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Nawawi NIM, Ijod G, Abas F, Ramli NS, Mohd Adzahan N, Mohamad Azman E. Influence of Different Drying Methods on Anthocyanins Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarps and LC-MS Analysis of the Active Extract. Foods 2023; 12:2351. [PMID: 37372562 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mangosteen pericarps (MP) often end up as agricultural waste despite being rich in powerful natural antioxidants such as anthocyanins and xanthones. This study compared the effect of different drying processes and times on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of MP. Fresh MP were subjected to 36 and 48 h of freeze-drying (-44 ± 1 °C) and oven-drying (45 ± 1 °C), and 30 and 40 h of sun-drying (31 ± 3 °C). The samples were analyzed for anthocyanins composition, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activities, and color characteristics. Analysis of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with electrospray ionization identified two anthocyanins in MP: cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Overall, the drying process, time, and their interactions significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the phenolic compounds, antioxidant activities, and color in MP extracts. Both freeze-drying after 36 h (FD36) and 48 h (FD48) possessed significantly (p < 0.05) higher total anthocyanins (2.1-2.2 mg/g) than other samples. However, FD36 was associated with significantly (p < 0.05) higher TPC (~94.05 mg GAE/g), TFC (~621.00 mg CE/g), and reducing power (~1154.50 μmol TE/g) compared to FD48. Moreover, FD36 is more efficient for industrial applications due to less time and energy consumption. Subsequently, obtained dried MP extracts could be further utilized as an alternative to synthetic food colorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Izzati Mohamed Nawawi
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Giroon Ijod
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Shazini Ramli
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noranizan Mohd Adzahan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ezzat Mohamad Azman
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Mustafa I, Chin NL. Antioxidant Properties of Dried Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) var. Bentong. Foods 2023; 12:foods12010178. [PMID: 36613394 PMCID: PMC9818862 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a popular culinary herb used in the Eastern culture. The essential cultivar of the Zingiber genus is rich in antioxidants and is crucial in the fight against oxidative stress-related diseases. The antioxidant properties of dried ginger were evaluated and compared for their efficacy from different drying processes (sun-, oven-, vacuum- and freeze-drying) and using three extraction solvents: hot water, aqueous ethanol (80%, v/v) and ethanol. The drying process demonstrated a positive effect on the antioxidant activities of ginger. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in the extracting ability of each solvent. Sun-dried ginger extracted with ethanol performed better than the fresh ginger extract in the form of increased yield (3.04-fold), TFC values (12.25-fold), reducing power (FRAP) (15.35-fold), total antioxidant activity (TAA) (6.82-fold) and inhibition of ABTS•+ radical cation (3.51-fold) and DPPH• radical (95%). Meanwhile, freeze-dried aqueous ginger extracts demonstrated significantly higher TPC (1.66-fold), TFC (3.71-fold), FRAP (3.26-fold), TAA (2.97-fold), ABTS•+ scavenging activity (1.48-fold) and DPPH• radical inhibition (77%), compared to fresh ginger extracts. In addition, it was found that ethanol was significantly superior to aqueous ethanol in phenolic content recovery, despite the lower yield. Furthermore, ethanol ginger extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity than aqueous ethanol extracts. On the other hand, hot water was the least potent solvent for extraction. In summary, there was an excellent correlation between TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity. Sun-drying is the most desirable method for preserving and enhancing ginger quality due to its cost effectiveness and bioactive compound efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iswaibah Mustafa
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Terengganu, Bukit Besi Campus, Dungun 23200, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nyuk Ling Chin
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-89766353; Fax: +60-3-89464440
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Meena S, Gehlot P, Meena BR, Jain T, Sharma K. Impact of physical factors on bio-control potential of Lawsonia inermis leaf extract and bio-formulations as fungicides. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101361. [PMID: 36237441 PMCID: PMC9552027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is carried out to ascertain the effect of different physical factors (sunlight, temperature, pH) and storage conditions on the antimicrobial efficacy of Lawsonia inermis leaf extracts and bio-formulation against the Alternaria alternata. In addition, the phytotoxic potential of 100% alcoholic crude extract as well as the acetone fraction of young leaves of Lawsonia inermis was also checked on seed germination of chilli (Capsicum annuum). Results showed that there was no adverse effect of wet heat (50-100 °C) and dry heat (40-90 °C) on extract and bio-formulation efficacy. Storage for 6 and 12 months had no adverse effect on extract and bio-formulation efficacy and the antifungal activity was observed similar to freshly prepared extract. We have used concentrations of 5,10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/ml to perform a phytotoxicity assay. The measurement of phytotoxicity was done by using the Standard blotter method and the result revealed that 5, 10 and 15 mg/ml concentration of the extract was non phytotoxic and were further used for in vivo experiments. These plant extracts and bio-formulations have extensive antimicrobial potential to be explored for application in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Meena
- Microbial Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Pushpa Gehlot
- Microbial Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Bhanu Raj Meena
- Microbial Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Tripta Jain
- Microbial Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Microbial Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
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Saqallah FG, Hamed WM, Talib WH, Dianita R, Wahab HA. Antimicrobial activity and molecular docking screening of bioactive components of Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) aerial parts. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10391. [PMID: 36072262 PMCID: PMC9441312 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antirrhinum majus (Snapdragon) is a perennial Mediterranean-native plant that is commonly used for mass display. Few reports acknowledged the traditional use of A. majus for its medicinal and therapeutic effects. Herein, we assess the impact of A. majus’s sample preparation and extraction methods on the plant-aerial parts’ phytochemical contents and antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the microbial targets of the extracts’ secondary metabolites are inspected using molecular docking simulations. Methods The leaves and flowers of A. majus were prepared as fresh and air-dried samples, then extracted using cold maceration and hot reflux, respectively. Extracts with the best phytochemical profiles were selected to test their antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Besides, molecular docking of 66 reported isolated compounds was conducted against various microbial targets. Results The dried-refluxed samples revealed a massive deterioration in their phytochemical profiles, whereas the macerated flowers extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content and antimicrobial activity against all tested bacterial strains. However, both flowers and leaves extracts showed similar minimum inhibitory and lethal concentrations against C. albicans. Molecular docking studies revealed that chlorogenic acid, chalcononaringenin 4’-glucoside, 3,4,2’,4’,6’-pentahydroxy-chalcone 4’-glucoside, apigenin-7-glucuronide, and luteolin-7-glucuronide were the lead compounds in expressing the antimicrobial activity. Yet, A. majus’s compounds could neither inhibit the 30S ribosomal subunit nor muramyl ligase E. Conclusion Our results suggest that cold maceration of A. majus fresh aerial parts gave higher flavonoid and phenolic content contributing to its antimicrobial properties. These flavonoids and phenolic compounds are predicted to have a crucial role in inhibiting fungal sterol 14-demethylase, and bacterial dihydropteroate synthase and gyrase B subunit proteins. Air-drying of A. majus’s aerial parts deteriorates its phytochemical composition, affecting its antimicrobial activity. A. majus’s fresh-flowers macerate exhibited the highest total phenolic content and antibacterial activity. The antimycotic activity of A. majus was the same for flowers and leaves macerates. In-silico results showed that some phenolics, chalcones, and flavonoids are responsible for the antimicrobial activity. A.majus’s components act on fungal sterol 14-demethylase, and bacterial dihydropteroate synthase and gyrase B enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi G. Saqallah
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, 11931, Amman, Jordan
| | - Wafaa M. Hamed
- Pharmacy Department, Al-Noor University College, 41019, Mosul, Iraq
- Corresponding author.
| | - Wamidh H. Talib
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, 11931, Amman, Jordan
| | - Roza Dianita
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Habibah A. Wahab
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
- Corresponding author.
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Luo S, An R, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Ling J, Hu H, Li P. The glucosinolate profiles of Brassicaceae vegetables responded differently to quick-freezing and drying methods. Food Chem 2022; 383:132624. [PMID: 35413764 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLS) are bioactive compounds found in Brassicaceae vegetables. Industrial food processing treatments, such as blanching, quick-freezing (QF), vacuum freeze-drying (VFD), vacuum-drying (VD) and oven-drying (OD), significantly affect the degradation and ingestion of GLS. Here, the effects of these treatments, followed by boiling, on the GLS content and mimicking ingestion level of isothiocyanate from Brassicaceae vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, white and red cabbages, Chinese and baby cabbages, white and red radish roots) were investigated. The results showed that blanching-QF maintained or increased the GLS content as well as preserved the ingestion level of isothiocyanate, an optimum treatment for GLS preservation. Blanching-VFD was recommended for these vegetables, while blanching-VD and blanching-OD caused relatively high GLS losses and low isothiocyanate production. Additionally, stabilities of individual GLS during processing rely on their chemical structures and species. Generally, aliphatic GLS from Brassicaceae showed lower loss than indole GLS, indicating differences in their stabilities during processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Luo
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Ronghui An
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Hongsheng Zhou
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Yingtong Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Jun Ling
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Huali Hu
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China.
| | - Pengxia Li
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Raj Meena B, Chittora D, Meena S, Jain T, Sharma K. Effect of Different Physical Factors on efficacy of Thevetia Peruviana leaf extract and bio-formulations. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 30:101271. [PMID: 35586247 PMCID: PMC9108860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant extract possess various secondary metabolites which are antifungal in nature and can be used as a safer alternative to the synthetic fungicides. As we all know that the chemical fungicides are harmful not only for humans but also for animals, other vegetation and for complete ecosystem. To overcome this problem, we have to focused on another alternative which are biologically libel and nonhazardous also. In the present study, herbal formulation was prepared in various combination ratios with Thevetia peruviana leaf extracts, cow dung and neem oil cake. The major aim of this short study is to check the stability of the said plant extracts and prepared herbal formulation on various physical factors like heat, temperature, pH, sunlight and storage etc. The extracts and herbal formulations were exposed to varying conditions of the parameters selected for a precise time period, and then observing the effect as a function of change in the crude extract activity, herbal formulation activity and change minimum inhibitory concentration of plant extract against the Alternaria solani. Control set of MIC, and extract free medium were maintained for comparison in each set of experiment against Alternaria solani. Results suggested that efficacy of leaf extracts and different formulations was not affected by wet heat up to 100 °C while slight reduction in antifungal activity of the plant extract and herbal formulations were observed with dry heat at 100 °C. In addition, slight reduction in activity of extract and herbal formulations was observed with change in pH. However antifungal activity of plant extract as well as herbal formulations, remain unaffected at alkaline pH (pH 9) and neutral pH (pH7). Storage for 6 and 12 months had no negative effect on extract and herbal formulation efficacy and the antifungal activity was observed similar to freshly prepared extract activity. The present study concluded that the plant disease or plant pathogens can be controlled by plant extract and plant based bioformulations by increasing the shelf life with some little changes in the physical parameters such as light, temperature, pH and storage. Effect of Different Physical Factors on Efficacy of Thevetia Peruviana leaf Extract has been presented. Bio-formulation of Thevetia Peruviana prepared. Efficacy of leaf extracts and different formulations was not affected by wet heat up to 100 °C.
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Nahar N, Hazra S, Raychaudhuri U, Adhikari S. Effect of different drying methods on drying kinetics, modelling, energy‐economic, texture profile, color, and antioxidant of lotus rhizomes (
Nelumbo nucifera). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Najmun Nahar
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering Jadavpur University Kolkata India
| | - Seyashree Hazra
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering Jadavpur University Kolkata India
| | - Utpal Raychaudhuri
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering Jadavpur University Kolkata India
| | - Sunita Adhikari
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering Jadavpur University Kolkata India
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Dziadek K, Kopeć A, Dziadek M, Sadowska U, Cholewa-Kowalska K. The Changes in Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Chia ( Salvia hispanica L.) Herb under Storage and Different Drying Conditions: A Comparison with Other Species of Sage. Molecules 2022; 27:1569. [PMID: 35268670 PMCID: PMC8911904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on herb chia (Salvia hispanica L.) are very limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess how different drying methods and periods of storage affect the bioactive properties of the herb Salvia hispanica and to compare it with other species of sage (Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia sclarea L.). In fresh herbs, directly after drying (freeze-drying, natural drying, and drying at 30, 40, and 50 °C), and after storage (3, 6, and 12 months), the following analyses were performed: content of total carotenoids and total polyphenols, polyphenol profile (including 25 compounds), and antioxidant activity. Additionally, the basic chemical compositions of the herbs were analyzed. To the best of our knowledge, the content of total carotenoids and the quantitative polyphenol profile in Salvia hispanica and Salvia sclarea were evaluated for the first time. The obtained results showed that the barely investigated herb Salvia hispanica is rich in polyphenolic compounds and shows high antioxidant activity. In all the tested species, rosmarinic acid was the most abundant polyphenolic compound. The use of different drying methods allowed us to determine that freeze-drying was the most effective for preserving polyphenols and carotenoids. Long-term storage up to 12 months resulted in a gradual reduction in antioxidant activity and in the content of polyphenols and carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Dziadek
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 21 Mickiewicza Ave., 31-120 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Aneta Kopeć
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 21 Mickiewicza Ave., 31-120 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Michał Dziadek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland; or
- Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Urszula Sadowska
- Institute of Machinery Exploitation, Ergonomics and Production Processes, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 21 Mickiewicza Ave., 31-120 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Cholewa-Kowalska
- Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
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Tunit P, Thammarat P, Okonogi S, Chittasupho C. Hydrogel Containing Borassus flabellifer L. Male Flower Extract for Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Gels 2022; 8:gels8020126. [PMID: 35200507 PMCID: PMC8871753 DOI: 10.3390/gels8020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Borassus flabellifer L. is a plant in Arecaceae family, widely distributed and cultivated in tropical Asian countries. The purpose of this study was to identify the bioactive compounds of B.flabellifer L. male flower ethanolic extract and investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities against Cutibacterium acnes. Total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids in B.flabellifer L. male flower ethanolic extract were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. Active substances in the extract and their quantities were analyzed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The antioxidant evaluation was carried out using DPPH, ABTS free radical scavenging assays, and FRAP assay. C. acnes inhibitory activity was performed by the broth microdilution method. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the protein denaturation assay. In addition, gel containing different amounts of B.flabellifer L. male flower extract was formulated. The physical stability of the gel was observed by measuring viscosity and pH after six heating and cooling cycles, as well as 1-month storage at 4, 30, and 45 °C. The total phenolic content in the extract was 268.30 ± 12.84 mg gallic acid equivalent/g crude dry extract. The total flavonoid contents in the extract were 1886.38 ± 55.86 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract and 2884.88 ± 128.98 mg EGCG equivalent/g extract, respectively. The LC–MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, coumarin, and quercetin and the concentrations of quercetin, coumarin, and gallic acid in B. flabellifer male flower ethanolic extract were 0.912, 0.021, and 1.610 µg/mL, respectively. DPPH and ABTS antioxidant assays indicated that the B.flabellifer L. male flower extract had IC50 values of 31.54 ± 0.43 and 164.5 ± 14.3 µg/mL, respectively. FRAP assay revealed that the B.flabellifer male flower extract had high ferric ion reducing power. The extract was able to inhibit C.acnes bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250 mg/mL. At 250 and 500 µg/mL, the extract demonstrated the highest anti-inflammatory activity. The gel containing 31.25% w/w and 62.5% w/w showed good physical stability after six heating and cooling cycles, as well as 1-month storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakairat Tunit
- Thai Traditional Medicine Program, Faculty of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Phetchaburi Rajabhat University, Phetchaburi 76000, Thailand;
| | - Phanit Thammarat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.O.)
| | - Siriporn Okonogi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.O.)
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chuda Chittasupho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.O.)
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Vargas L, Kapoor R, Nemzer B, Feng H. Application of different drying methods for evaluation of phytochemical content and physical properties of broccoli, kale, and spinach. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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SANTOSO B, SINAGA TLD, PRIYANTO G, HERMANTO. Effect of natural active compound addition on mechanical and functional properties of canna starch based edible film. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.51020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wong PL, Ramli NS, Tan CP, Azlan A, Abas F. Metabolomic analysis reveals the valuable bioactive compounds of Ardisia elliptica. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:685-697. [PMID: 33295100 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ardisia elliptica Thunb. (Primulaceae) is a medicinal herb that is traditionally used for the treatment of fever, diarrhoea, measles and herpes. However, there is limited information regarding the correlation of its phytoconstituents with the bioactivity. Optimisation of solvent extraction is vital for maximising retention of bioactive molecules. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the metabolite variations in A. elliptica leaves and the correlation with antioxidant activities. METHODOLOGY Total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radicals scavenging assays were performed on A. elliptica leaves extracted with four different ethanol ratios (0%, 50%, 70% and absolute ethanol). The correlation of metabolites with antioxidant activities was evaluated using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics approach. RESULTS The results showed that the 50% and 70% ethanolic extracts retained the highest TPC, and the 70% ethanolic extract was the most active, exhibiting half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values of 10.18 ± 0.83 and 43.05 ± 1.69 μg/mL, respectively, in both radical scavenging assays. A total of 46 metabolites were tentatively identified, including flavonoids, benzoquinones, triterpenes and phenolic derivatives. The 50% and 70% ethanolic extracts showed similarities in metabolites content and were well discriminated from water and absolute ethanol extracts in a principal component analysis (PCA) model. Moreover, 31 metabolites were found to contribute significantly to the differentiation and antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION This study provides information on bioactive compounds in A. elliptica leaves, which is promising as a functional ingredient for food production or for the development of phytomedicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lou Wong
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Shazini Ramli
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azrina Azlan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abstract
Microalgae have become an attractive natural source of a diverse range of biomolecules, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants; nevertheless, economically sustainable production of such compounds from microalgae biomass is still challenging. The main hurdles are: (a) increasing microalgae yield; (b) achieving optimal cultivation conditions; (c) energy-efficient and cost-effective downstream processing (extraction and purification); (d) optimal storage of post-processed antioxidant molecules. This review provides a detailed overview of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the cellular metabolism of the commercially important microalgae Dunaliella, industrial applications of antioxidant enzymes, strategies to enhanced antioxidant accumulation in cells, and the opportunities and limitations of current technologies for antioxidant enzymes production from microalgae biomass as an alternative to common microbial sources.
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Ferreira JPDL, Queiroz AJDM, de Figueirêdo RMF, da Silva WP, Gomes JP, Santos DDC, Silva HA, Rocha APT, de Paiva ACC, Chaves ADCG, de Lima AGB, de Andrade RO. Utilization of Cumbeba ( Tacinga inamoena) Residue: Drying Kinetics and Effect of Process Conditions on Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds. Foods 2021; 10:788. [PMID: 33917616 PMCID: PMC8067508 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The residue generated from the processing of Tacinga inamoena (cumbeba) fruit pulp represents a large amount of material that is discarded without proper application. Despite that, it is a raw material that is source of ascorbic acid, carotenoids and phenolic compounds, which are valued in nutraceutical diets for allegedly combating free radicals generated in metabolism. This research paper presents a study focused on the mathematical modeling of drying kinetics and the effect of the process on the level of bioactive of cumbeba residue. The experiments of cumbeba residue drying (untreated or whole residue (WR), crushed residue (CR) and residue in the form of foam (FR)) were carried out in a fixed-bed dryer at four air temperatures (50, 60, 70 and 80 °C). Effective water diffusivity (Deff) was determined by the inverse method and its dependence on temperature was described by an Arrhenius-type equation. It was observed that, regardless of the type of pretreatment, the increase in air temperature resulted in higher rate of water removal. The Midilli model showed better simulation of cumbeba residue drying kinetics than the other models tested within the experimental temperature range studied. Effective water diffusivity (Deff) ranged from 6.4890 to 11.1900 × 10-6 m2/s, 2.9285 to 12.754 × 10-9 m2/s and 1.5393 × 10-8 to 12.4270 × 10-6 m2/s with activation energy of 22.3078, 46.7115 and 58.0736 kJ/mol within the temperature range of 50-80 °C obtained for the whole cumbeba, crushed cumbeba and cumbeba residue in the form of foam, respectively. In relation to bioactive compounds, it was observed that for a fixed temperature the whole residue had higher retention of bioactive compounds, especially phenolic compounds, whereas the crushed residue and the residue in the form of foam had intermediate and lower levels, respectively. This study provides evidence that cumbeba residue in its whole form can be used for the recovery of natural antioxidant bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, with the possibility of application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo de Lima Ferreira
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil; (J.P.d.L.F.); (R.M.F.d.F.); (J.P.G.)
| | - Alexandre José de Melo Queiroz
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil; (J.P.d.L.F.); (R.M.F.d.F.); (J.P.G.)
| | - Rossana Maria Feitosa de Figueirêdo
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil; (J.P.d.L.F.); (R.M.F.d.F.); (J.P.G.)
| | - Wilton Pereira da Silva
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil;
| | - Josivanda Palmeira Gomes
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil; (J.P.d.L.F.); (R.M.F.d.F.); (J.P.G.)
| | - Dyego da Costa Santos
- Department of Technology in Agroindustry, Federal Institute of Acre, Xapuri 69930-000, Brazil;
| | - Hanndson Araujo Silva
- Department of Processes Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil;
| | - Ana Paula Trindade Rocha
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil; (A.P.T.R.); (A.C.C.d.P.)
| | - Anna Catarina Costa de Paiva
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil; (A.P.T.R.); (A.C.C.d.P.)
| | - Alan Del Carlos Gomes Chaves
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil; (A.D.C.G.C.); (A.G.B.d.L.)
| | - Antônio Gilson Barbosa de Lima
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil; (A.D.C.G.C.); (A.G.B.d.L.)
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15
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Mohamed Yunus SN, Abas F, Jaafar AH, Azizan A, Zolkeflee NKZ, Abd Ghafar SZ. Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of eight neglected fruit extracts and UHPLC-MS/MS profile of the active extracts. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:195-208. [PMID: 33732510 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 70% ethanolic extracts from eight neglected fruits; Muntingia calabura, Leucaena leucocephala, Spondias dulcis, Syzygium jambos, Mangifera caesia, Ardisia elliptica, Cynometra cauliflora and Ficus auriculata were evaluated for their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, α-glucosidase inhibitory activities as well as total phenolic content. The results of this study revealed that M. caesia fruit extract demonstrated the most potent radical scavenging activity. Among the fruits examined for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, M. calabura and F. auriculata exhibited strong activity with no significant difference. The Pearson correlation indicated that the activities of M. caesia and F. auriculata contributed by phenolic compounds. A total of 65 metabolites were tentatively identified by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHLPC-MS/MS). These findings suggested that the possible application of M. caesia and F. auriculata as a functional food with antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Norhamimah Mohamed Yunus
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Haniff Jaafar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Awanis Azizan
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Zulaikha Abd Ghafar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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16
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Kumari P, Ujala, Bhargava B. Phytochemicals from edible flowers: Opening a new arena for healthy lifestyle. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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17
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Makarova K, Sajkowska-Kozielewicz JJ, Zawada K, Olchowik-Grabarek E, Ciach MA, Gogolewski K, Dobros N, Ciechowicz P, Freichels H, Gambin A. Harvest time affects antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol and flavonoid content of Polish St John's wort's (Hypericum perforatum L.) flowers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3989. [PMID: 33597594 PMCID: PMC7889936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of hyperforin and hypericin-standardized H. perforatum L. extracts may vary due to the harvest time. In this work, ethanol and ethanol-water extracts of air-dried and lyophilized flowers of H. perforatum L., collected throughout a vegetation season in central Poland, were studied. Air-dried flowers extracts had higher polyphenol (371 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (160 mg CAE/g) content, DPPH radical scavenging (1672 mg DPPH/g), ORAC (5214 µmol TE/g) and FRAP (2.54 mmol Fe2+/g) than lyophilized flowers extracts (238 mg GAE/g, 107 mg CAE/g, 1287 mg DPPH/g, 3313 µmol TE/g and 0.31 mmol Fe2+/g, respectively). Principal component analysis showed that the collection date influenced the flavonoid and polyphenol contents and FRAP of ethanol extracts, and DPPH and ORAC values of ethanol-water extracts. The ethanol extracts with the highest polyphenol and flavonoid content protected human erythrocytes against bisphenol A-induced damage. Both high field and benchtop NMR spectra of selected extracts, revealed differences in composition caused by extraction solvent and raw material collection date. Moreover, we have shown that benchtop NMR can be used to detect the compositional variation of extracts if the assignment of signals is done previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Makarova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy With Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna J Sajkowska-Kozielewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy With Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zawada
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy With Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Olchowik-Grabarek
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michał Aleksander Ciach
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Stefana Banacha 2, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland
- Centre for Statistics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, 3590, Limburg, Belgium
| | - Krzysztof Gogolewski
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Stefana Banacha 2, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Natalia Dobros
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy With Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Ciechowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy With Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Gambin
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Stefana Banacha 2, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland
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Aguirre Crespo F, Pérez E, Valdovinos Estrella JG, Maldonado Velazquez M, Ortega Morales B, Crecencio P, Nuñez E, Estrada Soto S. Vasorelaxant and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants from Campeche, Mexico. Pharmacogn Mag 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_291_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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19
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Nazarudin MF, Paramisparam A, Khalid NA, Albaz MN, Shahidan MS, Yasin ISM, Isha A, Zarin MA, Aliyu-Paiko M. Metabolic variations in seaweed, Sargassum polycystum samples subjected to different drying methods via 1H NMR-based metabolomics and their bioactivity in diverse solvent extracts. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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20
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Morm E, Ma K, Horn S, Debaste F, Haut B, In S. Experimental Characterization of the Drying of Kampot Red Pepper ( Piper nigrum L.). Foods 2020; 9:E1532. [PMID: 33114432 PMCID: PMC7692854 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work is to provide new insights into the mechanisms taking place during the drying of the mature grains of Kampot pepper, a cultivar of pepper (Piper nigrum L.), which is produced in the Kampot Province, Cambodia. Indeed, even if the Kampot pepper is recognized for its organoleptic qualities, no research works were dedicated to the drying of its mature grains, in order to yield red pepper. Experiments with different pretreatment and drying conditions were performed. The results of these experiments were analyzed, regarding the drying kinetics, the color of the dry product, and the degradation of the bioactive compounds during the drying. Regarding these bioactive compounds, several parameters were considered: the total phenolic content, the total flavonoid content, and the piperine content. The results show that the Kampot mature pepper is prone to alterations when dried at a temperature of 55∘C or 65∘C: the color, the total phenolic content, and the flavonoid content are significantly altered, while the piperine content, important for the pungency of this spice, seems unaltered. Raising the temperature leads to more important degradations. However, performing a pretreatment by dipping the pepper grains into boiling water appears to significantly reduce these alterations and, concomitantly, to accelerate the drying. As a conclusion of the analysis of the results, it can be stated that, to increase the product quality, it is recommended to pretreat the pepper by dipping it into boiling water during 5 min., before drying at 55∘C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen Morm
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Blvd. of the Russian Federation, Phnom Penh P.O. Box 86, Cambodia; (E.M.); (K.M.); (S.H.); (S.I.)
- Transfers, Interfaces and Processes, Université libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, ULB CP165/67, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Khamphon Ma
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Blvd. of the Russian Federation, Phnom Penh P.O. Box 86, Cambodia; (E.M.); (K.M.); (S.H.); (S.I.)
| | - Sovivort Horn
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Blvd. of the Russian Federation, Phnom Penh P.O. Box 86, Cambodia; (E.M.); (K.M.); (S.H.); (S.I.)
| | - Frédéric Debaste
- Transfers, Interfaces and Processes, Université libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, ULB CP165/67, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Benoit Haut
- Transfers, Interfaces and Processes, Université libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, ULB CP165/67, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Sokneang In
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Blvd. of the Russian Federation, Phnom Penh P.O. Box 86, Cambodia; (E.M.); (K.M.); (S.H.); (S.I.)
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21
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Vargas-Madriz ÁF, Kuri-García A, Vargas-Madriz H, Chávez-Servín JL, Ferriz-Martínez RA, Hernández-Sandoval LG, Guzmán-Maldonado SH. Phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 57:4316-4336. [PMID: 33087946 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth (P. dulce), known as "guamúchil", is a tree native to the American continent. Various parts of the tree are used in traditional medicine, primarily for treating gastrointestinal disorders. The phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of this plant are largely responsible for the beneficial health effects attributed to it. A number of authors have studied the antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds of the aril, seed, leaf and root of P. dulce using various methodologies, which can differ considerably in variables such as environmental factors, type of drying, temperature, the way the sample is stored, and the use of different solvents in the various extraction methods. Even methods of quantification by HPLC vary tremendously. This paper summarizes the existing research carried out to date on determining the phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of P. dulce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Félix Vargas-Madriz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Natural Science, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, CP 76230 Querétaro, QRO Mexico
| | - Aarón Kuri-García
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Natural Science, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, CP 76230 Querétaro, QRO Mexico
| | - Haidel Vargas-Madriz
- Department of Agricultural Production, University Center of the South Coast, UDG, Av. Independencia Nacional, No 151, CP 48900 Autlán, JAL Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis Chávez-Servín
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Natural Science, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, CP 76230 Querétaro, QRO Mexico
| | - Roberto Augusto Ferriz-Martínez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Natural Science, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, CP 76230 Querétaro, QRO Mexico
| | - Luis Gerardo Hernández-Sandoval
- Botanical Laboratory, School of Natural Science, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, CP 76230 Querétaro, QRO Mexico
| | - Salvador Horacio Guzmán-Maldonado
- Food Laboratory, Bajio Experimental Field, Regional Research Center, INIFAP, Km 6. Carr., Celaya - San Miguel Allende AP 112, CP 38110 Celaya, GTO Mexico
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22
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Roy UK, Nielsen BV, Milledge JJ. Effect of post-harvest conditions on antioxidant enzyme activity in Dunaliella tertiolecta biomass. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Wong PL, Fauzi NA, Mohamed Yunus SN, Abdul Hamid NA, Abd Ghafar SZ, Azizan A, Zolkeflee NKZ, Abas F. Biological Activities of Selected Plants and Detection of Bioactive Compounds from Ardisia elliptica Using UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25133067. [PMID: 32640504 PMCID: PMC7412327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants and plant-based products have been used for a long time for medicinal purposes. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant and anti-α-glucosidase activities of eight selected underutilized plants in Malaysia: Leucaena leucocephala, Muntingia calabura, Spondias dulcis, Annona squamosa, Ardisia elliptica, Cynometra cauliflora, Ficus auriculata, and Averrhoa bilimbi. This study showed that the 70% ethanolic extract of all plants exhibited total phenolic content (TPC) ranging from 51 to 344 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight. A. elliptica showed strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activities, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 2.17 and 49.43 μg/mL, respectively. Most of the tested plant extracts showed higher inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme activity than the standard, quercetin, particularly A. elliptica, F. auriculata, and M. calabura extracts with IC50 values of 0.29, 0.36, and 0.51 μg/mL, respectively. A total of 62 metabolites including flavonoids, triterpenoids, benzoquinones, and fatty acids were tentatively identified in the most active plant, i.e., A. elliptica leaf extract, by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)–electrospray ionization (ESI) Orbitrap MS. This study suggests a potential natural source of antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitors from A. elliptica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lou Wong
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (P.L.W.); (N.A.F.); (S.N.M.Y.); (S.Z.A.G.)
| | - Nurul Azila Fauzi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (P.L.W.); (N.A.F.); (S.N.M.Y.); (S.Z.A.G.)
| | - Siti Norhamimah Mohamed Yunus
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (P.L.W.); (N.A.F.); (S.N.M.Y.); (S.Z.A.G.)
| | - Nur Ashikin Abdul Hamid
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.A.H.); (A.A.); (N.K.Z.Z.)
| | - Siti Zulaikha Abd Ghafar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (P.L.W.); (N.A.F.); (S.N.M.Y.); (S.Z.A.G.)
| | - Awanis Azizan
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.A.H.); (A.A.); (N.K.Z.Z.)
| | - Nur Khaleeda Zulaikha Zolkeflee
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.A.H.); (A.A.); (N.K.Z.Z.)
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (P.L.W.); (N.A.F.); (S.N.M.Y.); (S.Z.A.G.)
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.A.H.); (A.A.); (N.K.Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-397-698-343; Fax: +60-389-423-552
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Farooq S, A. Rather S, Gull A, Ahmad Ganai S, Masoodi F, Mohd Wani S, Ganaie TA. Physicochemical and nutraceutical properties of tomato powder as affected by pretreatments, drying methods, and storage period. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1758716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Farooq
- Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipur, India
| | - Sajad A. Rather
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Amir Gull
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Shaiq Ahmad Ganai
- Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipur, India
| | - F.A. Masoodi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Sajad Mohd Wani
- Division of Food Science and Technology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Tariq Ahmad Ganaie
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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25
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Gas Production, Digestibility and Efficacy of Stored or Fresh Plant Extracts to Reduce Methane Production on Different Substrates. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010146. [PMID: 31963192 PMCID: PMC7023457 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Medicinal plants possess the ability to mitigate methane production from ruminants. Long-term stability of these plant extracts are essential qualities to be able to replace other rumen modifiers. After one year of storage, plant secondary metabolites used in this study reduced methane production from low-quality forages, without adverse effects on feed digestibility in vitro. Abstract Natural compounds such as plant secondary metabolites (PSM) can be used to replace antibiotic growth promoters as rumen modifiers. In this study, the effectiveness of stored and freshly extracted Aloe vera (AV), Azadirachta indica (AZ), Moringa oleifera (MO), Jatropha curcas (JA), Tithonia diversifolia (TD) and Carica papaya (CP) crude extract and monensin on in vitro gas and methane production, organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were evaluated using a total mixed ration (TMR), lucerne or Eragrostis curvula substrates. Fresh extracts were processed from the same batch of frozen (−20 °C) plant material a few days before the trial while the stored extracts were extracted and stored at 4 °C for 12 months prior to the study. Extraction was done by solubilising 50 g freeze-dried plant material in 500 mL 100% methanol. Four mL of reconstituted 50 mg crude extract per 1000 mL distilled water was added per incubation vial, which already contained 400 mg substrate and in vitro fermentation, and gas production and IVOMD evaluation were carried out using standard procedures. Results showed that storing plant extracts for 12 months did not affect the activity or stability of metabolites present in the crude extracts, as shown by the lack of differences in total gas production (TGP) and methane produced between fresh or stored extracts across the substrates. In the TMR substrate, plant extracts increased IVOMD but did not affect TGP and methane production, whereas monensin did not have any effect. Plant extracts increased IVOMD of Eragrostis substrate and supressed methane production to a greater extent than monensin (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that storing plant extracts for up to 12 months did not compromise their efficacy. In addition, the use of 50 mg/kg of AV, AZ, MO, JA, TD and CP extract to a forage-based diet will reduce methane production while improving feed digestibility.
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Rafieian-kopaei M, Hamedi A, Soleiman Dehkordi E, Pasdaran A, Pasdaran A. Phytochemical Investigation on Volatile Compositions and Methoxylated Flavonoids of Agrostis gigantea Roth. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 19:360-370. [PMID: 33224243 PMCID: PMC7667570 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.15209.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, methoxylated flavonoids and volatile constitutions of Agrostis gigantea Roth (Poaceae) were investigated for the first time. The flavonoids were identified by spectroscopic methods (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, NOSEY, TCOSY, and HMBC). The volatile constitutions of aerial parts and seeds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Two methoxylated flavonoids, luteolin 5-methyl ether (1), and cirsilineol (2) were isolated from the aerial parts of this plant. According to the GC-MS data the main constitutions of these volatile oils belong to the simple phenolic category which include coniferyl alcohol (18.80%) and eugenol (12.19%) in aerial parts and seeds, respectively. By using the computer- aided molecular modeling approaches, the binding affinity of these compounds was predicted in the catalytic domains of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). These two isolated flavonoids were investigated in-vitro for their inhibitory activity on 4T1 breast carcinoma cells. It was predicted that these compounds could be well-matched in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (3H82) active site, but based on the in-vitro assay, the IC50 values on cytotoxicity were 428.24 ±3.21 and 412.7±3.02 μg/mL for luteolin 5-methyl ether and cirsilineol, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that these flavonoids exhibit low cytotoxicity against 4T1 breast carcinoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Rafieian-kopaei
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Soleiman Dehkordi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Arsalan Pasdaran
- Senior Researcher, Kara Daru & Revive Chemistry Co. Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Aradalan Pasdaran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Njume C, McAinch AJ, Donkor O. Proximate and phenolic composition of selected native Australian food plants. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Collise Njume
- Institute of Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities Victoria University Werribee CampusPO Box 14428 Melbourne Vic. 8001 Australia
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport Victoria University PO Box 14428 Melbourne Vic. 8001 Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS) College of Health and Biomedicine Victoria University St Albans campus PO Box 14428 Melbourne Vic. 8001 Australia
| | - Osaana Donkor
- Institute of Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities Victoria University Werribee CampusPO Box 14428 Melbourne Vic. 8001 Australia
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The Influence of Drying Temperatures on the Metabolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Manilkara zapota Leaves. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9100217. [PMID: 31590430 PMCID: PMC6835937 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the leaves of Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen (Sapotaceae), an evergreen tree recognized for its medicinal properties in Southern Mexico, were used as a model to study the effect of different drying temperatures on its metabolic profile and therefore, its antioxidant potential. For this purpose, a methanol extraction of leaves dried at room temperature (25 °C) or by heat convection (50, 75 and 100 °C) were compared in terms of drying efficiency, yield of extraction, total phenol content, 1H-NMR metabolic profile, and DPPH antioxidant activity. The drying curves enabled the fact to be uncovered that drying efficiency improves with increase of temperature, as does the level of total phenols and antioxidant activity. A metabolomics approach using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of the corresponding 1H-NMR profiles allowed the impact of the drying temperature on their metabolic profile to be documented and also, caffeic acid and epicatechin as main secondary metabolites contributing to the antioxidant activity of M. zapota to be identified.
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Rahman NFA, Shamsudin R, Ismail A, Shah NNAK, Varith J. Effects of drying methods on total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of the pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) peels. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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The effect of pre-treatment methods on the quality of dehydrated candied Japanese quince fruits during storage. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 55:4468-4476. [PMID: 30333643 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Candied quince is one of the most popular processing products of Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) in Latvia. During the storage of dehydrated fruit, the colour turns darker, thus negatively influence the overall quality and consumers' acceptability of the product. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different anti-browning agents in combination with fruit blanching and soaking as a type of pre-treatment to preserve the colour of candied quince during 8-months storage. The fruit were harvested at various maturity stage (i.e. unripe, semi ripe and ripe) with the following pre-treatment using three anti-browning agents (l-cysteine, NATRApHASE®ABAF and Natureseal® AS1). Hunter L (whiteness/darkness), a (redness/greenness) and b (yellowness/blueness) values were used to measure change in colour. These values were also used for calculation of the total colour change (ΔE*). Considering blanching and soaking as a type of treatment. Best results were obtained with blanching treatment. L* values decreased significantly after dehydration, showing that the samples became darker, during the further 8-months storage, L* values increased, positively influencing the colour of the tested fruit. The data obtained using the Analytic Hierarchy Process Analysis revealed that 0.3% l-cysteine was the best for effective prevention of colour change during long-term storage among the tested agents.
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Ali A, Chong CH, Mah SH, Abdullah LC, Choong TSY, Chua BL. Impact of Storage Conditions on the Stability of Predominant Phenolic Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Dried Piper betle Extracts. Molecules 2018; 23:E484. [PMID: 29473847 PMCID: PMC6017861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenolic constituents in Piper betle are well known for their antioxidant potential; however, current literature has very little information on their stability under the influence of storage factors. Present study evaluated the stability of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity together with individual phenolic constituents (hydroxychavicol, eugenol, isoeugenol and allylpyrocatechol 3,4-diacetate) present in dried Piper betle's extract under different storage temperature of 5 and 25 °C with and without light for a period of six months. Both light and temperature significantly influenced TPC and its corresponding antioxidant activity over time. More than 95% TPC and antioxidant activity was retained at 5 °C in dark condition after 180 days of storage. Hydroxychavicol demonstrated the best stability with no degradation while eugenol and isoeugenol displayed moderate stability in low temperature (5 °C) and dark conditions. 4-allyl-1,2-diacetoxybenzene was the only compound that underwent complete degradation. A new compound, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, was detected after five weeks of storage only in the extracts exposed to light. Both zero-order and first-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the degradation kinetics of the extract's antioxidant activity. Zero-order displayed better fit with higher correlation coefficients (R² = 0.9046) and the half-life was determined as 62 days for the optimised storage conditions (5 °C in dark conditions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameena Ali
- School of Engineering, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, No 1, Jalan Taylor's, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Chien Hwa Chong
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Malaysia Campus, No 1 Jalan Venna P5/2, Precinct 5, Putrajaya 62200, Malaysia.
| | - Siau Hui Mah
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, No 1, Jalan Taylor's, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Thomas Shean Yaw Choong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Bee Lin Chua
- School of Engineering, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, No 1, Jalan Taylor's, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
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Optimization of fat yield of bambangan (Mangifera pajang) kernel using response surface methodology and its antioxidant activities. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-018-9758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li YH, Qi YR, Wu ZF, Wang YQ, Wang XC, Wang F, Yang M. Comparative study of microwave-vacuum and vacuum drying on the drying characteristics, dissolution, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant capacity of Scutellaria extract powder. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abdul Rahman H, Saari N, Abas F, Ismail A, Mumtaz MW, Abdul Hamid A. Anti-obesity and antioxidant activities of selected medicinal plants and phytochemical profiling of bioactive compounds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1247098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafeedza Abdul Rahman
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amin Ismail
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Gujarat, Gujarat, Pakistan
| | - Azizah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Variation of the Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade Associated with Different Drying Methods and Polyphenol Oxidase Activity. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060780. [PMID: 27322227 PMCID: PMC6273533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of different drying methods (freeze drying, vacuum oven drying, and shade drying) on the phytochemical constituents associated with the antioxidant activities of Z. officinale var. rubrum Theilade were evaluated to determine the optimal drying process for these rhizomes. Total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity were measured using the spectrophotometric method. Individual phenolic acids and flavonoids, 6- and 8-gingerol and shogaol were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method. Ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were used for the evaluation of antioxidant activities. The highest reduction in moisture content was observed after freeze drying (82.97%), followed by vacuum oven drying (80.43%) and shade drying (72.65%). The highest TPC, TFC, and 6- and 8-shogaol contents were observed in samples dried by the vacuum oven drying method compared to other drying methods. The highest content of 6- and 8-gingerol was observed after freeze drying, followed by vacuum oven drying and shade drying methods. Fresh samples had the highest PPO activity and lowest content of flavonoid and phenolic acid compounds compared to dried samples. Rhizomes dried by the vacuum oven drying method represent the highest DPPH (52.9%) and FRAP activities (566.5 μM of Fe (II)/g DM), followed by freeze drying (48.3% and 527.1 μM of Fe (II)/g DM, respectively) and shade drying methods (37.64% and 471.8 μM of Fe (II)/g DM, respectively) with IC50 values of 27.2, 29.1, and 34.8 μg/mL, respectively. Negative and significant correlations were observed between PPO and antioxidant activity of rhizomes. Vacuum oven dried rhizomes can be utilized as an ingredient for the development of value-added food products as they contain high contents of phytochemicals with valuable antioxidant potential.
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