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Shan C, Liu Y, Ma C, Li C, Liu Q, Liu S, Jiang G, Tian J. Dietary supplementation with Clostridium autoethanogenum protein improves growth performance and promotes muscle protein synthesis by activating the mTOR signaling pathway of the broiler. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1389738. [PMID: 38974336 PMCID: PMC11225622 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1389738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of different ratios of Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) used in the diets on the growth performance, muscle quality, serum indexes, and mTOR pathway of white feather broilers. Four hundred and eighty 1-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers, comprising equal numbers of males and females, were randomly assigned to one of four treatments, and each treatment consisted of 12 replicates of 10 birds. Four diets were formulated based on isoenergetic and isonitrogenous principles. The control group (CAP 0) did not receive any CAP, while the experimental groups received 2% (CAP 2), 3% (CAP 3), and 4% (CAP 4) of CAP for six weeks. Compared with the CAP0, (1) The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower (p < 0.05), and the leg muscle yield was higher (p < 0.05) in the CAP3 and CAP4; (2) The serum levels of TP, ALB, T-AOC, and SOD were improved in the CAP3 (p < 0.05); (3) The expression of Lipin-1 gene was down-regulated and AMPKɑ2, Akt, and 4E-BP1 genes were up-regulated in the experiment group (p < 0.05); (4) The inclusion of 3% CAP in the diet increased the levels of 4E-BP1, S6K1, Akt, and AMPKɑ2 phosphorylation by modulating the mTOR signaling pathway (p < 0.05). In conclusion, broiler diets containing 3% CAP can activate the mTOR signaling pathway to promote muscle synthesis and improve growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiao Shan
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Dalian Sanyi Biotechnology Research Institute, Dalian Sanyi Animal Medicine Co., Ltd., Dalian Liaoning, China
| | - Chaoxin Ma
- Research Quality Control Center, Jiangsu Sanyi Animal Nutrition Technology Co., Ltd., Xuzhou, China
| | - Chuang Li
- Research Quality Control Center, Jiangsu Sanyi Animal Nutrition Technology Co., Ltd., Xuzhou, China
| | - Qiuchen Liu
- Dalian Sanyi Biotechnology Research Institute, Dalian Sanyi Animal Medicine Co., Ltd., Dalian Liaoning, China
| | - Sisi Liu
- Harbin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guotuo Jiang
- Dalian Sanyi Biotechnology Research Institute, Dalian Sanyi Animal Medicine Co., Ltd., Dalian Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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Liu G, Choppa VSR, Sharma MK, Ko H, Choi J, Kim WK. Effects of methionine supplementation in a reduced protein diet on growth performance, oxidative status, intestinal health, oocyst shedding, and methionine and folate metabolism in broilers under Eimeria challenge. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:84. [PMID: 38853257 PMCID: PMC11163814 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated effects of different methionine (Met) supplementation levels in a reduced protein diet on growth performance, intestinal health, and different physiological parameters in broilers under Eimeria challenge. A total of 600 fourteen-day-old Cobb500 male broilers were challenged with E. maxima, E. tenella, and E. acervulina, and randomly allocated in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement. Birds received normal protein diets (20% crude protein, NCP) or reduced protein diets (17% crude protein, LCP), containing 2.8, 4.4, 6.0, 7.6, and 9.2 g/kg of Met. RESULTS On 6 and 9 days post inoculation (DPI), increasing Met level linearly improved the growth performance (P < 0.05). Total oocyst shedding linearly increased as Met level increased (P < 0.05). Duodenal villus height (VH):crypt depth (CD) in the LCP groups were higher on 6 DPI (P < 0.01) while lower on 9 DPI (P < 0.05) compared to the NCP groups. Jejunal CD and duodenal VH:CD changed quadratically as Met level increased (P < 0.05). On 6 DPI, liver glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) linearly increased as Met level increased (P < 0.05). On 9 DPI, GSSG quadratically increased, whereas GSH:GSSG quadratically decreased as Met levels increased (P < 0.05). The expression of amino acid transporters linearly decreased as Met level increased (P < 0.05). The expression of zonula occludens 2 and claudin-1 linearly increased on 6 DPI whereas decreased on 9 DPI as Met level increased (P < 0.05). The expressions of cytokines were lower in the LCP groups than the NCP groups (P < 0.05). Interaction effects were found for the expression of IL-10 and TNFα on 6 DPI (P < 0.05), where it only changed quadratically in the NCP group as Met level increased. The expression of Met and folate metabolism genes were lower in the LCP groups than the NCP groups on 9 DPI (P < 0.05). The expression of these genes linearly or quadratically decreased as Met level increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results revealed the regulatory roles of Met in different physiological parameters including oxidative status, intestinal health, and nutrient metabolism in birds fed reduced protein diet and challenged with Eimeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanchen Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | - Milan Kumar Sharma
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Hanseo Ko
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Janghan Choi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Liang J, Du B, Wan M, Sun L, Qin S, Nian F, Tang D. Effects of L-Leu-L-Leu peptide on growth, proliferation, and apoptosis in broiler intestinal epithelial cells. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103582. [PMID: 38457989 PMCID: PMC11067774 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Small peptides are nutrients and bioactive molecules that have dual regulatory effects on nutrition and physiology. They are of great significance for maintaining the intestinal health and production performance of broilers. We here cultured the primary small intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) of chicken in a medium containing L-Leu (Leu) and L-Leu-L-Leu (Leu-Leu) for 24 h. The untreated cells were considered as the control group. The growth, proliferation, and apoptosis of IEC were examined. By combining RNA-seq and label-free sequencing technology, candidate genes, proteins, and pathways related to the growth, proliferation, and apoptosis of IEC were screened. Immunofluorescence detection revealed that the purity of the isolated primary IEC was >90%. The Leu-Leu group significantly promoted IEC growth and proliferation and significantly inhibited IEC apoptosis, and the effect was better than those of the Leu and control groups. Using transcriptome sequencing, four candidate genes, CCL20, IL8L1, IL8, and IL6, were screened in the Leu group, and one candidate gene, IL8, was screened in the Leu-Leu group. Two candidate genes, IL6 and RGN, were screened in the Leu-Leu group compared with the Leu group. Nonquantitative proteomic marker sequencing results revealed that through the screening of candidate proteins and pathways, found one growth-related candidate protein PGM3 and three proliferation-related candidate proteins RPS17, RPS11, and RPL23, and two apoptosis-related candidate proteins GPX4 and PDPK1 were found in the Leu-Leu group compared with Leu group. In short, Leu-Leu could promote IEC growth and proliferation and inhibit IEC apoptosis. On combining transcriptome and proteome sequencing technologies, multiple immune- and energy-related regulatory signal pathways were found to be related to IEC growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Three candidate genes of IL8, IL6, and RGN were identified, and six candidate proteins of PGM3, RPS17, RPS11, RPL23, GPX4, and PDPK1 were involved in IEC growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. The results provide valuable data for preliminarily elucidating small peptide-mediated IEC regulation pathways, improving the small peptide nutrition theoretical system, and establishing small peptide nutrition regulation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Baolong Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Minyan Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Likun Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shizhen Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Fang Nian
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Defu Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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Liu G, Sharma MK, Tompkins YH, Teng PY, Kim WK. Different methionine to cysteine supplementation ratios altered bone quality of broilers with or without Eimeria challenge assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and microtomography. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103580. [PMID: 38428354 PMCID: PMC10912940 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the acknowledged significance of nutrition in bone development, effects of methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) on bone quality remain under-researched, particularly during Eimeria challenge. We investigated the effects of different supplemental Met to Cys ratios (MCR) on bone quality of broilers under Eimeria challenge. A total of 720 fourteen-day old Cobb500 broilers were allocated into a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement. Five diets with Met and Cys supplemented at MCR of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 were fed to the birds with or without Eimeria challenge. Body composition was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and the femur bone characteristics were assessed by microtomography. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and orthogonal polynomial contrast. The results reaffirmed the detrimental effects of Eimeria challenge on bone quality. On 9 d post inoculation (DPI), significant interaction effects were found for whole body bone mineral content (BMC), lean tissue weight, and body weight (P < 0.05); in the nonchallenged group (NCG), these parameters linearly decreased as MCR decreased (P < 0.05). In the challenged group (CG), body weight and lean tissue weight were unaffected by MCR, and BMC linearly increased as MCR decreased (P < 0.05). For the cortical bone of femoral metaphysis on 6 DPI, bone mineral density (BMD) linearly increased as MCR decreased (P < 0.05). Bone volume to tissue volume ratio (BV/TV) in the CG linearly increased as MCR decreased (P < 0.05). On 9 DPI, BMC and TV linearly increased as MCR decreased (P < 0.05) in the NCG. BMD and BV/TV changed quadratically as MCR decreased (P < 0.05). For the trabecular bone of femoral metaphysis on 9 DPI, BV/TV, and trabecular number linearly increased as MCR decreased (P < 0.05) in the NCG. For the femoral diaphysis, BV, TV, BMC on 6 DPI, and BMD on 9 DPI linearly increased as MCR decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study showed that both Eimeria challenge and varying supplemental MCR could influence bone quality of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanchen Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Milan K Sharma
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yuguo H Tompkins
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Po-Yun Teng
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Woo K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Hounkpêvi JA, Adjei-Mensah B, Adjibodé AG, Tona K, Koutinhouin B, Pitala W. Dietary protein levels during 12 to 26 wk improve the growth performance, bone quality, and testosterone in Pearl Gray male guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Poult Sci 2024; 103:103173. [PMID: 37939585 PMCID: PMC10665940 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), although native to Africa and despite its many potentials, does not represent the dominant species on the continent because of its seasonal reproductive nature and high keets mortality. This study was conducted to assess the effect of crude protein levels on growth performance, bone characteristics and reproductive activity of Pearl Gray male breeder guinea fowl from 12 to 26 wk of age. A total of 120 twelve-wk-old guinea fowls were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments with 8 replicates each and 5 birds per replicate using a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments comprised low level (LL), normal level (NL), and high level (HL) with diets respectively containing 15, 17, and 19% crude protein (CP). The results showed that guinea fowl in the HL treatment had a significantly lower feed conversion ratio (P = 0.008) than those in the other treatments. The birds fed the HL diet had significantly higher concentrations of testosterone (P < 0.05) than in the other treatments. High levels of calcium and phosphorus were observed in the femur of the HL group relative to the LL group. The birds in the LL treatment had a significantly higher (P = 0.007) femur robusticity index than those in the HL treatment. In conclusion, feeding 19% crude protein to Pearl Gray male guinea fowl from 12 to 26 wk of age improves growth performance, the density and strength of the femur and tibia and the reproductive tract. The CP level for the best performance of male guinea fowl from 12 to 26 wk of age is 19%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hounkpêvi
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary, Laboratory of Regional Center of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Lome, Lome, Togo.
| | - B Adjei-Mensah
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary, Laboratory of Regional Center of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Lome, Lome, Togo
| | - A G Adjibodé
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary, Laboratory of Regional Center of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Lome, Lome, Togo
| | - K Tona
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary, Laboratory of Regional Center of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Lome, Lome, Togo
| | - B Koutinhouin
- Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - W Pitala
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary, Laboratory of Regional Center of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Lome, Lome, Togo
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Song X, Anas MA, Kurniawati A, Hanim C, Aprianto MA, Madani AMA, Wang Q, Chen H. Effects of reduced-protein diets with protease supplementation on growth, carcass yield, intestinal morphology, organ development, nutrient digestibility, and blood biochemical of broiler chickens. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad098. [PMID: 37954128 PMCID: PMC10635673 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate growth performance, carcass yield, intestinal morphology, organ development, nutrient digestibility, and blood biochemical parameters of broiler fed 1% reduced-protein diets with/without protease supplementation. A total of 1,120 one-day-old male broiler chickens with average initial body weight (BW), 46.45 ± 0.49 g, were divided into five groups with seven replications and 32 birds per replication. The treatment varied according to the protein and protease enzyme levels: positive control (PC), negative control (NC, PC with reduction of 1% protein), PC supplemented with 50 g/t protease (PC + 50), NC supplemented with 50 g/t protease (NC + 50), and NC supplemented with 100 g/t protease (NC + 100). The results showed that there was no significant effect of 1% reduced-protein diets, with or without protease on feed intake, final BW, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and nutrient digestibility. The changes in dietary protein level and supplementation of protease did not affect carcass yield, but significantly affected abdominal fat content, PC + 50 group had significantly lower abdominal fat content than NC-based diet including NC, NC + 50, NC + 100. Reduced-protein with protease supplementation strongly affected organ weight, especially on day 21: the pancreas was heavier in PC and NC + 50 group than other groups, spleen was heaver in NC group than in NC + 100 group, thymus was heavier in NC + 50 group than in PC, NC and NC + 100 group, small intestine was heavier in NC + 50 and NC + 100 group than in PC group, and large intestine was also heavier in NC + 50 group than in NC group. Villus height sampled at 35-d was significantly increased with protease supplement, and which was significantly higher in NC + 100 group than NC group. Regarding on blood metabolites, only urea and uric acid were affected by the reduction of dietary protein, broiler fed PC diet had higher urea and uric acid content than fed NC diet. In conclusion, supplementation of 50 g/t protease in 1% reduced-protein diets does not negatively affect on growth, nutrient digestibility, carcass yield, organ development, and blood metabolites. Moreover, supplementation of protease in low-protein diet could effectively promote organ development and benefit intestine morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Song
- Wuhan Sunhy Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Muhsin Al Anas
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Asih Kurniawati
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Chusnul Hanim
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Anang Aprianto
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Abd. Majid Ahmad Madani
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Qijun Wang
- Wuhan Sunhy Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Wuhan Sunhy Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, P.R. China
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Addeo NF, Nocera FP, Toscanesi M, Trifuoggi M, Bovera F, De Martino L, De Prisco R. On effect of poultry manure treatment with Effective Microorganisms with or without zeolite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:91189-91198. [PMID: 37474855 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The decomposition process of poultry manure is generally mediated by microorganisms, whose degradation activity has beneficial effects on soil fertility but, on the other hand, leads to the generation of malodour gas. Indeed, a relevant problem of poultry farms is represented by the release of bad smells, which are mainly a consequence of decomposition process of chicken feces, chicken bedding, plumes, dropped feed, and dust. Furthermore, the unpleasant odour, associated with poultry manure degradation, not only limits its use in agriculture but also negatively affects the housing communities located near the farms. This study aimed at evaluating the effects in vitro of different doses of Effective Microorganisms (EM), mainly consisting of live communities of lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, and yeasts, on poultry manure alone or with zeolite, a porous mineral with absorbent and ion-exchange properties, belonging to the family of aluminosilicates. The obtained results demonstrated that these treatments were able to reduce the poultry manure malodours, associated mainly with a decrease in the ammonia (NH3) levels with respect to controls. The pH tended to increase, the nitrogen to go down, and the phosphorus to go up. Thus, all the effects described above were evident, testifying to a slower degradation of proteins, both with EM alone or in combination with zeolite. The presence of a pool of pesticides (65 components) was evaluated, and no variation was observed in the different experimental conditions versus control, as well as for REEs and metals. In conclusion, these preliminary results demonstrated that the use of EM with or without the addition of zeolite is a valid tool to eliminate the bad smell of manure and to make it a useful product as a fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Francesco Addeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Paola Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Toscanesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa De Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Rocco De Prisco
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Italy
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Al-Harthi MA, Attia YA, Elgandy MF, Bovera F. The effects of Moringa peregrina seed meal, autoclaving, and/or exogenous enzyme cocktail on performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and blood lipids of broilers. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1158468. [PMID: 37476825 PMCID: PMC10354260 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1158468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of Moringa peregrina seed meal (MPSM), autoclaving, and/or enzyme cocktail addition on performance, profitability, carcass traits, meat quality, and blood lipids of broilers between 1 and 35 d of age were investigated. Seven experimental diets were employed: the control 0% MPSM, 10% raw MPSM, 10% autoclaved MPSM (at a temperature of 120°C and 1 kg/cm2 pressure for 30 min), 10% raw MPSM supplemented with enzymes at 0.1 or 0.2 g/kg feed, and 10% autoclaved MPSM supplemented with the same previous enzymes and doses. Each diet was fed to 8 replicates with 5 broilers in each. At the end of the experiment, 3 broilers from each replicate were randomLy chosen to determine carcass traits, meat quality, and blood lipids. Findings at 35 d of age indicated that all 10% raw MPSM treatments with or without enzymes addition impaired growth, feed conversion (FCR), and profitability (p < 0.05), but increased feed intake (p < 0.05) and did not affect mortality when compared with the control group. The 10% autoclaved MPSM treatments with or without enzymes addition increased feed intake (p < 0.05) when compared with the control group, inducing growth equal to the control group (p > 0.05), and improving FCR and profitability. Enzymes addition to raw MPSM did not produce positive effects (p < 0.05), and no additive effect was observed when autoclaving and enzymes addition were combined (p > 0.05) as compared to the autoclaving group. Carcass traits, meat quality, and blood lipids were not significantly affected by MPSM, autoclaving, and enzymes addition. However, intestine, cecum, and gizzard percentages increased (p < 0.05) with all 10% raw MPSM treatments, while all 10% autoclaved MPSM treatments could return these values (p > 0.05) to the control group, except with gizzard, which exhibited less improvement. Additionally, all autoclaved groups had lower meat pH measured 24 h postmortem (p <0.05) compared to the control group. In conclusion, autoclaved MPSM can be included in broilers' diets at a 10% level without negative effects on performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and blood lipids. This indicates that autoclaving alone is adequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Al-Harthi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssef A. Attia
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F. Elgandy
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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9
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Liu G, Ajao AM, Shanmugasundaram R, Taylor J, Ball E, Applegate TJ, Selvaraj R, Kyriazakis I, Olukosi OA, Kim WK. The effects of arginine and branched-chain amino acid supplementation to reduced-protein diet on intestinal health, cecal short-chain fatty acid profiles, and immune response in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria spp. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102773. [PMID: 37236037 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of supplementing arginine (Arg) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in broilers fed reduced-protein diets and challenged with Eimeria spp. All birds were fed the same starter diet meeting Cobb 500 nutrient specifications from d 1 to 9. Four grower diets: positive control (PC) with 20.0% crude protein (CP); reduced-protein negative control (NC) with 17.5% CP; or NC supplemented with Arg or BCAA at 50% above recommendations (ARG or BCAA) were fed to the birds from d 9 to 28. Birds were allocated in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (4 diets, each with or without challenge), with 8 replicates per treatment. On d 14, the challenge groups were orally gavaged with mixed Eimeria spp. Intestinal permeability was higher (P < 0.05) in NC than PC, whereas the permeability of ARG and BCAA groups did not differ significantly from PC. On d 28, a significant interaction (P < 0.01) was observed in CD8+: CD4+ ratios in cecal tonsils (CT), Eimeria challenge increased the ratios in all groups except for the ARG group. On d 21, a significant interaction was found for CD4+CD25+ percentages in CT (P < 0.01) that Eimeria challenge increased the percentages only in PC and NC groups. On d 21 and 28, significant interactions (P < 0.01) were found for macrophage nitric oxide (NO) production. In nonchallenged birds, NO was higher in the ARG group than other groups, but in challenged birds, NO was higher in both ARG and BCAA groups. On d 21, a significant interaction was found for bile anticoccidial IgA concentrations (P < 0.05) that Eimeria challenge increased IgA only in NC and ARG groups. The results suggest that a reduced-protein diet exacerbates the impact of the Eimeria challenge on intestinal integrity, but this could be mitigated by Arg and BCAA supplementations. Arginine and BCAA supplementations in reduced-protein diets could be beneficial for broilers against Eimeria infection by enhancing the immune responses. The beneficial effects of Arg supplementation tended to be more pronounced compared to BCAA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanchen Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Adeleye M Ajao
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - James Taylor
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, BT9 5PX, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Ball
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 5DL, United Kingdom
| | - Todd J Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ramesh Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, BT9 5PX, United Kingdom.; Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 5DL, United Kingdom
| | - Oluyinka A Olukosi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Woo K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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10
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Liang YQ, Zheng XC, Wang J, Yang HM, Wang ZY. Different amino acid supplementation patterns in low-protein diets on growth performance and nitrogen metabolism of goslings from 1 to 28 days of age. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102395. [PMID: 36571878 PMCID: PMC9803941 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation aimed to explore the suitable amino acid (AA) supplementation pattern for goslings under low-protein diets. A total of 364 1-day-old male goslings were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups, with 7 pens containing 13 goslings each. The 4 groups were control (CP, 18.55%), LPM (CP, 15.55% + major AA), LPA (CP, 15.55% + all AA), and LPR (CP, 15.55% + AA content reduced proportionally to the control's CP). The corn-soybean meal diets are formulated according to the ideal AA model of goose and its nutritional requirements. The results indicated that the ADG and BW were the lowest, and the F: G was the highest in LPR (P < 0.05); the other three groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The ADFI and mortality were not different among all the groups (P > 0.05). Among the AA content in serum and breast muscle, lysine in serum significantly decreased compared with the control (P < 0.05). The UREA content was approximately 2-fold higher in the LPR group than in the LPM and LPA groups (P < 0.05). No difference in IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE levels was observed among the groups (P > 0.05). The nitrogen excretion was decreased in LPM and LPA compared to the control and LPR (P < 0.05). Nitrogen deposition did not differ among groups (P > 0.05). Nitrogen utilization was highest in the LPA and LPM groups, followed by the control group and LPR (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the patterns of supplementation of major AA and all AA in low-protein diets (CP, 15.55%) had no adverse effect on the growth performance compared with the control (CP, 18.55%) of the goslings. Besides, the two patterns could decrease nitrogen excretion and increase nitrogen utilization. Furthermore, from the perspective of dietary cost and environmental protection, the pattern of supplementing major AA in a corn-soybean meal low-protein diet is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China
| | - X C Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China
| | - J Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province 225300, PR China
| | - H M Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China
| | - Z Y Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, PR China.
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11
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Lee J, Oh H, Kim Y, Song D, An J, Chang S, Go Y, Cho H, Lee B, Kim WK, Cho J. Effects of exogenous protease on performance, economic evaluation, nutrient digestibility, fecal score, intestinal morphology, blood profile, carcass trait and meat quality in broilers fed normal diets and diets considered with matrix value. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102565. [PMID: 37015140 PMCID: PMC10166708 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to estimate the effects of exogenous protease on performance, economic evaluation, nutrient digestibility, fecal score, intestinal morphology, blood profile, carcass traits, and meat quality in broilers fed normal diets and diets considered with matrix value. A total of 90, one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments with 6 replicates and each replicate of 5 broiler chickens. Treatments were as follows: 1) Basal diet (positive control, PC), 2) Basal diet formulated with full ProAct 360 matrix at 50 g/MT without addition of ProAct 360 (negative control, NC), 3) NC + 50 g/MT ProAct 360 (PA). Supplementation of exogenous protease to nutrient deficient NC diet by matrix values (PA) tended to increase growth performance and significantly improved intestinal morphology compared with the NC group. The PA group had significantly lower fecal score, and higher ATTD of crude protein and amino acids than those of the NC group. Furthermore, supplementation of exogenous protease to NC diet decreased feed cost, resulting in improved profit margin. However, there was no significant difference on carcass yield and relative organ weight. In conclusion, supplementation of exogenous protease using matrix value could be used as economic additive to improve growth, profit margin, digestibility, and gut health in broiler chickens.
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12
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Ma S, Zhang K, Shi S, Li X, Che C, Chen P, Liu H. Low-protein diets supplemented with isoleucine alleviate lipid deposition in broilers through activating 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathways. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102441. [PMID: 36599221 PMCID: PMC9823210 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of isoleucine (Ile) on growth performance, meat quality and lipid metabolism of broilers fed a low-protein diet (LPD). The 396 one-day-old male Cobb broilers were allocated to 4 treatment groups as follows: control diet (CON), LPD, LPD + 0.13% Ile (LPD-LI) and LPD + 0.26% Ile (LPD-HI), with nine replicates of 11 broilers each for 42 d. The Ile increased average daily gain, average daily feed intake, fiber density and the mRNA level of myosin heavy chain (MyHC)-I in breast muscle, and decreased feed to gain ratio, shear force, fiber diameter and the mRNA level of MyHC-IIb in breast muscle, which were impaired by the LPD. Compared to the LPD group, broilers in LPD-LI and LPD-HI groups had lower serum lipid levels, liver fat content, abdominal adipose percentage and mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α, ki-67, topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) and thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase 2 in abdominal adipose and liver X receptors-α, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in liver, and higher mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α, carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 (CPT-1), and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) in liver, which were equal to the CON levels. A LPD supplemented with Ile decreased enzyme activities of ACC and FAS in liver and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and TOP2A in abdominal adipose, and increased enzyme activities of CPT-1 and ACOX1 in liver. Furthermore, Ile supplementation enhanced the mRNA level of leptin receptor and protein levels of phospho-5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mechanistic target of rapamycin, ribosomal protein 70 S6 kinase, janus kinase 2 (JAK2), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and decreased the protein level of SREBP1 in the liver of broilers in LPD group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with Ile to 0.83% could improve growth performance and meat quality and alleviate lipid deposition of broilers fed a LPD through activating AMPK and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shuyan Shi
- Qingdao Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266114, China
| | - Xuemin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chuanyan Che
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Huawei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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13
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Attia YA, Al-Harthi MA, Shafi ME, Abdulsalam NM, Nagadi SA, Wang J, Kim WK. Amino Acids Supplementation Affects Sustainability of Productive and Meat Quality, Survivability and Nitrogen Pollution of Broiler Chickens during the Early Life. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122100. [PMID: 36556465 PMCID: PMC9784974 DOI: 10.3390/life12122100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The response to amino acid (AAs) supplementation on broiler production, carcass and meat traits and nitrogen in the excreta during the early growth period was evaluated. Two experiments were performed during 1-28 d (245 birds, experiment 1) and 1-21 d of age (455 birds, experiment 2). In both experiments, the positive control (PC) diet had 22.5% crude protein (CP) and the negative control group (NC) diet had around 18% CP with the same methionine (Met) plus lysine (Lys) concentration as the PC diet. In experiment 1, the NC diet was fed to the other five groups supplemented with synthetic amino acids, such as L-arginine (Arg), L-threonine (Thr), L-valine (Val), L-isoleucine (Ile) or all these AAs, respectively. In experiment 2, the NC diet was formulated to contain 18% CP with either corn-soybean meal and animal protein or with only vegetable protein. Both NC diets were offered to the other ten groups with synthetic amino acids such as L-Arg, L-Thr, L-Val, L-tryptophan (Trp) or a combination of all these AAs plus L-isoleucine (Ile), respectively. In conclusion, broilers fed 18% CP supplemented with DL-Met plus L-Lys showed lower performance and a European production efficiency value (EPEV); Arg, Thr and Val addition improved growth, the feed conversion ratio and EPEV of the diets containing animal protein only, but broiler performance and EPEV was lower than with PC, indicating that DL-Met, L-Lys, L-Arg, L-Thr and L-Val supplementation may be limited in low-protein diets. Furthermore, a low-protein diet supplemented with amino acids did not affect the survivability of broilers up to 28 days of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A. Attia
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environment Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80269, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (Y.A.A.); (W.K.K.)
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Harthi
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environment Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80269, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal E. Shafi
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisreen M. Abdulsalam
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer A. Nagadi
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environment Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80269, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2772, USA
| | - Woo K. Kim
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2772, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.A.A.); (W.K.K.)
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14
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Marín-García PJ, Llobat L, López-Lujan MC, Cambra-López M, Blas E, Pascual JJ. Urea Nitrogen Metabolite Can Contribute to Implementing the Ideal Protein Concept in Monogastric Animals. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182344. [PMID: 36139206 PMCID: PMC9495106 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Can urea nitrogen metabolite contribute to implementing the ideal protein concept in monogastric animals? This work aims to critically analyse how this metabolite can contribute to accurately implementing the ideal protein concept in monogastric animals, particularly in pig, poultry, and rabbit nutrition. This information will contribute to evaluating its potential and limitations as biomarker, as well as to standardizing the use of this metabolite in precise amino acidic monogastric nutrition. Abstract The ideal protein concept refers to dietary protein with an amino acid profile that exactly meets an animal’s requirement. Low-quality protein levels in the diet have negative implications for productive and reproductive traits, and a protein oversupply is energetically costly and leads to an excessive N excretion, with potentially negative environmental impact. Urea Nitrogen (UN), which corresponds to the amount of nitrogen in the form of urea circulating in the bloodstream, is a metabolite that has been widely used to detect amino acid imbalances and deficiencies and protein requirements. This review aims to critically analyse how UN can contribute to accurately implementing the ideal protein concept in monogastric animals, particularly in pig, poultry, and rabbit nutrition (14,000 animals from 76 published trials). About 59, 37, and 4% of trials have been conducted in pigs, poultry, and rabbits, respectively. UN level was negatively correlated to main performance traits (Pearson Correlation Coefficient [PCC] of −0.98 and −0.76, for average daily gain and feed conversion ratio, respectively), and lower UN level was related to higher milk yield and concentration. High level of UN was positively correlated to N excretion (PCC = 0.99) and negatively correlated to protein retention (PCC = −0.99). Therefore, UN in blood seems to be a proper indicator of amino acid imbalance in monogastric animals. Great variability in the use of UN was observed in the literature, including uses as determination medium (blood, plasma, or serum), units, and feeding system used (ad libitum or restricted), among others. A standardization of the methods in each of the species, with the aim to harmonize comparison among works, is suggested. After review, UN measurement in plasma and, whenever possible, the utilization of the same nutritional methodology (ad libitum conditions or restriction with blood sampling after refeeding at standardised time) are recommended. More studies are necessary to know the potential of UN and other bioindicators for amino acid deficiencies evaluation to get closer to the ideal protein concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jesús Marín-García
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.J.M.-G.); (L.L.)
| | - Lola Llobat
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.J.M.-G.); (L.L.)
| | - Mari Carmen López-Lujan
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Cambra-López
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Blas
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan José Pascual
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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15
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Uyanga VA, Zhao J, Wang X, Jiao H, Onagbesan OM, Lin H. Dietary L-citrulline modulates the growth performance, amino acid profile, and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis in broilers exposed to high temperature. Front Physiol 2022; 13:937443. [PMID: 36003654 PMCID: PMC9393253 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.937443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress adversely affects the growth performance, muscle development, and protein metabolism in poultry. l-Citrulline (L-Cit), is a non-essential amino acid that is known to stimulate muscle protein synthesis under stress conditions. This study investigated whether L-Cit could influence the growth performance, amino acid profile, and protein metabolism in broilers exposed to high ambient temperature. In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, Arbor acre broilers (288 chickens) were fed with basal diet (CON) or 1% L-Cit supplemented diet and later subjected to either thermoneutral (TNZ: 24°C, 24 h/d) or heat stress (HS: 35°C for 8 h/d) environment for 21 days. The results showed that L-Cit diet promoted the body weight and body weight gain of broilers higher than the CON diet, and it further alleviated HS suppression of body weight and feed intake at certain periods (p < 0.05). Plasma urea, uric acid, glucose, and total cholesterol were elevated during HS, whereas, the triglyceride content was decreased (p < 0.05). Serum amino acids including citrulline, alanine, aspartate, and taurine were decreased by HS. L-Cit supplementation restored the citrulline level and alleviated HS induction of 3-methylhistidine (p < 0.05). L-Cit supplementation increased the plasma growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration, as well as the GH concentration in the breast muscle (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression showed that HS elicited tissue-specific responses by upregulating some growth factors in the breast muscle, but downregulated the GH receptor, GH binding protein, and IGF-1 expression in the hypothalamus. L-Cit supplementation upregulated the GHRH and IGFBP2 expression in the hypothalamus. L-Cit also upregulated the expression of IGF-1R and IGFBP2 in the breast muscle of HS broilers. The total mTOR protein level in the breast muscle of HS broilers was also increased by L-Cit diet (p < 0.05). Therefore, this study demonstrated that HS negatively affected the growth performance of broilers and dysregulated the expression of growth factors related to protein metabolism. Contrarily, L-Cit promoted the growth responses of broilers via its stimulation of circulating GH/IGF-1 concentration. To certain extents, L-Cit supplementation elicited protective effects on the growth performance of HS broilers by diminishing protein catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Anthony Uyanga
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | | | - Hai Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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16
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Teyssier JR, Brugaletta G, Sirri F, Dridi S, Rochell SJ. A review of heat stress in chickens. Part II: Insights into protein and energy utilization and feeding. Front Physiol 2022; 13:943612. [PMID: 36003648 PMCID: PMC9393371 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.943612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the growing global demand for animal protein and rising temperatures caused by climate change, heat stress (HS) is one of the main emerging environmental challenges for the poultry industry. Commercially-reared birds are particularly sensitive to hot temperatures, so adopting production systems that mitigate the adverse effects of HS on bird performance is essential and requires a holistic approach. Feeding and nutrition can play important roles in limiting the heat load on birds; therefore, this review aims to describe the effects of HS on feed intake (FI) and nutrient digestibility and to highlight feeding strategies and nutritional solutions to potentially mitigate some of the deleterious effects of HS on broiler chickens. The reduction of FI is one of the main behavioral changes induced by hot temperatures as birds attempt to limit heat production associated with the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients. Although the intensity and length of the heat period influences the type and magnitude of responses, reduced FI explains most of the performance degradation observed in HS broilers, while reduced nutrient digestibility appears to only explain a small proportion of impaired feed efficiency following HS. Targeted feeding strategies, including feed restriction and withdrawal, dual feeding, and wet feeding, have showed some promising results under hot temperatures, but these can be difficult to implement in intensive rearing systems. Concerning diet composition, feeding increased nutrient and energy diets can potentially compensate for decreased FI during HS. Indeed, high energy and high crude protein diets have both been shown to improve bird performance under HS conditions. Specifically, positive results may be obtained with increased added fat concentrations since lipids have a lower thermogenic effect compared to proteins and carbohydrates. Moreover, increased supplementation of some essential amino acids can help support increased amino acid requirements for maintenance functions caused by HS. Further research to better characterize and advance these nutritional strategies will help establish economically viable solutions to enhance productivity, health, welfare, and meat quality of broilers facing HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Rémi Teyssier
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Giorgio Brugaletta
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Samuel J. Rochell
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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17
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Wang C, Yuan T, Yang J, Zheng W, Wu Q, Zhu K, Mou X, Wang L, Nie K, Li X, Zhu Y. Responses of Combined Non-starch Polysaccharide Enzymes and Protease on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Nutrient Digestibility of Yellow-Feathered Broilers Fed With Diets With Different Crude Protein Levels. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:946204. [PMID: 35923817 PMCID: PMC9339981 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.946204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the responses of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzymes and protease combination on growth performance, meat quality, and nutrients digestibility of yellow-feathered broilers fed with corn-soybean meal basal diets with normal and subnormal crude protein (CP) levels. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, including six replicates of 20 birds per pen. Two basal diets were formulated with normal CP level as positive control (PC) and subnormal CP level without extra essential amino acid (AA) supplementation as negative control (NC). The basal diets were supplemented without or with NSP enzymes and protease. Broilers fed with the NC diet had lower (P < 0.05) final body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADG) on days 1–21, 22–56 and 1–56 and higher (P < 0.05) feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) on day 22–56 than those fed with PC diet. The broilers fed with the NC diet had higher (P < 0.05) L* and b* values in thigh muscle, crypt depth in the duodenum, and dry matter (DM) digestibility as well as lower (P < 0.05) villus height, musculature thicknesses, and villus height: crypt depth in the duodenum than those fed with the PC diet. Dietary NSP enzymes and protease combination increased (P < 0.05) the ADG and F/G of the broilers on days 1–56, and pH values in breast and thigh muscles as well as the digestibility of DM, gross energy (GE), CP and most AAs of the broilers on day 56. Compared with the PC diet, the combination of NSP enzymes and protease exhibited greater (P < 0.05) improvements in the digestibility of DM, CP, and some AAs (Asp, Ile, and Leu) in the broilers fed with the NC diet. In conclusion, reducing CP diet without essential AA supplementation impaired the growth performance and meat color of the thigh muscles of the broilers. The combination of NSP enzymes and protease effectively improved the growth performance, meat quality, and nutritional values of the broilers. In terms of the digestibility of DM, CP, and some AAs, the magnitude of response to the addition of NSP enzymes and protease was greater in the low nutritional-quality diet with a subnormal CP level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyong Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Guangdong Guang Ken Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxuan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qilin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Mou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China
| | - Kangkang Nie
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China
| | - Xinyun Li
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xinyun Li
| | - Yongwen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Yongwen Zhu
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18
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Mulvenna CC, McCormack UM, Magowan E, McKillen J, Bedford MR, Walk CL, Oster M, Reyer H, Wimmers K, Fornara DA, Ball MEE. The Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Gut Bacteria and Bone Strength of Broilers Offered Alternative, Sustainable Diets Varying in Nutrient Specification and Phytase Dose. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131669. [PMID: 35804568 PMCID: PMC9264997 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the use of locally sourced sustainable feed ingredients, rapeseed meal (RSM) and maize dried distiller grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets over traditional ingredients on the growth performance, bone strength and nutrient digestibility of broilers. This work also investigated the effects of supplementing exogenous phytase in two doses (500 vs. 1500 FTU/kg). Using male Ross 308 chicks (n = 320) assigned to receive one of four experimental diets: (1) Positive control diet 1 (PC1), a wheat, soya-based diet + 500 FTU/kg phytase. (2) Positive control diet 2, RSM/DDGS diet + 500 FTU/kg phytase (PC2). (3) Negative control (NC) reduced nutrient RSM/DDGS diet, no phytase. (4) The NC diet plus 1500 FTU/kg phytase (NC+). PC1 birds displayed higher feed intake and body weight gain consistently throughout the trial (p < 0.001) as well as increased body weight by 28 d and 42 d (p < 0.001). Whole-body dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis revealed PC1 birds also had higher bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), total bone mass, total lean mass and total fat mass than birds offered other treatments (p < 0.01). Diet had no significant effect on bone strength. Phytase superdosing improved the digestibility of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) compared to birds in other treatment groups. The phytase superdose also improved performance in comparison to birds offered the NC diet. Phytase superdosing increased the IP6 and IP5 degradation and increased the ileal inositol concentration of the birds. N excretion was lower for birds offered the traditional wheat−soya diet and highest for those offered the high-specification RSM/DDGS diet with a commercial dose of phytase. The addition of a phytase superdose to the negative control diet (NC+) reduced P excretion of birds by 15% compared to birds offered NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C. Mulvenna
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK; (U.M.M.); (E.M.); (J.M.); (D.A.F.); (M.E.E.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ursula M. McCormack
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK; (U.M.M.); (E.M.); (J.M.); (D.A.F.); (M.E.E.B.)
- DSM Nutritional Products France, Centre De Recherche En Nutrition Animale, 68305 Saint-Louis, France
| | - Elizabeth Magowan
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK; (U.M.M.); (E.M.); (J.M.); (D.A.F.); (M.E.E.B.)
| | - John McKillen
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK; (U.M.M.); (E.M.); (J.M.); (D.A.F.); (M.E.E.B.)
| | - Mike R. Bedford
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK; (M.R.B.); (C.L.W.)
| | - Carrie L. Walk
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK; (M.R.B.); (C.L.W.)
- DSM Nutritional Products, Delves Road, Heanor, Derbyshire DE75 7SG, UK
| | - Michael Oster
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (M.O.); (H.R.); (K.W.)
| | - Henry Reyer
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (M.O.); (H.R.); (K.W.)
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (M.O.); (H.R.); (K.W.)
| | - Dario A. Fornara
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK; (U.M.M.); (E.M.); (J.M.); (D.A.F.); (M.E.E.B.)
| | - M. Elizabeth E. Ball
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK; (U.M.M.); (E.M.); (J.M.); (D.A.F.); (M.E.E.B.)
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Sepiolite as an effective supplement for low-protein diets with the constant energy-protein ratio in broilers. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:201. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Biomarkers and De Novo Protein Design Can Improve Precise Amino Acid Nutrition in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070935. [PMID: 35405923 PMCID: PMC8997161 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Almost half of the protein ingested by broilers is not retained and is excreted, impairing the nitrogen utilization, health and productivity of the animals, and intensifying the environmental impact of poultry meat production. This work proposes two potential tools, combining traditional nutrition with biotechnological, metabolomics, computational and protein engineering knowledge, which can contribute to improving precise amino acid nutrition in broilers in the future: (i) the use of serum uric nitrogen content as a rapid biomarker of amino acid imbalances, and (ii) the design and modeling of de novo proteins that are fully digestible and fit exactly to the animal’s requirements. Both tools can open up new opportunities to form an integrated framework for precise amino acid nutrition in broilers, helping us to achieve more efficient, resilient, and sustainable production. This information can help to determine the exact ratio of amino acids that will improve the efficiency of the use of nitrogen by poultry. Abstract Precision nutrition in broilers requires tools capable of identifying amino acid imbalances individually or in groups, as well as knowledge on how more digestible proteins can be designed for innovative feeding programs adjusted to animals’ dynamic requirements. This work proposes two potential tools, combining traditional nutrition with biotechnological, metabolomic, computational and protein engineering knowledge, which can contribute to improving the precise amino acid nutrition of broilers in the future: (i) the use of serum uric nitrogen content as a rapid biomarker of amino acid imbalances, and (ii) the design and modeling of de novo proteins that are fully digestible and fit exactly to the animal’s requirements. Each application is illustrated with a case study. Case study 1 demonstrates that serum uric nitrogen can be a useful rapid indicator of individual or group amino acid deficiencies or imbalances when reducing dietary protein and adjusting the valine and arginine to lysine ratios in broilers. Case study 2 describes a stepwise approach to design an ideal protein, resulting in a potential amino acid sequence and structure prototype that is ideally adjusted to the requirements of the targeted animal, and is theoretically completely digestible. Both tools can open up new opportunities to form an integrated framework for precise amino acid nutrition in broilers, helping us to achieve more efficient, resilient, and sustainable production. This information can help to determine the exact ratio of amino acids that will improve the efficiency of the use of nitrogen by poultry.
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21
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Liang S, Liu X, Zhao J, Liu R, Huang X, Liu Y, Yang X, Yang X. Effects of high-dose folic acid on protein metabolism in breast muscle and performance of broilers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101935. [PMID: 35961252 PMCID: PMC9382563 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Attaining the optimal feed conversion ratio is the unaltered goal for poultry breeding, meat yield is one of the vital reference indexes for that. Folic acid is involved in protein metabolism by acting as a transmitter of one carbon unit, and the detail mechanism for the high-dose folic acid on growth of broiler skeletal muscle is still unclarified. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect and regulatory mechanism of folic acid on deposition and metabolism of protein in broiler breast muscle. A total of 196 one-day-old AA broilers were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups. The chicks were fed corn-soybean diet with folic acid levels of 1.3 mg/kg (CON) or 13 mg/kg (FA), respectively. The results showed that high dose of folic acid significantly increased the body weight gain, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of broilers during 1 to 42 d. Compared with control group, folic acid statistically augmented the breast muscle ratio of broilers at 42 d, abdominal fat percentage was also decreased in FA group. Folic acid significantly increased the gene expression of folate receptor (FR) in duodenum and jejunum at 21 d, and its relative expression in jejunum of broilers at 42 d. Furthermore, relative expression of myogenin in broiler breast muscle was upregulated in folic acid group. Folic acid supplementation significantly enhanced the protein expression of phosphorylated serine/threonine kinase (AKT) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) in the breast muscle of broilers at 21 d and 42 d. In conclusion, the results proved that high-dose folic acid activated the AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and increased the activity of phosphorylation of S6K1, thereby regulating the protein deposition in breast muscle. Meanwhile, the gene expression of the myogenic determinant factor was upregulated by folic acid and then promoted the growth of breast muscle. Consequently, the growth performance, meat production and feeding efficiency were improved of broilers by adding folic acid at 13 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinshuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianfei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinhuo Huang
- Nano Vitamin Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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22
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Oluwabiyi C, Zhao J, Jiao H, Wang X, Lin H. Dietary protein levels during the pullet phase (8–18 week) influence the mortality during laying stage. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Broiler chicken production using dietary crude protein reduction strategy and free amino acid supplementation. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Elsayed AAM, Abol-Ela SS, Askar AA, Mohamed LA, El-Sayed SAA, Ahmed SYA, Moustafa AA, Alagawany M. Supplementation of different zinc sources to low-CP diets and its effect on performance, carcass traits, liver and kidney functions, immunological, and antioxidant parameters of quail chicks. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101463. [PMID: 34619580 PMCID: PMC8498461 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the influence of low crude protein (CP) levels, zinc sources (organic as zinc methionine-Zn-Met and inorganic as zinc oxide-ZnO) and their interactions on growth performance, carcass traits, and blood components of growing Japanese quail. A total of 450 one-wk-old Japanese quail with the same body weights were randomly distributed into 9 groups of 50 birds. The 9-diet treatments comprised 3 levels of CP (20, 22, and 24%) and 3 Zn source (0 g of Zn/kg diet, 0.1 g ZnO/kg diet, and 0.1 g Zn-Met/kg diet). The results obtained from this study showed that there were no significant differences among the groups, except for differences in body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) at 3 to 5 – and 1 to 5 wk of age for quail supplemented with 24% and 20% CP. All the studied biochemical parameters were significantly influenced by different levels of CP and Zn, except urea and creatinine, which were affected by CP levels only. In conclusion, dietary protein level for growing Japanese quails could be reduced to 20% without negative effects on their performance, carcass traits, and blood metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya A M Elsayed
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Salah S Abol-Ela
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ali A Askar
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Laila A Mohamed
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Sabry A A El-Sayed
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Sarah Y A Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Amr A Moustafa
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
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25
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Proximate Analysis of Poultry-Mix Formed Feed Using Maize Bran as a Base. Int J Anal Chem 2021; 2021:8894567. [PMID: 34594382 PMCID: PMC8478600 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8894567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to demonstrate the proximate analysis of poultry-mix made using maize bran as a basis. Red beans, soya beans, and benny beans were the three samples utilised in this study. This work investigates the appropriate poultry mix for birds breed for meat and egg. Thirty grammes of proteinous feedstock were weighed and homogeneously combined with 70 grammes of maize bran. The following was revealed in a proximate analysis of the feeds: moisture ranged from 1.18% to 1.54%, unrefined lipids 0.99–3.08%, total carbohydrate 57% to 72%, ash content 38.48% to 38.92%, unrefined protein 18.38% to 22.53% and unrefined fiber 2.0% to 4.65% respectively for broilers and layers. In terms of nutritional concentrations, all feed samples showed a substantial variation. Based on the findings of the study, it can be stated that Soya bean-maize bran is an excellent poultry-mix formulation that has deep well-disposed benefits and meets nearly all nutritional needs for meat and egg-producing birds.
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26
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Amer SA, Beheiry RR, Abdel Fattah DM, Roushdy EM, Hassan FAM, Ismail TA, Zaitoun NMA, Abo-Elmaaty AMA, Metwally AE. Effects of different feeding regimens with protease supplementation on growth, amino acid digestibility, economic efficiency, blood biochemical parameters, and intestinal histology in broiler chickens. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:283. [PMID: 34433469 PMCID: PMC8390192 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted to estimate the impacts of using varied feeding regimens with or without protease supplementation on the growth performance, apparent amino acid ileal digestibility (AID%), economic efficiency, intestinal histology, and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Three hundred one-day-old chicks (Ross 308 broiler) were randomly allotted to a 3 × 2 factorial design. The experimental design consisted of three feeding regimens; FR1: a recommended protein SBM diet, FR2: a low-protein SBM diet, and FR3: a low-protein diet with the inclusion of 5% DDGS and 5% SFM, with or without protease supplementation (250 mg/kg). Results Increased feed intake and feed conversion ratio were observed in the FR3 treatment during the starter stage and decreased body weight and body weight gain during the grower stage. However, there was no significant effect of the different feeding regimens, protease supplementation, or interaction on the overall performance. The economic value of diets also remained unaffected by the different feeding regimens, protease supplementation, or interaction. Protease supplementation resulted in lowering the AID% of tryptophan and leucine. Reduced AID% of methionine was evident in the FR2 + VE and FR3 − VE treatments. Histological findings substantiated the FR3 treatment mediated a decrease in the duodenal and jejunal villous height (VH), jejunal villous width (VW), and ileal VW, whereas, increase in the ileal crypt depth (CD). The FR2 + VE treatment reduced the VH:CD ratio in the duodenum. The duodenal CD and the jejunal goblet cell count were reduced as a consequence of protease supplementation. The FR3 + VE treatment documented a rise in duodenal CD, while an increase in the jejunal goblet cell count was observed in the FR3 − VE treatment. The FR3 treatment enhanced the IgM serum levels compared to the FR1 and FR2 treatments. IgM serum levels were also elevated following protease supplementation. FR3 + VE treatment increased IgM serum levels. The highest serum ALP was found in the FR3 treatment, whereas the lowest level was obtained in the FR2 treatment. Conclusion Low-protein SBM-based diets could be used without affecting the birds’ growth. Altered morphometric measures of the intestine and increased IgM and ALP levels indicated the low-protein SBM/DDGS-SFM diet-induced damage of the intestinal histoarchitecture and immune system of birds. These different diets and protease supplementation failed to affect economic efficiency positively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A Amer
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Rasha R Beheiry
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Abdel Fattah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Elshimaa M Roushdy
- Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Fardos A M Hassan
- Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Tamer Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha M A Zaitoun
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Commerce, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Azza M A Abo-Elmaaty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Abdallah E Metwally
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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Impact of Dietary Crude Protein Level on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Weaned Female Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061829. [PMID: 34207398 PMCID: PMC8235084 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It has been reported that a high crude protein diet could reverse the diet-induced lipid accumulation in the liver of mice and rodents. However, in vivo data supporting a functional role of a high crude protein diet on hepatic lipid metabolism-associated genes and proteins in weaned piglets is not available. In the present study, we aimed to provide a mechanistic insight into alterations in the hepatic lipid lipogenesis, lipolysis, oxidation, and gluconeogenesis in response to different dietary crude protein levels. Our results demonstrated that dietary crude protein could regulate hepatic lipid metabolism through regulating hepatic lipid lipogenesis, lipolysis, oxidation, and gluconeogenesis. The result indicated an important role of dietary crude protein in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism in weaned piglets. Abstract Amino acids serve not only as building blocks for proteins, but also as substrates for the synthesis of low-molecular-weight substances involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. In the present study, eighteen weaned female piglets at 35 days of age were fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet containing 20%, 17%, or 14% crude protein (CP), respectively. We found that 17% or 20% CP administration reduced the triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations, while enhanced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration in serum. Western blot analysis showed that piglets in the 20% CP group had higher protein abundance of hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase (HSL) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), as compared with other groups. Moreover, the mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBPF1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) were lower in the 17% or 20% CP group, compared with those of the piglets administered with 14% CP. Of note, the mRNA level of acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACACα) was lower in the 17% CP group, compared with other groups. Additionally, the mRNA level of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha α (PPARα), glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PKC1) in the liver of piglets in the 20% CP group were higher than those of the 14% CP group. Collectively, our results demonstrated that dietary CP could regulate hepatic lipid metabolism through altering hepatic lipid lipogenesis, lipolysis, oxidation, and gluconeogenesis.
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Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism in Poultry during and after Heat Stress: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041167. [PMID: 33921616 PMCID: PMC8074156 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examined the influence of environmental heat stress, a concern facing modern broiler producers, on protein metabolism and broiler performance, as well as the physiological mechanisms that activate and control or minimize the detrimental impacts of stress. In addition, available scientific papers that focused on amino acids (AA) digestibility under stress conditions were analyzed. Furthermore, AA supplementation, a good strategy to enhance broiler thermotolerance, amelioration, or stress control, by keeping stress at optimal levels rather than its elimination, plays an important role in the success of poultry breeding. Poultry maintain homeothermy, and their response to heat stress is mainly due to elevated ambient temperature and the failure of effective heat loss, which causes a considerable negative economic impact on the poultry industry worldwide. Reduced feed intake, typically observed during heat stress, was the primary driver for meat production loss. However, accumulating evidence indicates that heat stress influences poultry metabolism and endocrine profiles independently of reduced feed intake. In conclusion, high ambient temperatures significantly reduced dietary AA intake, which in turn reduced protein deposition and growth in broilers. Further studies are required to determine the quantity of the AA needed in warm and hot climates and to introduce genetic tools for animal breeding associated with the heat stress in chickens.
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29
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Kpomasse CC, Oke OE, Houndonougbo FM, Tona K. Broiler production challenges in the tropics: A review. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:831-842. [PMID: 33559980 PMCID: PMC8136938 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Under tropical climate, broiler production is encumbered by several constraints which make it difficult for them to attain their genetic potential. The scarcity and high price of poultry feed and veterinary services and the harsh environmental conditions with respect to thermal stress are some of the challenges that hinder optimal growth of the birds. Limited availability of feedstuffs, including crucial feed ingredients like maize and oil seedcakes, is an important challenge to the sector, since feed still represents a major cost of producing broiler chickens. Additionally, the problem of climate change, which has become a global concern, is the main problem in broiler production under hot and humid climate. Under high ambient temperature, feed intake decreases, carbohydrates metabolism and protein synthesis efficiency are disturbed. Lipid utilization is lower and glucose or insulin homeostasis is altered while fat deposition and oxidative stress increases. Several strategies are used to ameliorate the effect of heat stress in poultry. The objective of this review was to summarize the challenge in broiler production under hot and humid climate and different approaches to fight heat stress in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cocou Claude Kpomasse
- Regional Center of Excellence on Poultry Sciences (CERSA), University of Lome, Lome, Togo
| | - Oyegunle Emmanuel Oke
- Regional Center of Excellence on Poultry Sciences (CERSA), University of Lome, Lome, Togo.,Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | - Kokou Tona
- Regional Center of Excellence on Poultry Sciences (CERSA), University of Lome, Lome, Togo
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Hafez HM, Attia YA. Challenges to the Poultry Industry: Current Perspectives and Strategic Future After the COVID-19 Outbreak. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:516. [PMID: 33005639 PMCID: PMC7479178 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry immunity, health, and production are several factors that challenge the future growth of the poultry industry. Consumer confidence, product quality and safety, types of products, and the emergence and re-emergence of diseases will continue to be major challenges to the current situation and the strategic future of the industry. Foodborne and zoonotic diseases are strictly linked with poultry. Eradication, elimination, and/or control of foodborne and zoonotic pathogens present a major challenge to the poultry industry. In addition, the public health hazards from consuming foods with high antibiotic residues will remain a critical issue. The theory of poultry production described in this review will not be limited to considering disease control. Rather, it will also incorporate the interconnection of the animals' health, welfare, and immunity. It is essential to know that chickens are not susceptible to intranasal infection by the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus. Nevertheless, the COVID-19 pandemic will affect poultry consumption, transport, and the economics of poultry farming. It will also take into consideration economic, ethical, social dimensions, and the sustenance of the accomplishment of high environmental security. Stockholders, veterinarians, farmers, and all the partners of the chain of poultry production need to be more involved in the current situation and the strategic future of the industry to fulfill human demands and ensure sustainable agriculture. Thus, the present review explores these important tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafez M. Hafez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Youssef A. Attia
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- The Strategic Center to Kingdom Vision Realization, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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