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Oh JH, Mo S, Ngoc LTN, Lee J, Kim MY, Park HS, Kim JH, Ha YJ, Sung L, Lee YC, Hour Y. Anti-Streptococcus mutans and anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenoside Compound K and enzyme-treated red ginseng extract (BTEX-K). J Oral Biosci 2024:S1349-0079(24)00156-7. [PMID: 39128823 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental caries, or tooth decay, is an oral health issue worldwide. Oral healthcare researchers are considering how to develop safe and effective preventive measures and treatments for dental caries. This study evaluated the potential applications of Compound K and BTEX-K, a Compound K-rich red ginseng extract, for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. Moreover, this study briefly confirmed its inhibitory effect on inflammation, an important factor in dental health. METHODS The amount of organic acids produced by bacteria in biofilm was determined using in vitro and in vivo assays. The ability of these extracts to promote tooth remineralization and microhardness was evaluated using an in vivo mouse assay. We evaluated their anti-inflammatory potential by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine expression and lipopolysaccharide-induced nitrous oxide production in cell lines. RESULTS Compound K (10-20 μg/mL) and BTEX-K (50-100 μg/mL) effectively inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria, demonstrating significant antibacterial properties. They can potentially prevent biofilm formation by reducing lactic acid production in the teeth. These compounds showed a strong ability to promote tooth remineralization and improve the microhardness of acid-producing bacteria. They also possess potent anti-inflammatory properties that downregulate proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase) expression, suppress nuclear factor-kappa B transcription factor activation (∼1.6 times), and reduce nitrous oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS Compounds K and BTEX-K may provide a novel approach to dental caries prevention as well as inflammation prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hwan Oh
- 125-6, Techno 2-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34024, BTGin co., Ltd., Republic of Korea
| | - SangJoon Mo
- Department of Microbiology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Center for Bio-Medical Engineering Core Facility, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Le Thi Nhu Ngoc
- Department of Nano Science and Technology Convergence, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyuk Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Young Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Seo Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- 125-6, Techno 2-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34024, BTGin co., Ltd., Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Ha
- 125-6, Techno 2-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34024, BTGin co., Ltd., Republic of Korea
| | - Lee Sung
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, 151-1, 119 Dandaero, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chugcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chul Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youl Hour
- 125-6, Techno 2-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34024, BTGin co., Ltd., Republic of Korea
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Lim J, Kim H, Kim GHJ, Kim T, Kang CG, Kim SW, Kim D. Enzymatic upcycling of wild-simulated ginseng leaves for enhancing biological activities and compound K. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:207. [PMID: 38353757 PMCID: PMC10866779 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Compound K (CK), a ginsenoside with high bioavailability, is present at low levels in wild-simulated ginseng leaves (WSGL). WSGL contains the CK precursors, Rd and F2, in amounts up to 26.4 ± 0.4 and 24.1 ± 1.9 mg/g extract, respectively. In this study, CK production in WGSL reached 25.9 ± 1.0 mg/g extract following treatment with Viscozyme, Celluclast 1.5 L, Pectinex Ultra SP-L, and their combination. The antioxidant activities indicated by oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and ABTS- and DPPH radical scavenging activity of enzyme-treated WSGL were enhanced 1.69-, 2.51-, 2.88-, and 1.80-fold, respectively, compared to non-treated WSGL. Furthermore, the CK-enriched WSGL demonstrated a 1.94-fold decrease in SA-β-galactosidase expression in human dermal fibroblasts and a 3.8-fold enhancement of inhibition of nitric oxide release in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells relative to non-treated WSGL. Consequently, WSGL subjected to enzymatic upcycling has potential as a functional material in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Lim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeong Kim
- Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bioscience & Technology, Center for Food and Bioconvergece, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gha-Hyun J Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in Biological Sciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon Gil Kang
- Ottogi Corporation, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14060, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Wook Kim
- Ottogi Corporation, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14060, Republic of Korea
| | - Doman Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bioscience & Technology, Center for Food and Bioconvergece, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
- Fervere Campus Corporation, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
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Chu LL, Hanh NTY, Quyen ML, Nguyen QH, Lien TTP, Do KV. Compound K Production: Achievements and Perspectives. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1565. [PMID: 37511939 PMCID: PMC10381408 DOI: 10.3390/life13071565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Compound K (CK) is one of the major metabolites found in mammalian blood and organs following oral administration of Panax plants. CK, also known as minor ginsenoside, can be absorbed in the systemic circulation. It has garnered significant attention in healthcare and medical products due to its pharmacological activities, such as antioxidation, anticancer, antiproliferation, antidiabetics, neuroprotection, and anti-atherogenic activities. However, CK is not found in natural ginseng plants but in traditional chemical synthesis, which uses toxic solvents and leads to environmental pollution during the harvest process. Moreover, enzymatic reactions are impractical for industrial CK production due to low yield and high costs. Although CK could be generated from major ginsenosides, most ginsenosides, including protopanaxatriol-oleanane and ocotillol-type, are not converted into CK by catalyzing β-glucosidase. Therefore, microbial cell systems have been used as a promising solution, providing a safe and efficient approach to CK production. This review provides a summary of various approaches for the production of CK, including chemical and enzymatic reactions, biotransformation by the human intestinal bacteria and endophytes as well as engineered microbes. Moreover, the approaches for CK production have been discussed to improve the productivity of target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Luong Chu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Trinh Yen Hanh
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - My Linh Quyen
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Quang Huy Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Phuong Lien
- Faculty of Biology and Agricultural Engineering, Hanoi Pagadogical University 2, Vinh Yen City 283460, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Van Do
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
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Yu T, Tang Y, Zhang F, Zhang L. Roles of ginsenosides in sepsis. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:1-8. [PMID: 36644389 PMCID: PMC9834008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The herbal medication Panax ginseng Meyer has widespread use in China, Korea, and other parts of the world. The main constituents of ginseng are ginsenosides, which include over 30 different triterpene saponins. It has been found that ginsenosides and their metabolites including Rg1, compound K, Rb1, Re, Rg3, and Rg5 exert anti-inflammatory activities by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor, modulating inflammation-related signaling, including NF-κB and MAPK signaling, and reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we review the recent literature on the molecular actions of ginsenosides in sepsis, suggesting ways in which they may be used to prevent and treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yidi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Fenglan Zhang
- Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
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Lee JA, Shin JY, Hong SS, Cho YR, Park JH, Seo DW, Oh JS, Kang JS, Lee JH, Ahn EK. Tetracera loureiri Extract Regulates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response Via Nuclear Factor-κB and Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:284. [PMID: 35161266 PMCID: PMC8839383 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tetracera loureiri (T. loureiri) is a woody climber inhabiting open deciduous or evergreen forests in Southeast Asia. A decoction comprising its stem and other herbs is a traditional Thai remedy for fatigue and jaundice, as well as to promote overall health. Anti-inflammatory effects induced by T. loureiri extract have not been reported. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of an ethanol extract of T. loureiri (ETL) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophages. We found that ETL treatment inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, without affecting cell viability. The effect of ETL on the expression of various pro-inflammatory mediators was analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We observed that ETL inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the mRNA and protein levels and decreased the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by COX-2 in RAW264.7 macrophages. ETL dose-dependently reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, ETL suppressed the LPS-induced nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor, NF-κB. Additionally, ETL was found to inhibit the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that ETL inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, thereby downregulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated macrophages, Consequently, ETL is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung A Lee
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator (GBSA), Suwon 16229, Korea; (J.A.L.); (S.S.H.); (Y.-R.C.)
| | - Ju Young Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (J.-H.P.); (D.-W.S.); (J.S.O.)
| | - Seong Su Hong
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator (GBSA), Suwon 16229, Korea; (J.A.L.); (S.S.H.); (Y.-R.C.)
| | - Young-Rak Cho
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator (GBSA), Suwon 16229, Korea; (J.A.L.); (S.S.H.); (Y.-R.C.)
| | - Ju-Hyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (J.-H.P.); (D.-W.S.); (J.S.O.)
| | - Dong-Wan Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (J.-H.P.); (D.-W.S.); (J.S.O.)
| | - Joa Sub Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (J.-H.P.); (D.-W.S.); (J.S.O.)
| | - Jae-Shin Kang
- Biological Genetic Resources Utilization Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Biological Genetic Resources Utilization Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Eun-Kyung Ahn
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator (GBSA), Suwon 16229, Korea; (J.A.L.); (S.S.H.); (Y.-R.C.)
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Antarctic Lichen Umbilicaria antarctica Methanol Extract in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells and Zebrafish Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8812090. [PMID: 33644231 PMCID: PMC7902135 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8812090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Umbilicaria antarctica (UA) is a member of the family Umbilicariaceae. To the best of our knowledge, no studies on its anti-inflammatory effects have been reported yet. In the present study, we examined its ability to suppress inflammatory responses and the molecular mechanisms underlying these abilities using lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and a zebrafish model of inflammation. We investigated the effects of UA on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. To explore the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of UA, we measured the mRNA and protein expression of proinflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analyses, respectively. UA significantly inhibited the production of NO, PGE2, interleukin- (IL-) 6, and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. It also suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and nuclear factor- (NF-) κB activation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and tail pin-cutting-induced zebrafish model. Collectively, these findings indicate that UA significantly inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses. These effects were considered to be strongly associated with the suppression of NF-κB activation. Overall, our results demonstrate that UA extract exerts strong anti-inflammatory activities in in vitro and in vivo models and suggest that UA may be an effective novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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