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Adão P, Calado MDL, Fernandes W, Alves LG, Côrte-Real L, Guedes M, Baptista R, Bernardino R, Gil MM, Campos MJ, Bernardino S. Use of Limestone Sludge in the Preparation of ɩ-Carrageenan/Alginate-Based Films. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1668. [PMID: 38612183 PMCID: PMC11012425 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The use of processed limestone sludge as a crosslinking agent for films based on Na-alginate and ɩ-carrageenan/Na-alginate blends was studied. Sorbitol was tested as a plasticizer. The produced gel formulations included alginate/sorbitol and carrageenan/alginate/sorbitol mixtures, with tested sorbitol concentrations of 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 wt%. The limestone sludge waste obtained from the processing of quarried limestone was converted into an aqueous solution of Ca2+ by dissolution with mineral acid. This solution was then diluted in water and used to induce gel crosslinking. The necessity of using sorbitol as a component of the crosslinking solution was also assessed. The resulting films were characterized regarding their dimensional stability, microstructure, chemical structure, mechanical performance and antifungal properties. Alginate/sorbitol films displayed poor dimensional stability and were deemed not viable. Carrageenan/alginate/sorbitol films exhibited higher dimensional stability and smooth and flat surfaces, especially in compositions with 0.5 wt% sorbitol. However, an increasing amount of plasticizer appears to result in severe surface cracking, the development of a segregation phenomenon affecting carrageenan and an overall decrease in films' mechanical resistance. Although further studies regarding film composition-including plasticizer fraction, film optimal thickness and film/mold material interaction-are mandatory, the attained results show the potential of the reported ɩ-carrageenan/alginate/sorbitol films to be used towards the development of viable films derived from algal polysaccharides.
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Grants
- UIDB/04292/2020, UIDP/04292/2020, LA/P/0069/2020, UIDB/00100/2020, UIDP/00100/2020, LA/P/0056/2020, UIDB/04540/2020, UIDB/50022/2020 Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia
- INOVMINERAL 4.0 - Tecnologias Avançadas e Software para os recursos Minerais, project number 46083 FEDER - Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional, in the scope of the Programa Portugal 2020, COMPETE 2020 - Programa Operacional
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Adão
- MARE-ARNET and Escola de Turismo e Tecnologias do Mar, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal (R.B.); (M.M.G.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Maria da Luz Calado
- MARE-ARNET and Escola de Turismo e Tecnologias do Mar, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal (R.B.); (M.M.G.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Wilson Fernandes
- MARE-ARNET and Escola de Turismo e Tecnologias do Mar, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal (R.B.); (M.M.G.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Luís G. Alves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal (L.C.-R.)
| | - Leonor Côrte-Real
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal (L.C.-R.)
| | - Mafalda Guedes
- UnIRE, ISEL, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
- LaPMET-CeFEMA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Baptista
- UnIRE, ISEL, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
- LAETA, IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raul Bernardino
- MARE-ARNET and Escola de Turismo e Tecnologias do Mar, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal (R.B.); (M.M.G.); (M.J.C.)
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), School of Technology and Management (ESTM), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria M. Gil
- MARE-ARNET and Escola de Turismo e Tecnologias do Mar, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal (R.B.); (M.M.G.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Maria Jorge Campos
- MARE-ARNET and Escola de Turismo e Tecnologias do Mar, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal (R.B.); (M.M.G.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Susana Bernardino
- MARE-ARNET and Escola de Turismo e Tecnologias do Mar, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal (R.B.); (M.M.G.); (M.J.C.)
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