months of May and June, marking a distinct "CPV season". We hypothesized that human activity contributes to these seasonal changes in CPV infections. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in drastic changes in human behavior which happened to synchronize with the CPV season in Central Texas, providing a unique opportunity with which to assess whether these society-level behavioral changes result in appreciable changes in CPV patient populations in the largest CPV treatment facility in Texas. In this work, we examine the population of CPV-infected patients at a large, dedicated CPV treatment clinic in Texas (having treated more than 5000 CPV-positive dogs in the last decade) and demonstrate that societal-behavioral changes due to COVID-19 were associated with a drastic reduction in CPV infections. This reduction occurred precisely when CPV season would typically begin, during the period immediately following state-wide "reopening" of business and facilities, resulting in a change in the typical CPV season when compared with previous years. These results provide evidence that changes in human activity may, in some way, contribute to changes in rates of CPV infection in the Central Texas region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Horecka
- Research Department, Austin Pets Alive!, Austin, TX 78703, USA; (N.R.); (E.A.D.)
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