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Barbosa TN, Ferreira MRA, Scholl NR, Pegoraro HG, de Oliveira Silva MT, Sousa FSS, Seixas FK, Collares TV, Leitte FL, de Pereira CMP, Mansilla A, Borsuk S. Iridaea cordata lipid extract associated with the rCP01850 protein of C. pseudotuberculosis elicited a Th1 immune response in immunized sheep. Vaccine 2024; 42:126220. [PMID: 39182314 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Sheep farming contributes to the socioeconomic development of small and medium-scale livestock farmers. However, several factors can hinder successful animal production, as is the case for infectious diseases, such as the one caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, known as caseous lymphadenitis (CLA). CLA has >90% prevalence in Brazilian herds and antibiotic treatment is not effective, consequently causing significant economic losses to farmers. Given the above, effective vaccines need to be developed to prevent this disease. This study aimed to evaluate the adjuvant activity of the lipid extract from the macroalgae Iridaea cordata as a candidate for developing an effective vaccine formulation. For such, four groups of six sheep each were inoculated with sterile 0.9% saline solution (G1), rCP01850 (G2), rCP01850 + I. cordata (G3), and rCP01850 + saponin (G4). Each sheep received two vaccine doses 30 days apart. Total IgG production levels significantly increased in experimental groups G3 and G4 on days 30, 60, and 90. On day 90, G3 showed higher total IgG production (p < 0.05) when compared to G4. When analyzing cytokine production, G3 was the only experimental group with significantly increased IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-10 mRNA expression levels. Our results show the vaccine formulation containing rCP01850 adjuvanted with the I. cordata lipid extract elicited a Th1 immune response in sheep, indicating I. cordata lipid extract may be a promising adjuvant for developing an effective vaccine against infection caused by C. pseudotuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tallyson Nogueira Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Infecto-Parasitária, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, UFPel, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Roberto Alves Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, UFPel, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Nicole Ramos Scholl
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Infecto-Parasitária, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, UFPel, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Henrique Gonçalves Pegoraro
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Infecto-Parasitária, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, UFPel, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Mara Thais de Oliveira Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Infecto-Parasitária, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, UFPel, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Severo Sabedra Sousa
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia do Câncer, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, UFPel, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kommling Seixas
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia do Câncer, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, UFPel, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago Veiras Collares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia do Câncer, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, UFPel, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio Leivas Leitte
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, UFPel, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Claudio Martins Pereira de Pereira
- Laboratório de Lipidômica e Bio-orgânica, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, UFPel, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Andrés Mansilla
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Universidad de Magallanes, Chile
| | - Sibele Borsuk
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Infecto-Parasitária, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, UFPel, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil.
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El Khalfaoui N, El Amiri B, Cabaraux JF, Chentouf M, Raes M, Marcotty T, Kirschvink N. Rearing Management and Its Impact on Caseous Lymphadenitis in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1504. [PMID: 38791721 PMCID: PMC11117208 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Two surveys were conducted to assess the prevalence and risk factors of ovine caseous lymphadenitis (CL) and explore the association between its superficial and visceral forms in Sardi sheep in Settat province, Morocco. A total of 1521 sheep, including 318 lambs < 6 months, 572 young sheep aged 6-24 months, and 631 adult sheep > 24 months, were examined from 57 flocks. Superficial CL prevalence levels were as follows: 69/318 in lambs, 292/572 in young sheep, and 114/631 in adult sheep. Additionally, 2124 sheep, including 1813 young and 311 adult sheep, were inspected in slaughterhouses ante- and post-mortem. Among all infected animals, the prevalence of visceral abscesses was notably higher in adult sheep (83%, OR = 9.8, 95% CI = 5.5-17.2) compared to young sheep (35%). Data on flock size, sex, age, body condition score, rearing methods, and hygienic measures were collected. Suspected CL cases were confirmed using quadruplex-PCR. Poor barn ventilation, lack of abscess control, and younger age were identified as key risk factors for CL. Additionally, a high percentage (89%) of animals with thoracic abscesses did not display superficial lesions. While age and abscess control have been reported in previous studies, barn ventilation appears to be a new, but important, risk factor. In conclusion, the identified risk factors in Settat province are linked to breeding management practices. Implementing regular abscess control measures and improving barn ventilation are essential for CL prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora El Khalfaoui
- Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (N.E.K.)
- Animal Production Unit, Regional Center Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Avenue Ennasr, P.O. Box 415, Rabat Principal, Rabat 10090, Morocco
| | - Bouchra El Amiri
- Animal Production Unit, Regional Center Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Avenue Ennasr, P.O. Box 415, Rabat Principal, Rabat 10090, Morocco
| | - Jean-François Cabaraux
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Mouad Chentouf
- Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Tangier, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Avenue Ennasr, P.O. Box 415, Rabat Principal, Rabat 10090, Morocco;
| | - Marianne Raes
- Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (N.E.K.)
| | - Tanguy Marcotty
- Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (N.E.K.)
| | - Nathalie Kirschvink
- Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (N.E.K.)
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Nicoleti JL, Braga ES, Stanisic D, Jadranin M, Façanha DAE, Barral TD, Hanna SA, Azevedo V, Meyer R, Tasic L, Portela RW. A serum NMR metabolomic analysis of the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in goats. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12595-0. [PMID: 37219572 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in small ruminants, is highly prevalent worldwide. Economic losses have already been associated with the disease, and little is known about the host-pathogen relationship associated with the disease. The present study aimed to perform a metabolomic study of the C. pseudotuberculosis infection in goats. Serum samples were collected from a herd of 173 goats. The animals were classified as controls (not infected), asymptomatic (seropositives but without detectable CLA clinical signs), and symptomatic (seropositive animals presenting CLA lesions), according to microbiological isolation and immunodiagnosis. The serum samples were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequences. The NMR data were analyzed using chemometrics, and principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were performed to discover specific biomarkers responsible for discrimination between the groups. A high dissemination of the infection by C. pseudotuberculosis was observed, being 74.57% asymptomatic and 11.56% symptomatic. In the evaluation of 62 serum samples by NMR, the techniques were satisfactory in the discrimination of the groups, being also complementary and mutually confirming, demonstrating possible biomarkers for the infection by the bacterium. Twenty metabolites of interest were identified by NOESY and 29 by CPMG, such as tryptophan, polyunsaturated fatty acids, formic acid, NAD+, and 3-hydroxybutyrate, opening promising possibilities for the use of these results in new therapeutic, immunodiagnosis, and immunoprophylactic tools, as well as for studies of the immune response against C. pseudotuberculosis. KEY POINTS: • Sixty-two samples from healthy, CLA asymptomatic, and symptomatic goats were screened • Twenty metabolites of interest were identified by NOESY and 29 by CPMG • 1H-NMR NOESY and CPMG were complementary and mutually confirming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis Nicoleti
- Laboratório de Imunologia E Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40231-300, Brazil
| | - Erik Sobrinho Braga
- Laboratório de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo State, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Danijela Stanisic
- Laboratório de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo State, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Milka Jadranin
- Laboratório de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo State, 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Débora Andréa Evangelista Façanha
- Institute of Rural Development, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Redenção, Ceará State, 62790-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago Doria Barral
- Laboratório de Imunologia E Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40231-300, Brazil
| | - Samira Abdallah Hanna
- Laboratório de Imunologia E Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40231-300, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Roberto Meyer
- Laboratório de Imunologia E Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40231-300, Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Laboratório de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo State, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Wagner Portela
- Laboratório de Imunologia E Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40231-300, Brazil.
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The Microbial Community in the Abscess Underneath the Skin of Goats. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The abscess underneath the skin is a common disease, which seriously affects the quality and yield of goat breeding. The main pathogens that cause abscesses are well understood, but the microbial community yet remains relatively unexplored. To determine the population and diversity of the microorganisms in the abscess underneath the skin of goats, in this work, 5 pus samples randomly collected from different goat farms (Jiangsu Province, China) were subjected to metagenomics sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The test data show that the microbial communities of each sample contain about 79~82 kinds of microorganisms. Interestingly, each sample contained similar microbial species, including 53~59 kinds of bacteria, 5~6 fungi, 3 viruses, and 16~18 parasites. The top 5 dominant bacteria are Staphylococcus aureus, Lactococcus garvieae, Helicobacter pylori, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, with an average abundance value of 29.88 %, 8.2%, 6.16%, 3.5%, and 3.26%, respectively. The remaining microbial abundances ranged from 0.01% to 3%. Although each of these frequent microorganisms is a tiny part of the total community, they constitute a major portion of individual reads (~1/2). In the conclusion, Staphylococcus aureus is the most dominant but nonunique bacterium responsible for the abscess underneath the skin of the goat, and the microbial community in the subcutaneous abscess is highly diverse. Bacterial coinfection should play an important role.
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Mathewos M, Fesseha H. Cytopathological and bacteriological studies on caseous lymphadenitis in cattle slaughtered at Bishoftu municipal abattoir, Ethiopia. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1211-1218. [PMID: 35120279 PMCID: PMC9122433 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a chronic bacterial infectious disease that affects cattle, shoats, and other domestic and wild ruminants. Methods A purposive cross‐sectional study was conducted on 30 cattle with enlarged lymph nodes to investigate CLA using cytopathological and bacteriological techniques from cattle slaughtered at Bishoftu municipal abattoir. Results From a total of 30 cattle subjected to clinical and post‐mortem examinations, only one bull was found to be infected with a rare case of CLA in Bishoftu municipal abattoir, Ethiopia. Enlargement of the pre‐scapular lymph node was the only clinical finding during ante‐mortem inspection of the bull. The gross pathological lesion showed a pre‐scapular lymph node with a caseo‐necrotic dystrophic calcification that was accompanied by a rough texture and white to grayish hue. Histopathologically, the lymph node was characterized by central liquefactive necrosis that was surrounded by coagulative necrosis containing multiple foci of mineralization, infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and mononuclear immature fibrosis containing inflammatory cells and also with some sort of a thick layer of mature fibrosis that defines the magnitude of the lesion. Cytologically, multi‐lobulated (intact and degenerated) neutrophils, a few reactive lymphocytes, macrophages and some crenated histocytes have been recognized. The bacterial culture of the sample revealed small, white cream, dry, waxy colonies with a narrow area of β‐haemolysis. The isolate of the sample was a Gram‐positive cocci‐bacilli that was arranged in a Chinese pattern on Gram staining, and catalase and urease were positive in the biochemical analysis of this organism, which was able to ferment glucose and maltose but not trehalose and xylose. Conclusions The present investigation indicated that CLA was prevalent as sporadic cases among cattle slaughtered in Bishoftu municipal abattoir. Thus, effective preventive and control measures, such as good sanitation and hygiene, should be followed during meat inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Mathewos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Haben Fesseha
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Esteves A, Vieira-Pinto M, Quintas H, Orge L, Gama A, Alves A, Seixas F, Pires I, Pinto MDL, Mendonça AP, Lima C, Machado CN, Silva JC, Tavares P, Silva F, Bastos E, Pereira J, Gonçalves-Anjo N, Carvalho P, Sargo R, Matos A, Figueira L, Pires MDA. Scrapie at Abattoir: Monitoring, Control, and Differential Diagnosis of Wasting Conditions during Meat Inspection. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3028. [PMID: 34827761 PMCID: PMC8614523 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wasting disease in small ruminants is frequently detected at slaughterhouses. The wasting disorder is manifested by the deterioration of the nutritional and physiological state of the animal indicated by thinness, emaciation, and cachexia. Evidence of emaciation and cachexia, alone, are pathological conditions leading to carcass condemnation during an inspection. Several diseases are associated with a wasting condition, including scrapie, pseudotuberculosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, Maedi Visna, and tumor diseases. On the other hand, parasitic diseases, nutrition disorders, exposure or ingestion of toxins, metabolic conditions, inadequate nutrition due to poor teeth, or poor alimentary diet are conditions contributing to poor body condition. Classical and atypical scrapie is naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in small ruminants. The etiological agent for each one is prions. However, each of these scrapie types is epidemiologically, pathologically, and biochemically different. Though atypical scrapie occurs at low incidence, it is consistently prevalent in the small ruminant population. Hence, it is advisable to include differential diagnosis of this disease, from other possibilities, as a cause of wasting conditions detected during meat inspection at the abattoir. This manuscript is a review of the measures in force at the abattoir for scrapie control, focusing on the differential diagnosis of gross lesions related to wasting conditions detected in small ruminants during meat inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Esteves
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.V.-P.); (L.O.); (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.S.); (I.P.); (M.d.L.P.); (F.S.); (J.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.V.-P.); (L.O.); (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.S.); (I.P.); (M.d.L.P.); (F.S.); (J.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Hélder Quintas
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - Leonor Orge
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.V.-P.); (L.O.); (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.S.); (I.P.); (M.d.L.P.); (F.S.); (J.P.); (R.S.)
- Pathology Laboratory, UEISPSA, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (A.P.M.); (C.N.M.); (J.C.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.V.-P.); (L.O.); (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.S.); (I.P.); (M.d.L.P.); (F.S.); (J.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Anabela Alves
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.V.-P.); (L.O.); (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.S.); (I.P.); (M.d.L.P.); (F.S.); (J.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.V.-P.); (L.O.); (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.S.); (I.P.); (M.d.L.P.); (F.S.); (J.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Isabel Pires
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.V.-P.); (L.O.); (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.S.); (I.P.); (M.d.L.P.); (F.S.); (J.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Maria de Lurdes Pinto
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.V.-P.); (L.O.); (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.S.); (I.P.); (M.d.L.P.); (F.S.); (J.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Ana Paula Mendonça
- Pathology Laboratory, UEISPSA, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (A.P.M.); (C.N.M.); (J.C.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Carla Lima
- Pathology Laboratory, UEISPSA, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (C.L.); (P.T.)
| | - Carla Neves Machado
- Pathology Laboratory, UEISPSA, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (A.P.M.); (C.N.M.); (J.C.S.); (P.C.)
| | - João Carlos Silva
- Pathology Laboratory, UEISPSA, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (A.P.M.); (C.N.M.); (J.C.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Paula Tavares
- Pathology Laboratory, UEISPSA, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (C.L.); (P.T.)
| | - Filipe Silva
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.V.-P.); (L.O.); (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.S.); (I.P.); (M.d.L.P.); (F.S.); (J.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Estela Bastos
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Genetic Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Jorge Pereira
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.V.-P.); (L.O.); (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.S.); (I.P.); (M.d.L.P.); (F.S.); (J.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Nuno Gonçalves-Anjo
- Genetic Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Paulo Carvalho
- Pathology Laboratory, UEISPSA, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (A.P.M.); (C.N.M.); (J.C.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Roberto Sargo
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.V.-P.); (L.O.); (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.S.); (I.P.); (M.d.L.P.); (F.S.); (J.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Ana Matos
- Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco (IPCB), 6000-767 Castelo Branco, Portugal;
- Quality of Life in the Rural World (Q-Rural), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco (IPCB), 6000-767 Castelo Branco, Portugal;
| | - Luís Figueira
- Quality of Life in the Rural World (Q-Rural), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco (IPCB), 6000-767 Castelo Branco, Portugal;
| | - Maria dos Anjos Pires
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.V.-P.); (L.O.); (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.S.); (I.P.); (M.d.L.P.); (F.S.); (J.P.); (R.S.)
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