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Schwingel Henn G, Cima LZ, Bettanin BF, Schlabitz C, Neutzling Lehn D, de Souza CFV, Hoehne L. Selenized lactic acid bacteria microencapsulated by spray drying: A promising strategy for beef cattle feed supplementation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024; 71:753-765. [PMID: 38436528 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the technical feasibility of incorporating selenized Lactobacillus spp. microencapsulated via spray drying into cattle feed. Gum Arabic and maltodextrin were used as encapsulating agents. The encapsulation process was carried out with a drying air flow rate of 1.75 m3/min, inlet air temperature of 90°C, and outlet air temperature of 75°C. The viability of the encapsulated microorganisms and the technological characteristics of the obtained microparticles were evaluated. Microorganisms were incorporated into beef cattle feed to supplement their diet with up to 0.3 mg of Se per kilogram of feed. The encapsulated particles, consisting of a 50/50 ratio of gum Arabic/maltodextrin at a 1:20 proportion of selenized biomass to encapsulant mixture, exhibited superior technical viability for application in beef cattle feed. Supplemented feeds displayed suitable moisture, water activity, and hygroscopicity values, ensuring the preservation of viable microorganisms for up to 5 months of storage, with an approximate count of 4.5 log CFU/g. Therefore, supplementing beef cattle feed with selenized and microencapsulated lactic acid bacteria represents a viable technological alternative, contributing to increased animal protein productivity through proper nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Schwingel Henn
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larissa Zago Cima
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Fabris Bettanin
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Schlabitz
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniel Neutzling Lehn
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Claucia Fernanda Volken de Souza
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Hoehne
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Kanakai N, Wongtangtintharn S, Suntara C, Cherdthong A. Feeding Pellets Containing Agro-Industrial Waste Enhances Feed Utilization and Rumen Functions in Thai Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3861. [PMID: 38136898 PMCID: PMC10740786 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of citric waste fermented with yeast waste pellet (CWYWP) supplementation on feed intake, rumen characteristics, and blood metabolites in native Thai beef cattle that are fed a rice-straw-based diet. Four native male Thai beef cattle (1.0-1.5 years old) with an initial body weight (BW) of 116 ± 16 kg were held in a 4 × 4 Latin square design within 21-day periods. The animals were assigned to receive CWYWP supplementation at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% of the total dry matter (DM) intake per day. The results indicate that feeding beef cattle with CWYWP leads to a linear increase in the total intake as well was the intake of crude protein (CP) and the digestibility of CP, with the maximum levels observed at 6% CWYWP supplementation (p < 0.05). Rumen characteristics, including pH, blood urea-nitrogen concentration, and protozoal population, showed no significant alterations in response to the varying CWYWP dosages (p > 0.05). In addition, the CWYWP supplementation resulted in no significant changes in the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen, remaining within an average normal range of 10.19-10.38 mg/dL (p > 0.05). The inclusion of 6% CWYWP resulted in the highest population of ruminal bacteria (p < 0.05). Additionally, the CWYWP supplementation led to a statistically significant increase in the mean propionic acid concentration as compared to the group that did not receive the CWYWP supplementation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this experiment demonstrates that supplementing Thai native beef cattle with CWYWP at either 4% or 6% DM per day can enhance their total CP intake as well as the CP digestibility and rumen bacterial population, and can increase propionate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (N.K.); (S.W.); (C.S.)
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Christodoulou C, Skourtis A, Kyriakaki P, Satolias FF, Karabinas D, Briche M, Salah N, Zervas G, Mavrommatis A, Tsiplakou E. The Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Probiotic and Postbiotic Yeast Products on Ewes Milk Performance and Immune Oxidative Status. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1139. [PMID: 38132740 PMCID: PMC10744422 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The administration of yeast products as feed additives has been proven to beneficially affect animal productivity through energy, oxidative, and immune status improvement. This study evaluated a combination of Saccharomyces cerevisiae live yeast (LY) with yeast postbiotics (rich in mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and beta-glucans) and selenium (Se)-enriched yeast on ewes' milk performance and milk quality, energy and oxidative status, and gene expression related to their immune system during the peripartum period. Ewes were fed a basal diet (BD; F:C = 58:42 prepartum and 41:59 postpartum) including inorganic Se (CON; n = 27), the BD supplemented with a LY product, and inorganic Se (AC; n = 29), as well as the combination of the LY, a product of yeast fraction rich in MOS and beta-glucans, and organic-Se-enriched yeast (ACMAN; n = 26) from 6 weeks prepartum to 6 weeks postpartum. The β-hydroxybutyric acid concentration in the blood of AC and ACMAN ewes was lower (compared to the CON) in both pre- and postpartum periods (p < 0.010). Postpartum, milk yield was increased in the AC and ACMAN Lacaune ewes (p = 0.001). In addition, the activity of superoxide dismutase (p = 0.037) and total antioxidant capacity (p = 0.034) measured via the 2,2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) method was increased in the blood plasma of the ACMAN postpartum. Higher ABTS values were also found (p = 0.021), while protein carbonyls were reduced (p = 0.023) in the milk of the treated groups. The relative transcript levels of CCL5 and IL6 were downregulated in the monocytes (p = 0.007 and p = 0.026 respectively), and those of NFKB were downregulated in the neutrophils of the ACMAN-fed ewes postpartum (p = 0.020). The dietary supplementation of ewes with yeast postbiotics rich in MOS and beta-glucans, and organic Se, improved energy status, milk yield and some milk constituents, and oxidative status, with simultaneous suppression of mRNA levels of proinflammatory genes during the peripartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece; (C.C.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (F.F.S.); (D.K.); (G.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexis Skourtis
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece; (C.C.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (F.F.S.); (D.K.); (G.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Panagiota Kyriakaki
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece; (C.C.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (F.F.S.); (D.K.); (G.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Fotis Fokion Satolias
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece; (C.C.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (F.F.S.); (D.K.); (G.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Dimitris Karabinas
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece; (C.C.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (F.F.S.); (D.K.); (G.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Maxime Briche
- Phileo by Lesaffre, 59700 Marcq en Baroeul, Nord, France; (M.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Nizar Salah
- Phileo by Lesaffre, 59700 Marcq en Baroeul, Nord, France; (M.B.); (N.S.)
| | - George Zervas
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece; (C.C.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (F.F.S.); (D.K.); (G.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexandros Mavrommatis
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece; (C.C.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (F.F.S.); (D.K.); (G.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Eleni Tsiplakou
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece; (C.C.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (F.F.S.); (D.K.); (G.Z.); (A.M.)
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Guagliano M, Cristiani C, Dell’Anno M, Dotelli G, Finocchio E, Lacalamita M, Mesto E, Reggi S, Rossi L, Schingaro E. A Commercial Clay-Based Material as a Carrier for Targeted Lysozyme Delivery in Animal Feed. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2965. [PMID: 37999319 PMCID: PMC10674955 DOI: 10.3390/nano13222965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The controlled supply of bioactive molecules is a subject of debate in animal nutrition. The release of bioactive molecules in the target organ, in this case the intestine, results in improved feed, as well as having a lower environmental impact. However, the degradation of bioactive molecules' in transit in the gastrointestinal passage is still an unresolved issue. This paper discusses the feasibility of a simple and cost-effective procedure to bypass the degradation problem. A solid/liquid adsorption procedure was applied, and the operating parameters (pH, reaction time, and LY initial concentration) were studied. Lysozyme is used in this work as a representative bioactive molecule, while Adsorbo®, a commercial mixture of clay minerals and zeolites which meets current feed regulations, is used as the carrier. A maximum LY loading of 32 mgLY/gAD (LY(32)-AD) was obtained, with fixing pH in the range 7.5-8, initial LY content at 37.5 mgLY/gAD, and reaction time at 30 min. A full characterisation of the hybrid organoclay highlighted that LY molecules were homogeneously spread on the carrier's surface, where the LY-carrier interaction was mainly due to charge interaction. Preliminary release tests performed on the LY(32)-AD synthesised sample showed a higher releasing capacity, raising the pH from 3 to 7. In addition, a preliminary Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay showed an antioxidant capacity for the LY of 1.47 ± 0.18 µmol TroloxEq/g with an inhibition percentage of 33.20 ± 3.94%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Guagliano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Cristiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Matteo Dell’Anno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.R.); (L.R.)
| | - Giovanni Dotelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Finocchio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica e Ambientale, Università di Genova, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genova, Italy;
| | - Maria Lacalamita
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.L.); (E.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Ernesto Mesto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.L.); (E.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Serena Reggi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.R.); (L.R.)
| | - Luciana Rossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.R.); (L.R.)
| | - Emanuela Schingaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.L.); (E.M.); (E.S.)
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Dell'Anno M, Scaglia E, Reggi S, Grossi S, Angelo Sgoifo Rossi C, Frazzini S, Caprarulo V, Rossi L. Evaluation of tributyrin supplementation in milk replacer on diarrhoea occurrence in pre-weaning Holstein calves. Animal 2023; 17:100791. [PMID: 37121158 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal calf diarrhoea is one of the most important health challenges in cattle herds causing substantial economic losses and antimicrobial use. Due to the raising problem of antimicrobial resistance, effective alternatives are urgently required, in line with European policies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tributyrin supplementation in milk replacer on diarrhoea, performance and metabolic status in preweaning Holstein calves. Twelve newborn calves, after colostrum administration, were randomly allotted in two experimental groups for 42 days: control (CTRL) fed milk replacer, tributyrin (TRIB) fed milk replacer supplemented with 0.3% of liquid tributyrin on milk powder weight. Calves BW was recorded on a weekly basis from day 7 to day 42, and feed intake was recorded daily to calculate zootechnical performance. Faecal consistency was assessed daily through the faecal score (0-3 scale; considering diarrhoea moderate = 2 and severe = 3). Faecal samples were collected weekly from rectal ampulla for microbiological analysis by plate counting method evaluating the number of total bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and coliform bacteria. On day 0 and day 42, individual blood samples were collected from jugular vein for metabolic profile analysis. Serum samples of day 42 were also evaluated for the antioxidant barrier using a colorimetric test, while glucagon-like peptide 2 and diamine oxidase concentrations were measured through immunoenzymatic assays. Tributyrin supplementation did not influence the zootechnical performance of calves over 42 days of trial. Diarrhoea frequency was significantly lower in TRIB compared to CTRL group (27.91 and 38.37%; P < 0.01) considering the whole experimental period. In particular, the major effect was observed for moderate diarrhoea in TRIB group that showed a significantly reduced frequency compared to CTRL (P < 0.01) thus suggesting a preventive effect of tributyrin. Faecal total bacterial, lactic acid and coliform bacteria counts did not show differences between groups. Urea serum concentrations tended to be lower in TRIB compared to CTRL, indicating an efficient utilisation of dietary protein. Antioxidant barrier and glucagon-like peptide 2 were comparable between CTRL and TRIB on day 42. Diamine oxidase concentrations were significantly decreased in TRIB compared to CTRL group after 42 days of trial (P < 0.01), suggesting a higher gut epithelial integrity probably due to lower diarrhoea frequency and the nourish effect of tributyrin on enterocytes. In conclusion, tributyrin could be considered as a valuable bioactive feed additive to decrease the neonatal diarrhoea occurrence and support intestinal integrity in preweaning calves.
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Antibiotic Use in Veterinary. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111539. [DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of antibiotics in the 1930s, the form and philosophy of their use has changed considerably [...]
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Hall JA, Isaiah A, McNett ER, Klopfenstein JJ, Davis TZ, Suchodolski JS, Bobe G. Supranutritional Selenium-Yeast Supplementation of Beef Cows during the Last Trimester of Pregnancy Results in Higher Whole-Blood Selenium Concentrations in Their Calves at Weaning, but Not Enough to Improve Nasal Microbial Diversity. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111360. [PMID: 35681824 PMCID: PMC9179841 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that feeding Se-biofortified alfalfa hay to weaned beef calves in a preconditioning program increases whole-blood Se (WB-Se) concentrations and nasal microbiome abundance and diversity during the preconditioning period, decreases morbidity and mortality during the feedlot period, and increases carcass weight and quality at slaughter. The objective of the current study was to see whether similar improvements can be achieved through Se supplementation of dams during various pregnancy trimesters. In a two-year experimental study, 80 Angus-cross cows received once-weekly Se-yeast boluses containing 105 mg of Se, during either the first (TR-1), second (TR-2), or third (TR-3) pregnancy trimester, or were not bolused (CTR). Whole-blood Se concentrations were higher from CTR, to TR-1, to TR-2, and to TR-3 in newborn calves (all p < 0.01). At weaning, only calves from TR-3 mothers had higher WB-Se concentrations compared with calves from CTR mothers (p = 0.02), and no significant differences in nasal microbiome abundance and diversity or nasal microbiota were observed. In the feedlot period, morbidity was low, and no differences were observed. At slaughter, no differences in carcass weight and quality were observed. In conclusion, Se supplementation of pregnant cows is effective for increasing WB-Se concentration of newborn calves, and the increase can be sustained until weaning for calves born to TR-3 dams. However, the increase in WB-Se concentrations is small and does not result in beneficial changes in the nasal microbiome. Thus, calves should be fed Se-biofortified forages again at weaning in a preconditioning program in order to diversify the nasal microbiome prior to entering the feedlot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A. Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Anitha Isaiah
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (A.I.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Ened R.L. McNett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Joseph J. Klopfenstein
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - T. Zane Davis
- USDA-ARS-Poisonous Plant Research Lab, Logan, UT 84341, USA;
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (A.I.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Zhao N, Yang Y, Xu H, Li L, Hu Y, Liu E, Cui J. Betaine protects bovine mammary epithelial cells against LPS-induced inflammatory response and oxidative damage via modulating NF-κB and Nrf2 signalling pathway. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2070035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Zhao
- School of Food and Biology Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Yang
- School of Food and Biology Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixu Xu
- School of Food and Biology Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Li
- School of Food and Biology Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Enqi Liu
- School of Food and Biology Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jue Cui
- School of Food and Biology Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
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