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Liang S, Treeby BE, Martin E. Review of the Low-Temperature Acoustic Properties of Water, Aqueous Solutions, Lipids, and Soft Biological Tissues. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2024; 71:607-620. [PMID: 38530713 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2024.3381451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Existing data on the acoustic properties of low-temperature biological materials is limited and widely dispersed across fields. This makes it difficult to employ this information in the development of ultrasound applications in the medical field, such as cryosurgery and rewarming of cryopreserved tissues. In this review, the low-temperature acoustic properties of biological materials, and the measurement methods used to acquire them were collected from a range of scientific fields. The measurements were reviewed from the acoustic setup to thermal methodologies for samples preparation, temperature monitoring, and system insulation. The collected data contain the longitudinal and shear velocity, and attenuation coefficient of biological soft tissues and biologically relevant substances-water, aqueous solutions, and lipids-in the temperature range down to -50 °C and in the frequency range from 108 kHz to 25 MHz. The multiple reflection method (MRM) was found to be the preferred method for low-temperature samples, with a buffer rod inserted between the transducer and sample to avoid direct contact. Longitudinal velocity changes are observed through the phase transition zone, which is sharp in pure water, and occurs more slowly and at lower temperatures with added solutes. Lipids show longer transition zones with smaller sound velocity changes; with the longitudinal velocity changes observed during phase transition in tissues lying between these two extremes. More general conclusions on the shear velocity and attenuation coefficient at low-temperatures are restricted by the limited data. This review enhance knowledge guiding for further development of ultrasound applications in low-temperature biomedical fields, and may help to increase the precision and standardization of low-temperature acoustic property measurements.
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2
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Jia Y, Zhang S, Zhang X, Long H, Xu C, Bai Y, Cheng Y, Wu D, Deng M, Qiu CW, Liu X. Compact meta-differentiator for achieving isotropically high-contrast ultrasonic imaging. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2934. [PMID: 38575561 PMCID: PMC10995138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonic imaging is crucial in the fields of biomedical engineering for its deep penetration capabilities and non-ionizing nature. However, traditional techniques heavily rely on impedance differences within objects, resulting in poor contrast when imaging acoustically transparent targets. Here, we propose a compact spatial differentiator for underwater isotropic edge-enhanced imaging, which enhances the imaging contrast without the need for contrast agents or external physical fields. This design incorporates an amplitude meta-grating for linear transmission along the radial direction, combined with a phase meta-grating that utilizes focus and spiral phases with a first-order topological charge. Through theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, and experimental validation, we substantiate the effectiveness of our technique in distinguishing amplitude objects with isotropic edge enhancements. Importantly, this method also enables the accurate detection of both phase objects and artificial biological models. This breakthrough creates new opportunities for applications in medical diagnosis and nondestructive testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurou Jia
- Department of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Suying Zhang
- Department of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Houyou Long
- Department of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Caibin Xu
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yechao Bai
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Dajian Wu
- Jiangsu Key Lab on Opto-Electronic Technology, School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mingxi Deng
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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3
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Brand F, Drese KS. Frequency-Resolved High-Frequency Broadband Measurement of Acoustic Longitudinal Waves by Laser-Based Excitation and Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1630. [PMID: 38475166 DOI: 10.3390/s24051630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Optoacoustics is a metrology widely used for material characterisation. In this study, a measurement setup for the selective determination of the frequency-resolved phase velocities and attenuations of longitudinal waves over a wide frequency range (3-55 MHz) is presented. The ultrasonic waves in this setup were excited by a pulsed laser within an absorption layer in the thermoelastic regime and directed through a layer of water onto a sample. The acoustic waves were detected using a self-built adaptive interferometer with a photorefractive crystal. The instrument transmits compression waves only, is low-contact, non-destructive, and has a sample-independent excitation. The limitations of the approach were studied both by simulation and experiments to determine how the frequency range and precision can be improved. It was shown that measurements are possible for all investigated materials (silicon, silicone, aluminium, and water) and that the relative error for the phase velocity is less than 0.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Brand
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Technology, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Am Hofbräuhaus 1b, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Stefan Drese
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Technology, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Am Hofbräuhaus 1b, 96450 Coburg, Germany
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4
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Iyer D, Galadari M, Wirawan F, Huaco V, Martinez R, Gallagher MT, Pilon L, Ono K, Simonetti DA, Sant GN, Srivastava S. High-Strength Organic-Inorganic Composites with Superior Thermal Insulation and Acoustic Attenuation. ACS POLYMERS AU 2024; 4:86-97. [PMID: 38371729 PMCID: PMC10870751 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate facile fabrication of highly filled, lightweight organic-inorganic composites comprising polyurethanes covalently linked with naturally occurring clinoptilolite microparticles. These polyurethane/clinoptilolite (PUC) composites are shown to mitigate particle aggregation usually observed in composites with high particle loadings and possess enhanced thermal insulation and acoustic attenuation compared with conventionally employed materials (e.g., drywall and gypsum). In addition to these functional properties, the PUC composites also possess flexural strengths and strain capacities comparable to and higher than ordinary Portland cement (OPC), respectively, while being ∼1.5× lighter than OPC. The porosity, density, and mechanical and functional properties of these composites are tuned by systematically varying their composition (diisocyanate, polyurethane, and inorganic contents) and the nature of the organic (reactivity and source of polyol) components. The fabrication process involves mild curing conditions and uses commonly available reagents (naturally occurring aluminosilicate particles, polyols, and diisocyanate), thereby making the process scalable. Finally, the composite properties are shown to be independent of the polyol source (virgin or recycled), underlining the generality of this approach for the scalable utilization of recycled polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Iyer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mohammad Galadari
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Fernaldy Wirawan
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Vanessa Huaco
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ricardo Martinez
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | - Laurent Pilon
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kanji Ono
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dante A. Simonetti
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Institute
for Carbon Management, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Gaurav N. Sant
- Institute
for Carbon Management, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Samanvaya Srivastava
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Institute
for Carbon Management, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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5
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O’Ghaffari H, Peč M, Mittal T, Mok U, Chang H, Evans B. Microscopic defect dynamics during a brittle-to-ductile transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305667120. [PMID: 37812718 PMCID: PMC10589702 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305667120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Deformation of all materials necessitates the collective propagation of various microscopic defects. On Earth, fracturing gives way to crystal-plastic deformation with increasing depth resulting in a "brittle-to-ductile" transition (BDT) region that is key for estimating the integrated strength of tectonic plates, constraining the earthquake cycle, and utilizing deep geothermal resources. Here, we show that the crossing of a BDT in marble during deformation experiments in the laboratory is accompanied by systematic increase in the frequency of acoustic emissions suggesting a profound change in the mean size and propagation velocity of the active defects. We further identify dominant classes of emitted waveforms using unsupervised learning methods and show that their relative activity systematically changes as the rocks cross the brittle-ductile transition. As pressure increases, long-period signals are suppressed and short-period signals become dominant. At higher pressures, signals frequently come in avalanche-like patterns. We propose that these classes of waveforms correlate with individual dominant defect types. Complex mixed-mode events indicate that interactions between the defects are common over the whole pressure range, in agreement with postmortem microstructural observations. Our measurements provide unique, real-time data of microscale dynamics over a broad range of pressures (10 to 200 MPa) and can inform micromechanical models for semi-brittle deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoagy O’Ghaffari
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Matěj Peč
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Tushar Mittal
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Ulrich Mok
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Hilary Chang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Brian Evans
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
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6
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Ono K, Su H. Critical Examination of Distance-Gain-Size (DGS) Diagrams of Ultrasonic NDE with Sound Field Calculations. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7004. [PMID: 37571786 PMCID: PMC10422416 DOI: 10.3390/s23157004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation, which has been used widely, can detect and size critical flaws in structures. Advances in sound field calculations can further improve its effectiveness. Two calculation methods were used to characterize the relevant sound fields of an ultrasonic transducer and the results were applied to construct and evaluate Distance-Gain-Size (DGS) diagrams, which are useful in flaw sizing. Two published DGS diagrams were found to be deficient because the backward diffraction path was overly simplified and the third one included an arbitrary procedure. Newly constructed DGS diagrams exhibited transducer size dependence, revealing another deficiency in the existing DGS diagrams. However, the extent of the present calculations must be expanded to provide a catalog of DGS diagrams to cover a wide range of practical needs. Details of the new construction method are presented, incorporating two-way diffraction procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Ono
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hang Su
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
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7
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Laux D, Chabanol G, Sapey G, Ferrandis JY, Rosenkrantz E. Shear and longitudinal attenuations and quality factors of poly(methyl metacrylate) (PMMA) from 20 kHz to 12 MHz investigation with ultrasonic spectroscopy. ULTRASONICS 2023; 134:107104. [PMID: 37429099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
PMMA is often considered as a calibration material for experimental benches dedicated to viscoelasticity investigation. Nevertheless, regarding literature, data concerning attenuation coefficients and quality factors are essentially available in the MHz frequency range and results in the low-frequency range are scarce and scattered. In this communication, thanks to the use of high-frequency ultrasonic spectroscopy between 2 and 8 MHz in the range 6 °C - 45 °C, Time-Temperature Superposition principle and Resonant Ultrasonic Spectroscopy (RUS), we show that both longitudinal and shear quality factors of PMMA decrease considerably for low frequencies (<MHz), and that the classically accepted linear laws describing attenuation as a function of frequency are valid only beyond several MHz. This variation is attributed to secondary relaxation processes such as γ relaxation considering the activation energy deduced from experimental data. Power laws are proposed to describe the evolution of quality factors and attenuation coefficients versus frequency in the 20 kHz - 12 MHz range.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Laux
- Montpellier University, IES, UMR 5214, 860 rue Saint Priest, 34090, France; CNRS, IES, UMR 5214, Montpellier University, 860 rue Saint Priest, 34090, France.
| | - G Chabanol
- Montpellier University, IES, UMR 5214, 860 rue Saint Priest, 34090, France; CNRS, IES, UMR 5214, Montpellier University, 860 rue Saint Priest, 34090, France
| | - G Sapey
- Montpellier University, IES, UMR 5214, 860 rue Saint Priest, 34090, France; CNRS, IES, UMR 5214, Montpellier University, 860 rue Saint Priest, 34090, France
| | - J-Y Ferrandis
- Montpellier University, IES, UMR 5214, 860 rue Saint Priest, 34090, France; CNRS, IES, UMR 5214, Montpellier University, 860 rue Saint Priest, 34090, France
| | - E Rosenkrantz
- Montpellier University, IES, UMR 5214, 860 rue Saint Priest, 34090, France; CNRS, IES, UMR 5214, Montpellier University, 860 rue Saint Priest, 34090, France
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8
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Lützelberger J, Arneth P, Franck A, Drese KS. Ultrasonic Interferometric Procedure for Quantifying the Bone-Implant Interface. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5942. [PMID: 37447790 DOI: 10.3390/s23135942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The loosening of an artificial joint is a frequent and critical complication in orthopedics and trauma surgery. Due to a lack of accuracy, conventional diagnostic methods such as projection radiography cannot reliably diagnose loosening in its early stages or detect whether it is associated with the formation of a biofilm at the bone-implant interface. In this work, we present a non-invasive ultrasound-based interferometric measurement procedure for quantifying the thickness of the layer between bone and prosthesis as a correlate to loosening. In principle, it also allows for the material characterization of the interface. A well-known analytical model for the superposition of sound waves reflected in a three-layer system was combined with a new method in data processing to be suitable for medical application at the bone-implant interface. By non-linear fitting of the theoretical prediction of the model to the actual shape of the reflected sound waves in the frequency domain, the thickness of the interlayer can be determined and predictions about its physical properties are possible. With respect to determining the layer's thickness, the presented approach was successfully applied to idealized test systems and a bone-implant system in the range of approx. 200 µm to 2 mm. After further optimization and adaptation, as well as further experimental tests, the procedure offers great potential to significantly improve the diagnosis of prosthesis loosening at an early stage and may also be applicable to detecting the formation of a biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lützelberger
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Technology (ISAT), Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Am Hofbräuhaus 1b, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Arneth
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Technology (ISAT), Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Am Hofbräuhaus 1b, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Franck
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, REGIOMED Clinical Center Coburg, Ketschendorfer Str. 33, 96450 Coburg, Germany
- School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Klaus Stefan Drese
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Technology (ISAT), Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Am Hofbräuhaus 1b, 96450 Coburg, Germany
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9
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Lee C, Cho S, Lee D, Lee J, Park JI, Kim HJ, Park SH, Choi W, Kim U, Kim C. Panoramic volumetric clinical handheld photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100512. [PMID: 37252650 PMCID: PMC10208888 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has gained much attention, providing structural and functional information in combination with clinical ultrasound (US) imaging systems. 2D PA and US imaging is easily implemented, but its heavy dependence on operator skills makes 3D imaging preferable. In this study, we propose a panoramic volumetric clinical PA and US imaging system equipping a handheld imaging scanner weighing 600 g and measuring 70 × 62 × 110 mm3. Multiple PA/US scans were performed to cover a large field-of-view (FOV), and the acquired PA/US volumes were mosaic-stitched after manually correcting the positions and rotations in a total of 6 degrees of freedom. PA and US maximum amplitude projection images were visualized online, while spectral unmixed data was quantified offline. The performance of the system was tested via tissue-mimicking phantom experiments. The system's potential was confirmed in vivo by panoramically imaging vascular networks in human arms and necks, with FOVs of 331 × 38 and 129 × 120 mm2, respectively. Further, we quantified hemoglobin oxygen saturation levels in the radial artery, brachial artery, carotid artery, and jugular vein. We hope that this system can be applied for various clinical fields such as cardiovascular imaging, dermatology, vascular surgery, internal medicine, and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyeop Lee
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghee Cho
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghun Lee
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Ju Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Hyun Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Veterans Hospital, Daegu 42835, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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10
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Ryzy M, Veres I, Berer T, Salfinger M, Kreuzer S, Yan G, Scherleitner E, Grünsteidl C. Determining longitudinal and transverse elastic wave attenuation from zero-group-velocity Lamb waves in a pair of plates. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 153:2090. [PMID: 37092927 DOI: 10.1121/10.0017652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of longitudinal and transverse bulk acoustic wave attenuation from measurements of the decay-rate of two independent zero-group-velocity resonances in a couple of matched plates is presented. A linear relation is derived, which links the bulk-wave attenuation coefficients to the decay-rate of plate-resonances. The relation is used to determine the acoustic loss of tungsten at GHz frequencies from noncontact laser-ultrasonic measurements in plates with thicknesses of about 1 µm. The longitudinal and transverse attenuation was found to amount to 1918 m-1 and 7828 m-1 at 2.16 GHz and 3265 m-1 and 12181 m-1 at 2.46 GHz. The presented approach is validated with calculated responses to a thermoelastic source, and the accuracy of the obtained attenuation values is estimated to be in the range of 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ryzy
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH, Linz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Guqi Yan
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH, Linz, Austria
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11
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Schaechtle T, Aftab T, Reindl LM, Rupitsch SJ. Wireless Passive Sensor Technology through Electrically Conductive Media over an Acoustic Channel. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2043. [PMID: 36850641 PMCID: PMC9962168 DOI: 10.3390/s23042043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-based technologies provide a potential route to more climate-friendly mobility in the automotive and aviation industries. High-pressure tanks consisting of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are exploited for the storage of compressed hydrogen and have to be monitored for safe and long-term operation. Since neither wired sensors nor wireless radio technology can be used inside these tanks, acoustic communication through the hull of the tank has been the subject of research in recent years. In this paper, we present for the first time a passive wireless sensor technology exploiting an ultrasonic communication channel through an electrically conductive transmission medium with an analog resonant sensor featuring a high quality factor. The instrumentation system comprised a readout unit outside and a passive sensor node inside the tank, coupled with geometrically opposing electromechanical transducers. The readout unit wirelessly excited a resonant sensor, whose temperature-dependent resonance frequency was extracted from the backscattered signal. This paper provides a description of the underlying passive sensor technology and characterizes the electric impedances and acoustic transmission as an electrical 2-Port to design a functional measurement setup. We demonstrated a wireless temperature measurement through a 10 mm CFRP plate in its full operable temperature range from -40 to 110 °C with a resolution of less than 1 mK.
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12
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Yang J, Su Y, He Y, Zhou P, Xu L, Su Z. Machine learning-enabled resolution-lossless tomography for composite structures with a restricted sensing capability. ULTRASONICS 2022; 125:106801. [PMID: 35830747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Construction of a precise ultrasound tomographic image is guaranteed only when the sensor network for signal acquisition is of adequate density. On the other hand, machine learning (ML), as represented by artificial neural network and convolutional neural network (CNN), has emerged as a prevalent data-driven technique to predictively model high-degree complexity and abstraction. A new tomographic imaging approach, facilitated by ML and based on algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), is developed to implement in-situ ultrasound tomography, and monitor the structural health of composites with a restricted sensing capability due to insufficient sensors of the sensor network. The blurry ART images, as the inputs to train a CNN with an encoder-decoder-type architecture, are segmented using convolution and max-pooling to extract defect-modulated image features. The max-unpooling boosts the resolution of ART images with transposed convolution. To validate, a carbon fibre-reinforced polymer laminate is prepared with an implanted piezoresistive sensor network, the sensing capability of which is purposedly restrained. Results demonstrate that the developed approach accurately images artificial anomaly and delamination in the laminate, with inadequate training data from the restricted sensor network for tomographic image construction, and in the meantime it minimizes the false alarm by eliminating image artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yiyin Su
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Pengyu Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Lei Xu
- Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Division, Hong Kong Productivity Council, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zhongqing Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China; School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Experimental Determination of Lamb-Wave Attenuation Coefficients. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work determined the attenuation coefficients of Lamb waves of ten engineering materials and compared the results with calculated Lamb-wave attenuation coefficients, α–S and α–A. The Disperse program and a parametric method based on Disperse results were used for calculations. Bulk-wave attenuation coefficients, αL and αT, were required as input parameters to the Disperse calculations. The calculated α–S and α–A values were found to be dominated by the αT contribution. Often α–Ao coincided with αT. The values of αL and αT were previously obtained or newly measured. Attenuation measurement relied on Lamb-wave generation by pulsed excitation of ultrasonic transducers and on surface-displacement detection with point contact receivers. The frequency used ranged from 10 kHz to 1 MHz. A total of 14 sheet and plate samples were evaluated. Sample materials ranged from steel, Al, and silicate glass with low attenuation to polymers and a fiber composite with much higher attenuation. Experimentally obtained Lamb-wave attenuation coefficients, α–S and α–A, for symmetric and asymmetric modes, were mostly for the zeroth mode. Plots of α–So and α–Ao values against frequency were found to coincide reasonably well to theoretically calculated curves. This study confirmed that the Disperse program predicts Lamb-wave attenuation coefficients for elastically isotropic materials within the limitation of the contact ultrasonic techniques used. Further refinements in experimental methods are needed, as large deviations often occurred, especially at low and high frequencies. Methods of refinement are suggested. Displacement measurements were quantified using Rayleigh wave calibration. For signals below 300 kHz, 1-mV receiver output corresponded to 1-pm displacement. Peak displacements after 200-mm propagation were found to range from 10 pm to 1.5 nm. With the use of signal averaging, the point-contact sensor was capable of detecting 1-pm displacement with 40 dB signal-to-noise ratio and had equivalent noise of 4.3 fm/√Hz. Approximate expressions for α–So and α–Ao were obtained, and an empirical correlation was found between bulk-wave attenuation coefficients, i.e., αT = 2.79 αL, for over 150 materials.
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Oral I, Kocaman S, Ahmetli G. Characterization of unmodified and modified apricot kernel shell/epoxy resin biocomposites by ultrasonic wave velocities. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Chen H, Agrawal S, Osman M, Minotto J, Mirg S, Liu J, Dangi A, Tran Q, Jackson T, Kothapalli SR. A Transparent Ultrasound Array for Real-Time Optical, Ultrasound, and Photoacoustic Imaging. BME FRONTIERS 2022; 2022:9871098. [PMID: 37850172 PMCID: PMC10521654 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9871098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective and Impact Statement. Simultaneous imaging of ultrasound and optical contrasts can help map structural, functional, and molecular biomarkers inside living subjects with high spatial resolution. There is a need to develop a platform to facilitate this multimodal imaging capability to improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Introduction. Currently, combining ultrasound, photoacoustic, and optical imaging modalities is challenging because conventional ultrasound transducer arrays are optically opaque. As a result, complex geometries are used to coalign both optical and ultrasound waves in the same field of view. Methods. One elegant solution is to make the ultrasound transducer transparent to light. Here, we demonstrate a novel transparent ultrasound transducer (TUT) linear array fabricated using a transparent lithium niobate piezoelectric material for real-time multimodal imaging. Results. The TUT-array consists of 64 elements and centered at ~6 MHz frequency. We demonstrate a quad-mode ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound, photoacoustic, and fluorescence imaging in real-time using the TUT-array directly coupled to the tissue mimicking phantoms. Conclusion. The TUT-array successfully showed a multimodal imaging capability and has potential applications in diagnosing cancer, neurological, and vascular diseases, including image-guided endoscopy and wearable imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sumit Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mohamed Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Josiah Minotto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shubham Mirg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jinyun Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ajay Dangi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Quyen Tran
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Thomas Jackson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Chingo Aimacaña CM, Pila KO, Quinchiguango Perez DA, Debut A, Attia MF, Santos-Oliveira R, Whitehead DC, Reinoso C, Alexis F, Dahoumane SA. Bimodal Ultrasound and X-ray Bioimaging Properties of Particulate Calcium Fluoride Biomaterial. Molecules 2021; 26:5447. [PMID: 34576919 PMCID: PMC8472579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) and X-ray imaging are diagnostic methods that are commonly used to image internal body structures. Several organic and inorganic imaging contrast agents are commercially available. However, their synthesis and purification remain challenging, in addition to posing safety issues. Here, we report on the promise of widespread, safe, and easy-to-produce particulate calcium fluoride (part-CaF2) as a bimodal US and X-ray contrast agent. Pure and highly crystalline part-CaF2 is obtained using a cheap commercial product. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) depicts the morphology of these particles, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirms their chemical composition. Diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy highlights their insulating behavior. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern reveals that part-CaF2 crystallizes in the face-centered cubic cell lattice. Further analyses regarding peak broadening are performed using the Scherrer and Williamson-Hall (W-H) methods, which pinpoint the small crystallite size and the presence of lattice strain. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) solely exhibits specific peaks related to CaF2, confirming the absence of any contamination. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo maximum tolerated dose (MTD) tests prove the biocompatibility of part-CaF2. Finally, the results of the US and X-ray imaging tests strongly signal that part-CaF2 could be exploited in bimodal bioimaging applications. These findings may shed a new light on calcium fluoride and the opportunities it offers in biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin O. Pila
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador; (K.O.P.); (D.A.Q.P.)
| | - Dilan A. Quinchiguango Perez
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador; (K.O.P.); (D.A.Q.P.)
| | - Alexis Debut
- Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí 170501, Ecuador;
| | - Mohamed F. Attia
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmaco-engineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro 21941-906, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Reinoso
- School of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador; (C.M.C.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Frank Alexis
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador; (K.O.P.); (D.A.Q.P.)
| | - Si Amar Dahoumane
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador; (K.O.P.); (D.A.Q.P.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
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Demi M. The impact of multiple concurrent factors on the length of the ultrasound pulmonary vertical artifacts as illustrated through the experimental and numerical analysis of simple models. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:2106. [PMID: 34598648 DOI: 10.1121/10.0006413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the diagnostic value of the artefactual information provided by lung ultrasound images is widely recognized by physicians. By carefully observing each individual artifact, an expert physician can derive important information on the distribution of the aerated spaces at the pleural level and, consequently, on the nature of the pulmonary disease. In this paper, a specific visual characteristic of the vertical artifacts (their length) is addressed. The impact of the acoustic properties of the interstitial medium, of the imaging parameters, and of the trap geometry on the length of the vertical artifacts is illustrated through experimental results and through the theoretical analysis of a simple model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Demi
- Department of Bioengineering, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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18
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Three-Dimensional Imaging of Metallic Grain by Stacking the Microscopic Images. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11177787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional observation of metal grains (MG) has a wide potential application serving the interdisciplinary community. It can be used for industrial applications and basic research to overcome the limitations of non-destructive testing methods, such as ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle testing, and eddy current testing. This study proposes a method and its implementation algorithm to observe (MG) metal grains in three dimensions in a general laboratory environment equipped with a polishing machine and a metal microscope. An image was taken by a metal microscope while polishing the mounted object to be measured. Then, the metal grains (MGs) were reconstructed into three dimensions through local positioning, binarization, boundary extraction, (MG) selection, and stacking. The goal is to reconstruct the 3D MG in a virtual form that reflects the real shape of the MG. The usefulness of the proposed method was verified using the carbon steel (SA106) specimen.
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Ono K, Cho H, Vallen H, M’Closkey RT. Transmission Sensitivities of Contact Ultrasonic Transducers and Their Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4396. [PMID: 34199010 PMCID: PMC8271785 DOI: 10.3390/s21134396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In all ultrasonic material evaluation methods, transducers and sensors play a key role of mechanoelectrical conversion. Their transduction characteristics must be known quantitatively in designing and implementing successful structural health monitoring (SHM) systems. Yet, their calibration and verification have lagged behind most other aspects of SHM system development. This study aims to extend recent advances in quantifying the transmission and receiving sensitivities to normally incident longitudinal waves of ultrasonic transducers and acoustic emission sensors. This paper covers extending the range of detection to lower frequencies, expanding to areal and multiple sensing methods and examining transducer loading effects. Using the refined transmission characteristics, the receiving sensitivities of transducers and sensors were reexamined under the conditions representing their actual usage. Results confirm that the interfacial wave transmission is governed by wave propagation theory and that the receiving sensitivity of resonant acoustic emission sensors peaks at antiresonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Ono
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hideo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan;
| | | | - Robert T. M’Closkey
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
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Song DG, Choi S, Kim T, Jhang KY. Compensation of a Second Harmonic Wave Included in an Incident Ultrasonic Wave for the Precise Measurement of the Acoustic Nonlinearity Parameter. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21093203. [PMID: 34063065 PMCID: PMC8125425 DOI: 10.3390/s21093203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The incident second harmonic wave is a problematic issue for the precise measurement of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter. This paper proposes a compensation method to remove the effect of the incident second harmonic component in the measurement of the absolute acoustic nonlinearity parameter using the calibration method. For this, the second harmonic component detected by the receiving transducer is considered as the sum of the component due to material nonlinearity and the component included in the incident signal and a numerical calculation model is developed as a function of the propagation distance. In the model, the factors related to the material nonlinear parameter and the magnitude of the incident second harmonic component are unknown and these are determined by finding a value that best matches the experimental data according to the change in the propagation distance; compensation for the incident second harmonic component is then achieved. The case where the phase of the second harmonic wave due to material nonlinearity is opposite to that of the fundamental wave is also considered. To verify the validity of the proposed method, fused silica and aluminum alloy Al6061-T6 specimens with different thicknesses corresponding to the propagation distance are tested. The experimental results show that the nonlinear parameters changed significantly according to the propagation distance before compensation but were very stable after compensation. Additionally, the average values of the nonlinear parameter are 11.04 in the fused silica, which is within the literature value range (10.1 to 12.4), and that for the Al6061-T6 is 6.59, which is close to the literature value range (4.5 to 6.12).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gi Song
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Sungho Choi
- LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute-Korea, Jeonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea;
| | - Taehyeon Kim
- Radiation and Decommissioning Laboratory, KHNP-CRI, Daejeon 34101, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Young Jhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2220-0434; Fax: +82-2299-7207
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Yang M, Gao Y, Liu Y, Yang G, Zhao CX, Wu KJ. Integration of microfluidic systems with external fields for multiphase process intensification. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Enhancing Acoustic Emission Characteristics in Pipe-Like Structures with Gradient-Index Phononic Crystal Lens. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061552. [PMID: 33809998 PMCID: PMC8005087 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phononic crystals have the ability to manipulate the propagation of elastic waves in solids by generating unique dispersion characteristics. They can modify the conventional behavior of wave spreading in isotropic materials, known as attenuation, which negatively influences the ability of acoustic emission method to detect active defects in long-range, pipe-like structures. In this study, pipe geometry is reconfigured by adding gradient-index (GRIN) phononic crystal lens to improve the propagation distance of waves released by active defects such as crack growth and leak. The sensing element is designed to form a ring around the pipe circumference to capture the plane wave with the improved amplitude. The GRIN lens is designed by a special gradient-index profile with varying height stubs adhesively bonded to the pipe surface. The performance of GRIN lens for improving the amplitude of localized sources is demonstrated with finite element numerical model using multiphysics software. Experiments are conducted using pencil lead break simulating crack growth, as well as an orifice with pressured pipe simulating leak. The amplitude of the burst-type signal approximately doubles on average, validating the numerical findings. Hence, the axial distance between sensors can be increased proportionally in the passive sensing of defects in pipe-like geometries.
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Lefever G, Ospitia N, Serafin D, Hemelrijck DV, Aggelis DG. Chasing the Bubble: Ultrasonic Dispersion and Attenuation from Cement with Superabsorbent Polymers to Shampoo. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13204528. [PMID: 33066010 PMCID: PMC7599877 DOI: 10.3390/ma13204528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to experimentally investigate the ultrasonic behavior of fresh cement focusing on the contribution of the entrapped air bubbles. Frequency dispersion and attenuation carry delicate information that is not possible to gather by traditional ultrasonic pulse velocity. This is measured by simple indicators that quantify the frequency dependence of propagation velocity of longitudinal waves through fresh cementitious media. It seems that dispersion shows much stronger sensitivity to the microstructural processes, since the presence of superabsorbent polymers in mortar induces a large difference in dispersion parameters when compared to reference cement mortar, while only marginal difference in threshold-based pulse velocity. To reach this aim, references are taken from, and comparisons are made to other liquids in order first in order to validate the reliability of the methodology and to better understand the contribution of the cavities in the obtained dispersion and attenuation curves. Ultrasonic dispersion assessment of cementitious media has the potential to bring a lot of information on the microstructure of materials, as well as the ongoing processes.
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Dynamic Viscosity and Transverse Ultrasonic Attenuation of Engineering Materials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, ultrasonic attenuation of the transverse waves of engineering materials is evaluated, covering metals, ceramics, polymers, fiber-reinforced plastics, and rocks. After verifying experimental methods, 273 measurements are conducted and their results are tabulated. Fifty of the tests are for the longitudinal mode. Attenuation behavior is determined over broadband spectra. The attenuation spectra are characterized in four patterns, with 2/3 of the tests showing linear frequency dependence and another ¼ linear spectrum plus Rayleigh scattering (Mason-McSkimin relation). The longitudinal and transverse damping factors varied from 0.004 to 0.065, which are 1/3 to 5 times those of polymethyl methacrylate, suggesting that almost all the engineering materials tested may be viscoelastic. The present test results make the term dynamic viscosity more appropriate for exploring the underlying processes. The observed results were compared between the longitudinal and transverse modes and among similar material types. In more than a half of the tests, the transverse attenuation coefficients were higher than the corresponding longitudinal attenuation coefficients by 1.5× or more. Some material groups had similar attenuation coefficients for the two modes. Since the physical basis for viscous damping is hardly understood, especially in hard solids, further studies from new angles are keenly desired. This collection of new attenuation data will be of value for such works. Practically, this will assist in materials selection and in designing structural health monitoring and non-destructive inspection protocols.
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