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Gambelli M, D’Andrea M, Asquini R, Buzzin A, Macculi C, Torrioli G, Cibella S. Assessing the Aging Effect on Ti/Au Bilayers for Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) Detectors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3995. [PMID: 38931778 PMCID: PMC11207576 DOI: 10.3390/s24123995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters are advanced cryogenic detectors that use a superconducting film for particle or photon detection. We are establishing a new production line for TES detectors to serve as cryogenic anticoincidence (i.e., veto) devices. These detectors are made with a superconducting bilayer of titanium (Ti) and gold (Au) thin films deposited via electron beam evaporation in a high vacuum condition on a monocrystalline silicon substrate. In this work, we report on the development of such sensors, aiming to achieve stable sensing performance despite the effects of aging. For this purpose, patterned and non-patterned Ti/Au bilayer samples with varying geometries and thicknesses were fabricated using microfabrication technology. To characterize the detectors, we present and discuss initial results from repeated resistance-temperature (R-T) measurements over time, conducted on different samples, thereby augmenting existing literature data. Additionally, we present a discussion of the sensor's degradation over time due to aging effects and test a potential remedy based on an easy annealing procedure. In our opinion, this work establishes the groundwork for our new TES detector production line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gambelli
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.T.); (S.C.)
| | - Matteo D’Andrea
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Rita Asquini
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Via Eudossiana 18, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (R.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessio Buzzin
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Via Eudossiana 18, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (R.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Claudio Macculi
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Guido Torrioli
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.T.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Cibella
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.T.); (S.C.)
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Wang Q, Khosropanah P, van der Kuur J, de Lange G, Audley MD, Aminaei A, Ilyas S, Ridder ML, van der Linden AJ, Bruijn MP, van der Tak F, Gao JR. Frequency division multiplexing readout of a transition edge sensor bolometer array with microstrip-type electrical bias lines. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:124901. [PMID: 36586892 DOI: 10.1063/5.0108786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate multiplexed readout of 43 transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers operating at 90 mK using a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) readout chain with bias frequencies ranging from 1 to 3.5 MHz and a typical frequency spacing of 32 kHz. We improve the previously reported performance of our FDM system by two important steps. First, we replace the coplanar wires with microstrip wires, which minimize the cross talk from mutual inductance. From the measured electrical cross talk (ECT) map, the ECT of all pixels is carrier leakage dominated. Only five pixels show an ECT level higher than 1%. Second, we reduce the thermal response speed of the TES detectors by a factor of 20 by increasing the heat capacity of the TES, which allows us to bias all TES detectors below 50% in transition without oscillations. We compare the current-voltage curves and noise spectra of the TESs measured in single-pixel mode and multiplexing mode. We also compare the noise equivalent power (NEP) and the saturation power of the bolometers in both modes, where 38 pixels show less than 10% difference in NEP and 5% difference in saturation power when measured in the two different modes. The measured noise spectrum is in good agreement with the simulated noise based on measured parameters from an impedance measurement, confirming that our TES is dominated by phonon noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P Khosropanah
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J van der Kuur
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G de Lange
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M D Audley
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Aminaei
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S Ilyas
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M L Ridder
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A J van der Linden
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M P Bruijn
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - F van der Tak
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J R Gao
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lorenz M, Kirsch C, Peille P, Ballhausen R, Fioretti V, Lotti S, Dauser T, Wilms J. Simulation of Radiative Transfer Within X-ray Microcalorimeter Absorbers. JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS 2022; 209:464-472. [PMID: 36439908 PMCID: PMC9684269 DOI: 10.1007/s10909-022-02754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present Monte Carlo simulations of radiative transfer within the absorbers of X-ray microcalorimeters, utilizing a numerical model for the photon propagation and photon absorption process within the absorber structure. In our model, we include effects of Compton scattering off bound electrons and fluorescence. Scattered or fluorescence photons as well as Auger and photoelectrons escaping the absorber can result in partial energy depositions. By implementing a simplified description of the physical processes compared to existing comprehensive particle transport software frameworks, our model aims to provide representative results at a small computational effort. This approach makes it possible to use our model for quick assessments, parametric studies, and application in other Monte Carlo-based instrument simulators like SIXTE, a software package for X-ray astronomical instrumentation. To study the impact of the energy loss effects on the spectral response of a microcalorimeter, we apply our model to the sensors of the cryogenic X-ray spectrometer X-IFU onboard the future Athena X-ray observatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Lorenz
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Karl Remeis-Observatory & ECAP, Sternwartstr. 7, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - C. Kirsch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Karl Remeis-Observatory & ECAP, Sternwartstr. 7, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - P. Peille
- CNES, 18 Av. Édouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Dedex 9, France
| | - R. Ballhausen
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA-GSFC/CRESST, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - V. Fioretti
- INAF OAS Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - S. Lotti
- INAF IAPS, Via fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - T. Dauser
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Karl Remeis-Observatory & ECAP, Sternwartstr. 7, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - J. Wilms
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Karl Remeis-Observatory & ECAP, Sternwartstr. 7, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
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Bhatia S, Alsuwailam RI, Roy DG, Mashat A. Improved Multimedia Object Processing for the Internet of Vehicles. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114133. [PMID: 35684754 PMCID: PMC9185502 DOI: 10.3390/s22114133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The combination of edge computing and deep learning helps make intelligent edge devices that can make several conditional decisions using comparatively secured and fast machine learning algorithms. An automated car that acts as the data-source node of an intelligent Internet of vehicles or IoV system is one of these examples. Our motivation is to obtain more accurate and rapid object detection using the intelligent cameras of a smart car. The competent supervision camera of the smart automobile model utilizes multimedia data for real-time automation in real-time threat detection. The corresponding comprehensive network combines cooperative multimedia data processing, Internet of Things (IoT) fact handling, validation, computation, precise detection, and decision making. These actions confront real-time delays during data offloading to the cloud and synchronizing with the other nodes. The proposed model follows a cooperative machine learning technique, distributes the computational load by slicing real-time object data among analogous intelligent Internet of Things nodes, and parallel vision processing between connective edge clusters. As a result, the system increases the computational rate and improves accuracy through responsible resource utilization and active–passive learning. We achieved low latency and higher accuracy for object identification through real-time multimedia data objectification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Bhatia
- Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Razan Ibrahim Alsuwailam
- Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Deepsubhra Guha Roy
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India;
| | - Arwa Mashat
- Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia;
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Chen J, Li J, Xu X, Wang Z, Guo S, Jiang Z, Gao H, Zhong Q, Zhong Y, Zeng J, Wang X. Electroplating Deposition of Bismuth Absorbers for X-ray Superconducting Transition Edge Sensors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7169. [PMID: 34885323 PMCID: PMC8658586 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An absorber with a high absorbing efficiency is crucial for X-ray transition edge sensors (TESs) to realize high quantum efficiency and the best energy resolution. Semimetal Bismuth (Bi) has shown greater superiority than gold (Au) as the absorber due to the low specific heat capacity, which is two orders of magnitude smaller. The electroplating process of Bi films is investigated. The Bi grains show a polycrystalline rhombohedral structure, and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show a typical crystal orientation of (012). The average grain size becomes larger as the electroplating current density and the thickness increase, and the orientation of Bi grains changes as the temperature increases. The residual resistance ratio (RRR) (R300 K/R4.2 K) is 1.37 for the Bi film (862 nm) deposited with 9 mA/cm2 at 40 °C for 2 min. The absorptivity of the 5 μm thick Bi films is 40.3% and 30.7% for 10 keV and 15.6 keV X-ray radiation respectively, which shows that Bi films are a good candidate as the absorber of X-ray TESs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (Z.J.); (H.G.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jinjin Li
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (Z.J.); (H.G.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (Z.J.); (H.G.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Z.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Siming Guo
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (Z.J.); (H.G.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zheng Jiang
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (Z.J.); (H.G.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Huifang Gao
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (Z.J.); (H.G.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qing Zhong
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (Z.J.); (H.G.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuan Zhong
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (Z.J.); (H.G.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jiusun Zeng
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Z.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xueshen Wang
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (Z.J.); (H.G.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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