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Noor Armylisas AH, Hoong SS, Tuan Ismail TNM, Chan CH. Efficient biodiesel production by sulfonated carbon catalyst derived from waste glycerine pitch via single-step carbonisation and sulfonation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 189:34-43. [PMID: 39173470 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Glycerine pitch is a highly alkaline residue from the oleochemical industry that contains glycerol and contaminants, such as water, soap, salt and ash. In this study, acidic heterogeneous glycerol-based carbon catalysts were synthesised for biodiesel production via single-step partial carbonisation and sulfonation using pure glycerol and glycerine pitch, producing products labelled as SGC and SGPC, respectively. Carbon materials were obtained by heating glycerol and concentrated sulfuric acid (1:3) at 200℃ for 1 h. The produced SGC and SGPC displayed high densities of sulfonic group (-SO3H), i.e. 1.49 and 1.00 mmol·g-1, respectively, alongside carboxylic (-COOH) and phenolic (-OH) acid. In the catalytic evaluation, excellent oleic acid conversions of 96.0 ± 0.4 % and 92.4 ± 0.5 % were achieved using SGC and SGPC, respectively, under optimised reaction conditions: 1:10 M ratio of oleic acid to methanol, 5 % (w/w) catalyst, 64℃ and 5 h. SGPC was found to be recyclable with 68.5 % conversion after the 6th cycle, which was attributed to the loss of -SO3H and catalyst deactivation by the deposition of oleic acid on its surface. Remarkably, despite the impurities present in the glycerine pitch, the obtained results demonstrated that the reactivity of SGPC is comparable to SGC and superior to that of commercial solid acid catalysts, which demonstrated that the presence of impurities appears to have minimal impact on the production of carbon materials and their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Noor Armylisas
- Synthesis & Product Development (SPD) Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division (AOTD), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - S S Hoong
- Synthesis & Product Development (SPD) Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division (AOTD), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - T N M Tuan Ismail
- Synthesis & Product Development (SPD) Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division (AOTD), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - C H Chan
- Process Engineering and Design (PED) Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division (AOTD), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Thangaraj B, Monama W, Mohiuddin E, Millan Mdleleni M. Recent developments in (bio)ethanol conversion to fuels and chemicals over heterogeneous catalysts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 409:131230. [PMID: 39117246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Bioethanol is one of the most important bio-resources produced from biomass fermentation and is an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil-based fuels as it is regarded as renewable and clean. Bioethanol and its derivatives are used as feedstocks in petrochemical processes as well as fuel and fuel additives in motor vehicles to compensate for the depletion of fossil fuels. This review chronicles the recent developments in the catalytic conversion of ethanol to diethyl ether, ethylene, propylene, long-chain hydrocarbons, and other important products. Various heterogeneous catalysts, such as zeolites, metal oxides, heteropolyacids, mesoporous materials, and metal-organic frameworks, have been used in the ethanol conversion processes and are discussed extensively. The significance of various reaction parameters such as pressure, temperature, water content in the ethanol feed, and the effect of catalyst modification based on various kinds of literature are critically evaluated. Further, coke formation and coke product analysis using various analytical and spectroscopic techniques during the ethanol conversion are briefly discussed. The review concludes by providing insights into possible research paths pertaining to catalyst design aimed at enhancing the catalytic conversion of (bio)ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Thangaraj
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Winnie Monama
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Ebrahim Mohiuddin
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Masikana Millan Mdleleni
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
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Akhmetova S, Zharmagambetova A, Talgatov E, Auyezkhanova A, Malgazhdarova M, Zhurinov M, Abilmagzhanov A, Jumekeyeva A, Kenzheyeva A. How the Chemical Properties of Polysaccharides Make It Possible to Design Various Types of Organic-Inorganic Composites for Catalytic Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:3214. [PMID: 38999166 PMCID: PMC11243343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the use of plant-origin materials has become especially important due to the aggravation of environmental problems and the shortage and high cost of synthetic materials. One of the potential candidates among natural organic compounds is polysaccharides, characterized by a number of advantages over synthetic polymers. In recent years, natural polysaccharides have been used to design composite catalysts for various organic syntheses. This review is devoted to the current state of application of polysaccharides (chitosan, starch, pectin, cellulose, and hydroxyethylcellulose) and composites based on their catalysis. The article is divided into four main sections based on the type of polysaccharide: (1) chitosan-based nanocomposites; (2) pectin-based nanocomposites; (3) cellulose (hydroxyethylcellulose)-based nanocomposites; and (4) starch-based nanocomposites. Each section describes and summarizes recent studies on the preparation and application of polysaccharide-containing composites in various chemical transformations. It is shown that by modifying polysaccharides, polymers with special properties can be obtained, thus expanding the range of biocomposites for catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Assemgul Auyezkhanova
- Laboratory of Organic Catalysis, D.V. Sokolsky Institute of Fuel, Catalysis, and Electrochemistry, Kunaev Str. 142, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan; (S.A.); (A.Z.); (E.T.); (M.M.); (M.Z.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.K.)
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4
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Sadeghi M. The untold story of starch as a catalyst for organic reactions. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12676-12702. [PMID: 38645516 PMCID: PMC11027044 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00775a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Starch is one of the members of the polysaccharide family. This biopolymer has shown many potential applications in different fields such as catalytic reactions, water treatment, packaging, and food industries. In recent years, using starch as a catalyst has attracted much attention. From a catalytic point of view, starch can be used in organic chemistry reactions as a catalyst or catalyst support. Reports show that as a catalyst, simple starch can promote many heterocyclic compound reactions. On the other hand, functionalized starch is not only capable of advancing the synthesis of heterocycles but also is a good candidate catalyst for other reactions including oxidation and coupling reactions. This review tries to provide a fair survey of published organic reactions which include using starch as a catalyst or a part of the main catalyst. Therefore, the other types of starch applications are not the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Sadeghi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan P.O. Box: 87317-51167 Kashan Iran
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Bassoli SC, Sanson AL, Naves FL, Amaral MDS. Hydrothermal co-liquefaction of microalgae, sugarcane bagasse, brewer's spent grain, and sludge from a paper recycling mill: Modeling and evaluation of biocrude and biochar yield. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 356:120626. [PMID: 38518491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Biomass can be used as an energy source to thermochemical conversion processes to biocrude production. However, the supply and dependence on only one biomass for biocrude production can be an obstacle due to its seasonality, availability, and logistics costs. In this way, biomass waste and agroindustrial residues can be mixture and used as feedstock to the hydrothermal co-liquefaction (co-HTL) process as an alternative to obtaining biocrude. In this sense, the present paper analyzed the biocrude yield influence of the co-HTL from a quaternary unprecedented blend of different biomasses, such as sugarcane bagasse, brewer's spent grain (BSG), sludge from a paper recycling mill (PRM), and microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris). In this way, a simplex lattice design was employed and co-HTL experiments were carried out in a 2000 mL high-pressure stirred autoclave reactor under 275 °C for 60 min, considering 15% of feedstock/water ratio. Significant effects in each feedstock and their blends were analyzed aiming to increase biocrude and biochar yield. It was found that the addition of microalgae is only significant when considered more than 50% into the blend with BSG and PRM sludge to increase biocrude yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cangussú Bassoli
- Environmental and Chemical Technology Group, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário Morro Do Cruzeiro, Bauxita s/n, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Ananda Lima Sanson
- Environmental and Chemical Technology Group, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário Morro Do Cruzeiro, Bauxita s/n, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Luiz Naves
- Department in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Sao Joao Del Rei, Ouro Branco, Research Group on Waste Treatment and Management Processes, Brazil
| | - Mateus de Souza Amaral
- Environmental and Chemical Technology Group, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário Morro Do Cruzeiro, Bauxita s/n, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil.
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Naeem M, Imran M, Latif S, Ashraf A, Hussain N, Boczkaj G, Smułek W, Jesionowski T, Bilal M. Multifunctional catalyst-assisted sustainable reformation of lignocellulosic biomass into environmentally friendly biofuel and value-added chemicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138633. [PMID: 37030343 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization is increasing the world's energy demand, making it necessary to develop alternative energy sources. These growing energy needs can be met by the efficient energy conversion of biomass, which can be done by various means. The use of effective catalysts to transform different types of biomasses will be a paradigm change on the road to the worldwide goal of economic sustainability and environmental protection. The development of alternative energy from biomass is not easy, due to the uneven and complex components present in lignocellulose; accordingly, the majority of biomass is currently processed as waste. The problems may be overcome by the design of multifunctional catalysts, offering adequate control over product selectivity and substrate activation. Hence, this review describes recent developments involving various catalysts such as metallic oxides, supported metal or composite metal oxides, char-based and carbon-based substances, metal carbides and zeolites, with reference to the catalytic conversion of biomass including cellulose, hemicellulose, biomass tar, lignin and their derivative compounds into useful products, including bio-oil, gases, hydrocarbons, and fuels. The main aim is to provide an overview of the latest work on the use of catalysts for successful conversion of biomass. The review ends with conclusions and suggestions for future research, which will assist researchers in utilizing these catalysts for the safe conversion of biomass into valuable chemicals and other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- Centre for Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Centre for Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Shoomaila Latif
- School of Physical Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland; EkoTech Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Wojciech Smułek
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965, Poznan, Poland.
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Al-Bawwat AK, Cano A, Gomaa MR, Jurado F. Availability of Biomass and Potential of Nanotechnologies for Bioenergy Production in Jordan. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11040992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Jordan’s energy situation is in a critical state of dependency, with the country relying heavily on imports to satisfy its ever-increasing energy requirements. Renewable energy is a more competitive and consistent source of energy that can supply a large proportion of a country’s energy demand. It is environmentally friendly and minimizes atmospheric pollutant emissions. Thus, bioenergy has the potential to be a crucial alternative energy source in Jordan. Biomass is the principal source of bioenergy; it accounts for approximately 13% of the primary energy demand and is anticipated to supply half of the total primary energy demand by 2050. Nanotechnology has emerged as an important scientific research area with numerous applications, including biofuels. This review summarizes the application of nanoparticles to improve the properties and processes of biofuels. It presents the availability and viability of nanotechnology-supported bioenergy production in Jordan. Jordan generates up to 5.8 million tons of biomass each year and has access to abundant nonedible plant resources (such as Jojoba, Handal, and Jatropha). The theoretical energy potential of waste and residue available in Jordan was also assessed; it was discovered that the 1.28 million tons of dry crop residues (vegetables, fruits, and farming crops) could generate 6.8 PJ of energy per year and that biogas could be generated at a rate of 817 MCM/year
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Bruno MM, Cotella NG, Barbero CA. Hierarchical Biobased Macroporous/Mesoporous Carbon: Fabrication, Characterization and Electrochemical/Ion Exchange Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2101. [PMID: 36903216 PMCID: PMC10004673 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the goal of improving the mechanical properties of porous hierarchical carbon, cellulosic fiber fabric was incorporated into the resorcinol/formaldehyde (RF) precursor resins. The composites were carbonized in an inert atmosphere, and the carbonization process was monitored by TGA/MS. The mechanical properties, evaluated by nanoindentation, show an increase in the elastic modulus due to the reinforcing effect of the carbonized fiber fabric. It was found that the adsorption of the RF resin precursor onto the fabric stabilizes its porosity (micro and mesopores) during drying while incorporating macropores. The textural properties are evaluated by N2 adsorption isotherm, which shows a surface area (BET) of 558 m2g-1. The electrochemical properties of the porous carbon are evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronocoulometry (CC), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Specific capacitances (in 1 M H2SO4) of up to 182 Fg-1 (CV) and 160 Fg-1 (EIS) are measured. The potential-driven ion exchange was evaluated using Probe Bean Deflection techniques. It is observed that ions (protons) are expulsed upon oxidation in acid media by the oxidation of hydroquinone moieties present on the carbon surface. In neutral media, when the potential is varied from values negative to positive of the potential of zero charge, cation release, followed by anion insertion, is found.
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Kang K, Nanda S, Hu Y. Current trends in biochar application for catalytic conversion of biomass to biofuels. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Application of nanomaterials for enhanced production of biodiesel, biooil, biogas, bioethanol, and biohydrogen via lignocellulosic biomass transformation. FUEL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
The viability of large-scale biodiesel production ultimately boils down to its cost of commercialisation despite other very important factors such as the negative environmental and health effects caused by the direct combustion of fossil diesel. How much each country’s economy will be influenced by the production of biodiesel will be determined by the commitment of various stakeholders to the much-needed transition from petroleum-based resources to renewable resources. Biodiesel production is largely determined by the cost of the feedstock (>70%) and this review focuses on the use of waste oil resources as biodiesel feedstock with a special focus on waste cooking oil (WCO). Generating value from waste oil provides an alternative waste management route as well as a positive environmental and economic contribution. The transesterification process for biodiesel production, its catalysis and some important technical and economic aspects are covered in this communication with a special focus on the South African framework. An overview of the current research and its implications going forward is discussed.
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Fumarate Based Metal–Organic Framework: An Effective Catalyst for the Transesterification of Used Vegetable Oil. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Advancement of technology for the sustainable production of biodiesel is of significant importance in fighting against rising fuel costs due to the fast depletion of fossil fuels. In this regard, the application of highly efficient MOFs (metal–organic frameworks)-based materials as acidic, basic, or supported heterogeneous catalysts plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency of biodiesel production processes. In this report, we demonstrate the synthesis and catalytic application of Zr-fumarate-MOF (also known as MOF-801) as a heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification reaction of used vegetable oil (UVO) for the production of biodiesel. The formation of MOF-801 and its structural stability is confirmed by a variety of characterization techniques including XRD, SEM, EDX, FT-IR, BET, and TGA analyses. The results revealed the formations of highly crystalline, cubic MOF-801 possessing thermal stability below 500 °C. The MOF-801 catalyst demonstrated moderate catalytic activity during transesterification of UVO (~60%) at 50 wt.% of methanol: oil, 10 wt.% catalyst loading, 180 °C reaction temperature, and 8 h of reaction time. Furthermore, the catalyst has exhibited adequate reusability with a slight reduction in the reaction yield of up to ~10% after three cycles.
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Wu B, Shen S, Yuan S, Pan H, Wang C, Jing S, Li J, Zhao Y. Co-improvement of –COOH group and –SO3H group densities in carbon-based solid acid by a simple strategy. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bifunctional Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Vegetable Oil. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10093153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bifunctional solid catalysts facilitate the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) into alkyl esters alongside the transesterification reaction, which allows for the use of waste vegetable oils with high water and FFA contents for biodiesel production. This makes the process economically viable and greener, as the waste fats and oils are readily available. The concurrent esterification and transesterification of waste palm oil (WPO) and waste sunflower oil (WSO) with methanol was investigated in the presence of calcium oxide on alumina catalyst in a conventional batch process. The catalyst characterization showed the existence of calcium oxide aluminates (calcined at 750 °C), which exhibited crystalline phases with porous/spongy-like particles. The high concentration of CaO in CaO/Al2O3 was a favorable support material in the heterogeneously-catalyzed transesterification reactions. The optimum catalyst parameters for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were observed at 65 °C for 4 h with a methanol-to-oil ratio of 9:1, 60% (waste palm oil, or WPO) and 80% (waste sunflower oil, or WSO), CaO/Al2O3 (% wt/wt) catalyst ratio as well as 4% CaO/Al2O3 concentration (% wt.) for WSO and WPO. The simultaneous esterification/transesterification reactions at optimum conditions on WPO and WSO led to high yield of FAMEs of 89, 61 and 55% for WPO and 54, 75 and 98% for WSO at catalyst ratios (wt %) of 60, 70 and 80% respectively. The use of bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst (CaO/Al2O3) with waste vegetable oil can result in high performance and the upscaling of biodiesel production.
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