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Türkeş C. Aldose reductase with quinolone antibiotics interaction: In vitro and in silico approach of its relationship with diabetic complications. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 761:110161. [PMID: 39313142 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR, EC1.1.1.21), a member of the aldo-keto reductase family, is critically implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic complications associated with diabetes mellitus, including neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Hyperglycemia-induced AR overactivity results in intracellular sorbitol accumulation, NADPH depletion, and oxidative stress. Consequently, AR is recognized as a key mediator of oxidative and inflammatory signaling pathways involved in diverse human pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. This has sparked renewed interest in developing novel AR inhibitors (ARIs) with enhanced therapeutic profiles. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory potential of five quinolone antibiotics-gatifloxacin, lomefloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, and sparfloxacin-as ARIs relevant to various physiological and pathological conditions. Through comprehensive in vitro and in silico analyses, we explored these antibiotics' binding interactions and affinities within the AR active site. Our findings reveal that these quinolones moderately inhibit AR at micromolar concentrations, with inhibition constants (KIs) ranging from 1.03 ± 0.13 μM to 4.12 ± 0.51 μM, compared to the reference drug epalrestat (KI of 0.85 ± 0.06 μM). The combined in vitro and in silico results underscore significant interactions between these drugs and AR, suggesting their potential as therapeutic agents against the aforementioned pathological conditions. Furthermore, these insights will aid in optimizing clinical dosing regimens and mitigating unexpected drug-drug interactions when these antibiotics are co-administered with other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Türkeş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, 24002, Turkey.
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2
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Perfetti R, Bailey E, Wang S, Mills R, Mohanlal R, Shendelman S. Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the New Aldose Reductase Inhibitor Govorestat (AT-007) After a Single and Multiple Doses in Participants in a Phase 1/2 Study. J Clin Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38988185 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
In classic galactosemia (CG) patients, aldose reductase (AR) converts galactose to galactitol. In a phase 1/2, placebo-controlled study (NCT04117711), safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of govorestat were evaluated after single and multiple ascending doses (0.5-40 mg/kg) in healthy adults (n = 81) and CG patients (n = 14). Levels of govorestat in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood levels of galactitol, galactose, and galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1p) were measured for population PK and PK/PD analyses. Govorestat was well tolerated. Adverse event frequency was comparable between placebo and govorestat. Govorestat PK displayed a 2-compartment model with sequential zero- and first-order absorption, and no effect of demographic factors. Multiple-dose PK of govorestat was linear in the 0.5-40 mg/kg range, and CSF levels increased dose dependently. Elimination half-life was ∼10 h. PK/PD modeling supported once-daily dosing. Change from baseline in galactitol was -15% ± 9% with placebo and -19% ± 10%, -46% ± 4%, and -51% ± 5% with govorestat 5, 20, and 40 mg/kg, respectively, thus was similar for 20 and 40 mg/kg. Govorestat did not affect galactose or Gal-1p levels. In conclusion, govorestat displayed a favorable safety, PK, and PD profile in humans, and reduced galactitol levels in the same magnitude (∼50%) as in a rat model of CG that demonstrated an efficacy benefit on neurological, behavioral, and ocular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard Mills
- Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, ICON plc, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Sahu B, Sahu M, Sahu M, Yadav M, Sahu R, Sahu C. An Updated Review on Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn: Chemical Composition, Nutritional Value and Pharmacological Activities. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301493. [PMID: 38327030 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn is a recognised herbal plant in ancient medical sciences. Each portion of the plant leaf, flower, seed and rhizome is utilised for nutritional and medicinal purposes. The chemical compositions like phenol, alkaloids, glycoside, terpenoids and steroids have been isolated. The plant contains various nutritional values like lipids, proteins, amino acids, minerals, carbohydrates, and fatty acids. Traditional medicine confirms that the phytochemicals of plants give significant benefits to the treatment of various diseases such as leukoderma, smallpox, dysentery, haematemesis, coughing, haemorrhage, metrorrhagia, haematuria, fever, hyperlipidaemia, cholera, hepatopathy and hyperdipsia. To verify the traditional claims, researchers have conducted scientific biological in vivo and in vitro screenings, which have exhibited that the plant keeps various notable pharmacological activities such as anticancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiviral, hypolipidemic, anti-obesity, antipyretic, hypoglycaemic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. This review, summaries the nutritional composition, chemical constituents and biological activities substantiated by the researchers done in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Sahu
- Columbia College of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492001, India
| | - Mahendra Sahu
- Columbia College of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492001, India
| | - Mukesh Sahu
- Columbia College of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492001, India
| | - Megha Yadav
- Columbia College of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492001, India
| | - Rakesh Sahu
- Sanjivani Institute of Pharmacy, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 497101, India
| | - Chandana Sahu
- Columbia College of Nursing, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492001, India
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Dănilă AI, Ghenciu LA, Stoicescu ER, Bolintineanu SL, Iacob R, Săndesc MA, Faur AC. Aldose Reductase as a Key Target in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines 2024; 12:747. [PMID: 38672103 PMCID: PMC11047946 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The escalating global prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) over the past two decades has led to a persistent high incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR), necessitating screening for early symptoms and proper treatment. Effective management of DR aims to decrease vision impairment by controlling modifiable risk factors including hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia. Moreover, systemic medications and plant-based therapy show promise in advancing DR treatment. One of the key mechanisms related to DR pathogenesis is the polyol pathway, through which aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes the conversion of glucose to sorbitol within various tissues, including the retina, lens, ciliary body and iris. Elevated glucose levels activate AR, leading to osmotic stress, advanced glycation end-product formation, and oxidative damage. This further implies chronic inflammation, vascular permeability, and angiogenesis. Our comprehensive narrative review describes the therapeutic potential of aldose reductase inhibitors in treating DR, where both synthetic and natural inhibitors have been studied in recent decades. Our synthesis aims to guide future research and clinical interventions in DR management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Ioana Dănilă
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-I.D.); (S.L.B.); (R.I.); (A.C.F.)
| | - Laura Andreea Ghenciu
- Department of Functional Sciences, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Emil Robert Stoicescu
- Doctoral School, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Field of Applied Engineering Sciences, Specialization Statistical Methods and Techniques in Health and Clinical Research, Faculty of Mechanics, ‘Politehnica’ University Timisoara, Mihai Viteazul Boulevard No. 1, 300222 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Sorin Lucian Bolintineanu
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-I.D.); (S.L.B.); (R.I.); (A.C.F.)
| | - Roxana Iacob
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-I.D.); (S.L.B.); (R.I.); (A.C.F.)
- Doctoral School, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Field of Applied Engineering Sciences, Specialization Statistical Methods and Techniques in Health and Clinical Research, Faculty of Mechanics, ‘Politehnica’ University Timisoara, Mihai Viteazul Boulevard No. 1, 300222 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihai-Alexandru Săndesc
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Corina Faur
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-I.D.); (S.L.B.); (R.I.); (A.C.F.)
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5
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Rao M, Chang KC. Aldose reductase is a potential therapeutic target for neurodegeneration. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 389:110856. [PMID: 38185272 PMCID: PMC10842418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a complex process involving various inflammatory mediators and cellular responses. Aldose reductase (AR) is a key enzyme in the polyol pathway, which converts glucose to sorbitol. Beyond its metabolic role, AR has also been found to play a significant role in modulating neuroinflammation. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the involvement of AR inhibition in attenuating neuroinflammation and complications from diabetic neuropathies. Here, we review the literature regarding AR and neuropathy/neurodegeneration. We discuss the mechanisms underlying the influence of AR inhibitors on ocular inflammation, beta-amyloid-induced neurodegeneration, and optic nerve degeneration. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies targeting AR in neurodegeneration are explored. The understanding of AR's role in neurodegeneration may lead to the development of novel therapeutic interventions for other neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishal Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Center of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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6
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Gupta JK. The Role of Aldose Reductase in Polyol Pathway: An Emerging Pharmacological Target in Diabetic Complications and Associated Morbidities. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:1073-1081. [PMID: 37649296 DOI: 10.2174/1389201025666230830125147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The expression of aldose reductase leads to a variety of biological and pathological effects. It is a multifunctional enzyme which has a tendency to reduce aldehydes to the corresponding sugar.alcohol. In diabetic conditions, the aldose reductase enzyme converts glucose into sorbitol using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as a cofactor. It is a key enzyme in polyol pathway which is a surrogate course of glucose metabolism. The polyol pathway has a significant impact on the aetiology of complications in individuals with end-stage diabetes. The exorbitant level of sorbitol leads to the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species in diabetic heart, neurons, kidneys, eyes and other vasculatures, leading to many complications and pathogenesis. Recently, the pathophysiological role of aldose reductase has been explored with multifarious perspectives. Research on aldose reductase suggest that besides implying in diabetic complications, the enzyme also turns down the lipid-derived aldehydes as well as their glutathione conjugates. Although aldose reductase has certain lucrative role in detoxification of toxic lipid aldehydes, its overexpression leads to intracellular accumulation of sorbitol which is involved in secondary diabetic complications, such as neuropathy, cataractogenesis, nephropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular pathogenesis. Osmotic upset and oxidative stress are produced by aldose reductase via the polyol pathway. The inhibition of aldose reductase alters the activation of transcription factors like NF-ƙB. Moreover, in many preclinical studies, aldose reductase inhibitors have been observed to reduce inflammation-related impediments, such as asthma, sepsis and colon cancer, in diabetic subjects. Targeting aldose reductase can bestow a novel cognizance for this primordial enzyme as an ingenious strategy to prevent diabetic complications and associated morbidities. In this review article, the significance of aldose reductase is briefly discussed along with their prospective applications in other afflictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeetendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Trifonov RE, Ostrovskii VA. Tetrazoles and Related Heterocycles as Promising Synthetic Antidiabetic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17190. [PMID: 38139019 PMCID: PMC10742751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrazole heterocycle is a promising scaffold in drug design, and it is incorporated into active pharmaceutical ingredients of medications of various actions: hypotensives, diuretics, antihistamines, antibiotics, analgesics, and others. This heterocyclic system is metabolically stable and easily participates in various intermolecular interactions with different biological targets through hydrogen bonding, conjugation, or van der Waals forces. In the present review, a systematic analysis of the activity of tetrazole derivatives against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been performed. As it was shown, the tetrazolyl moiety is a key fragment of many antidiabetic agents with different activities, including the following: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) agonists, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors, aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) agonists, glycogen phosphorylases (GP) Inhibitors, α-glycosidase (AG) Inhibitors, sodium glucose co-transporter (SGLT) inhibitors, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) inhibitors, IkB kinase ε (IKKε) and TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) inhibitors, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). In many cases, the tetrazole-containing leader compounds markedly exceed the activity of medications already known and used in T2DM therapy, and some of them are undergoing clinical trials. In addition, tetrazole derivatives are very often used to act on diabetes-related targets or to treat post-diabetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostislav E. Trifonov
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds, Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), St. Petersburg 190013, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Ostrovskii
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds, Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), St. Petersburg 190013, Russia
- Saint Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), St. Petersburg 199178, Russia
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Shahab M, Zheng G, Alshabrmi FM, Bourhia M, Wondmie GF, Mohammad Salamatullah A. Exploring potent aldose reductase inhibitors for anti-diabetic (anti-hyperglycemic) therapy: integrating structure-based drug design, and MMGBSA approaches. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1271569. [PMID: 38053577 PMCID: PMC10694256 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1271569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an important target in the development of therapeutics against hyper-glycemia-induced health complications such as retinopathy, etc. In this study, we employed a combination of structure-based drug design, molecular simulation, and free energy calculation approaches to identify potential hit molecules against anti-diabetic (anti-hyperglycemic)-induced health complications. The 3D structure of aldoreductase was screened for multiple compound libraries (1,00,000 compounds) and identified as ZINC35671852, ZINC78774792 from the ZINC database, Diamino-di nitro-methyl dioctyl phthalate, and Penta-o-galloyl-glucose from the South African natural compounds database, and Bisindolylmethane thiosemi-carbazides and Bisindolylme-thane-hydrazone from the Inhouse database for this study. The mode of binding interactions of the selected compounds later predicted their aldose reductase inhibitory potential. These com-pounds interact with the key active site residues through hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and π-π interactions. The structural dynamics and binding free energy results further revealed that these compounds possess stable dynamics with excellent binding free energy scores. The structures of the lead inhibitors can serve as templates for developing novel inhibitors, and in vitro testing to confirm their anti-diabetic potential is warranted. The current study is the first to design small molecule inhibitors for the aldoreductase protein that can be used in the development of therapeutic agents to treat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahab
- State Key Laboratories of Chemical Resources Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Guojun Zheng
- State Key Laboratories of Chemical Resources Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Fahad M. Alshabrmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | | | - Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Yang L, Nao J, Dong X. The Therapeutic Potential of Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives in Parkinson's Disease: Focus on In Vivo Research Advancements. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37432913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (HCDs) are polyphenols that are abundant in cereals, coffee, tea, wine, fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods. To aid in the clinical prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), we evaluated in vivo investigations of the pharmacological properties of HCDs relevant to PD, and their pharmacokinetic and safety aspects. An extensive search of published journals was conducted using several literature databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science. The search terms included "hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives," "ferulic acid," "caffeic acid," "sinapic acid," "p-coumaric acid," "Parkinson's disease," and combinations of these keywords. As of April 2023, 455 preclinical studies were retrieved, of which 364 were in vivo studies; we included 17 of these articles on the pharmaceutics of HCDs in PD. Available evidence supports the protective effects of HCDs in PD due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, as well as antiapoptotic physiological activities. Studies have identified possible molecular targets and pathways for the protective actions of HCDs in PD. However, the paucity of studies on these compounds in PD, and the risk of toxicity induced with high-dose applications, limits their use. Thus, multifaceted studies of HCDs in vitro and in vivo are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
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Mareş C, Udrea AM, Şuţan NA, Avram S. Bioinformatics Tools for the Analysis of Active Compounds Identified in Ranunculaceae Species. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:842. [PMID: 37375790 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical compounds from extracts of three Ranunculaceae species, Aconitum toxicum Rchb., Anemone nemorosa L. and Helleborus odorus Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd., respectively, were isolated using the HPLC purification technique and analyzed from a bioinformatics point of view. The classes of compounds identified based on the proportion in the rhizomes/leaves/flowers used for microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction were alkaloids and phenols. Here, the quantifying of pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenomics and pharmacodynamics helps us to identify the actual biologically active compounds. Our results showed that (i) pharmacokinetically, the compounds show good absorption at the intestinal level and high permeability at the level of the central nervous system for alkaloids; (ii) regarding pharmacogenomics, alkaloids can influence tumor sensitivity and the effectiveness of some treatments; (iii) and pharmacodynamically, the compounds of these Ranunculaceae species bind to carbonic anhydrase and aldose reductase. The results obtained showed a high affinity of the compounds in the binding solution at the level of carbonic anhydrases. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors extracted from natural sources can represent the path to new drugs useful both in the treatment of glaucoma, but also of some renal, neurological and even neoplastic diseases. The identification of natural compounds with the role of inhibitors can have a role in different types of pathologies, both associated with studied and known receptors such as carbonic anhydrase and aldose reductase, as well as new pathologies not yet addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălina Mareş
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Udrea
- Laser Department, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Atomistilor 409, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Anca Şuţan
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Piteşti, 1 Targul din Vale Str., 110040 Pitesti, Romania
| | - Speranţa Avram
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
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Casanova A, Wevers A, Navarro-Ledesma S, Pruimboom L. Mitochondria: It is all about energy. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1114231. [PMID: 37179826 PMCID: PMC10167337 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1114231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in both health and disease. Their function is not limited to energy production but serves multiple mechanisms varying from iron and calcium homeostasis to the production of hormones and neurotransmitters, such as melatonin. They enable and influence communication at all physical levels through interaction with other organelles, the nucleus, and the outside environment. The literature suggests crosstalk mechanisms between mitochondria and circadian clocks, the gut microbiota, and the immune system. They might even be the hub supporting and integrating activity across all these domains. Hence, they might be the (missing) link in both health and disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to metabolic syndrome, neuronal diseases, cancer, cardiovascular and infectious diseases, and inflammatory disorders. In this regard, diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and chronic pain are discussed. This review focuses on understanding the mitochondrial mechanisms of action that allow for the maintenance of mitochondrial health and the pathways toward dysregulated mechanisms. Although mitochondria have allowed us to adapt to changes over the course of evolution, in turn, evolution has shaped mitochondria. Each evolution-based intervention influences mitochondria in its own way. The use of physiological stress triggers tolerance to the stressor, achieving adaptability and resistance. This review describes strategies that could recover mitochondrial functioning in multiple diseases, providing a comprehensive, root-cause-focused, integrative approach to recovering health and treating people suffering from chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaloha Casanova
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla, Spain
- PNI Europe, The Hague, Netherlands
- Chair of Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Granada and PNI Europe, Granada, Spain
| | - Anne Wevers
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla, Spain
- PNI Europe, The Hague, Netherlands
- Chair of Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Granada and PNI Europe, Granada, Spain
| | - Santiago Navarro-Ledesma
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla, Spain
- PNI Europe, The Hague, Netherlands
- Chair of Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Granada and PNI Europe, Granada, Spain
| | - Leo Pruimboom
- PNI Europe, The Hague, Netherlands
- Chair of Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Granada and PNI Europe, Granada, Spain
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Martiniakova M, Kovacova V, Mondockova V, Svik K, Londzin P, Folwarczna J, Soltesova Prnova M, Stefek M, Omelka R. The Effects of Prolonged Treatment with Cemtirestat on Bone Parameters Reflecting Bone Quality in Non-Diabetic and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040628. [PMID: 37111385 PMCID: PMC10145951 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cemtirestat, a bifunctional drug acting as an aldose reductase inhibitor with antioxidant ability, is considered a promising candidate for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Our study firstly examined the effects of prolonged cemtirestat treatment on bone parameters reflecting bone quality in non-diabetic rats and rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Experimental animals were assigned to four groups: non-diabetic rats, non-diabetic rats treated with cemtirestat, diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated with cemtirestat. Higher levels of plasma glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin, magnesium, reduced femoral weight and length, bone mineral density and content, parameters characterizing trabecular bone mass and microarchitecture, cortical microarchitecture and geometry, and bone mechanical properties were determined in STZ-induced diabetic versus non-diabetic rats. Treatment with cemtirestat did not affect all aforementioned parameters in non-diabetic animals, suggesting that this drug is safe. In diabetic rats, cemtirestat supplementation reduced plasma triglyceride levels, increased the Haversian canal area and slightly, but insignificantly, improved bone mineral content. Nevertheless, the insufficient effect of cemtirestat treatment on diabetic bone disease does not support its use in the therapy of this complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Martiniakova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Vladimira Mondockova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Karol Svik
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Piotr Londzin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Joanna Folwarczna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Marta Soltesova Prnova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Informatics and Information Technologies, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 842 16 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Stefek
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radoslav Omelka
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
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13
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Syamprasad NP, Jain S, Rajdev B, Prasad N, Kallipalli R, Naidu VGM. Aldose reductase and cancer metabolism: The master regulator in the limelight. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 211:115528. [PMID: 37011733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
It is strongly established that metabolic reprogramming mediates the initiation, progression, and metastasis of a variety of cancers. However, there is no common biomarker identified to link the dysregulated metabolism and cancer progression. Recent studies strongly advise the involvement of aldose reductase (AR) in cancer metabolism. AR-mediated glucose metabolism creates a Warburg-like effect and an acidic tumour microenvironment in cancer cells. Moreover, AR overexpression is associated with the impairment of mitochondria and the accumulation of free fatty acids in cancer cells. Further, AR-mediated reduction of lipid aldehydes and chemotherapeutics are involved in the activation of factors promoting proliferation and chemo-resistance. In this review, we have delineated the possible mechanisms by which AR modulates cellular metabolism for cancer proliferation and survival. An in-depth understanding of cancer metabolism and the role of AR might lead to the use of AR inhibitors as metabolic modulating agents for the therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Syamprasad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - Siddhi Jain
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - Bishal Rajdev
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - Neethu Prasad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - Ravindra Kallipalli
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - V G M Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India.
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14
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Sardelli G, Scali V, Signore G, Balestri F, Cappiello M, Mura U, Del Corso A, Moschini R. Response of a Human Lens Epithelial Cell Line to Hyperglycemic and Oxidative Stress: The Role of Aldose Reductase. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040829. [PMID: 37107204 PMCID: PMC10135174 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A common feature of different types of diabetes is the high blood glucose levels, which are known to induce a series of metabolic alterations, leading to damaging events in different tissues. Among these alterations, both increased polyol pathway flux and oxidative stress are considered to play relevant roles in the response of different cells. In this work, the effect on a human lens epithelial cell line of stress conditions, consisting of exposure to either high glucose levels or to the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, is reported. The occurrence of osmotic imbalance, alterations of glutathione levels, and expression of inflammatory markers was monitored. A common feature of the two stress conditions was the expression of COX-2, which, only in the case of hyperglycemic stress, occurred through NF-κB activation. In our cell model, aldose reductase activity, which is confirmed as the only activity responsible for the osmotic imbalance occurring in hyperglycemic conditions, seemed to have no role in controlling the onset of the inflammatory phenomena. However, it played a relevant role in cellular detoxification against lipid peroxidation products. These results, in confirming the multifactorial nature of the inflammatory phenomena, highlight the dual role of aldose reductase as having both damaging but also protecting activity, depending on stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Sardelli
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Viola Scali
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Balestri
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Cappiello
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Umberto Mura
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Del Corso
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2211450
| | - Roberta Moschini
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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15
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Altıntop MD, Demir Y, Türkeş C, Öztürk RB, Cantürk Z, Beydemir Ş, Özdemir A. A new series of hydrazones as small-molecule aldose reductase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200570. [PMID: 36603162 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the search for small-molecule aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors, new tetrazole-hydrazone hybrids (1-15) were designed. An efficient procedure was employed for the synthesis of compounds 1-15. All hydrazones were subjected to an in vitro assay to assess their AR inhibitory profiles. Compounds 1-15 caused AR inhibition with Ki values ranging between 0.177 and 6.322 µM and IC50 values ranging between 0.210 and 0.676 µM. 2-[(1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio]-N'-(4-fluorobenzylidene)acetohydrazide (4) was the most potent inhibitor of AR in this series. Compound 4 markedly inhibited AR (IC50 = 0.297 µM) in a competitive manner (Ki = 0.177 µM) compared to epalrestat (Ki = 0.857 µM, IC50 = 0.267 µM). Based on the in vitro data obtained by applying the MTT test, compound 4 showed no cytotoxic activity toward normal (NIH/3T3) cells at the tested concentrations, indicating its safety as an AR inhibitor. Compound 4 exhibited proper interactions with crucial amino acid residues within the active site of AR. In silico QikProp data of all hydrazones (1-15) were also determined to assess their pharmacokinetic profiles. Taken together, compound 4 stands out as a promising inhibitor of AR for further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehlika D Altıntop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Demir
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Nihat Delibalta Göle Vocational High School, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Türkeş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Remzi B Öztürk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Cantürk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Beydemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,The Rectorate of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Özdemir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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16
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Allegrini S, Garcia-Gil M, Pesi R, Camici M, Tozzi MG. The Good, the Bad and the New about Uric Acid in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194959. [PMID: 36230882 PMCID: PMC9561999 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The concentration of uric acid in blood is sex-, age- and diet-dependent and is maintained close to its maximal solubility, indicating that it plays some important role. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that, at physiological concentrations, uric acid is a powerful antioxidant and is a scavenger of singlet oxygen and radicals. At high intracellular concentration, uric acid has been demonstrated to act as a pro-oxidant molecule. Recently, uric acid has been reported to affect the properties of several proteins involved in metabolic regulation and signaling, and the relationship between uric acid and cancer has been extensively investigated. In this review, we present the most recent results on the positive and negative effects played by uric acid in cancer and some new findings and hypotheses about the implication of this metabolite in the pathogenesis of several diseases such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and inflammation, thus favoring the development of cancer. Abstract Uric acid is the final product of purine catabolism in man and apes. The serum concentration of uric acid is sex-, age- and diet-dependent and is maintained close to its maximal solubility, indicating that it plays some important role. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that, at physiological concentrations, uric acid is a powerful antioxidant, while at high intracellular concentrations, it is a pro-oxidant molecule. In this review, we describe the possible causes of uric acid accumulation or depletion and some of the metabolic and regulatory pathways it may impact. Particular attention has been given to fructose, which, because of the complex correlation between carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism, causes uric acid accumulation. We also present recent results on the positive and negative effects played by uric acid in cancer and some new findings and hypotheses about the implication of this metabolite in a variety of signaling pathways, which can play a role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and inflammation, thus favoring the development of cancer. The loss of uricase in Homo sapiens and great apes, although exposing these species to the potentially adverse effects of uric acid, appears to be associated with evolutionary advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Allegrini
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per L’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Mercedes Garcia-Gil
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per L’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Unità di Fisiologia Generale, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossana Pesi
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marcella Camici
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tozzi
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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17
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Balestri F, Poli G, Piazza L, Cappiello M, Moschini R, Signore G, Tuccinardi T, Mura U, Del Corso A. Dissecting the Activity of Catechins as Incomplete Aldose Reductase Differential Inhibitors through Kinetic and Computational Approaches. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091324. [PMID: 36138801 PMCID: PMC9495972 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The increased glucose levels occurring in diabetes lead to several metabolic alterations responsible for the onset of the so-called diabetic complications, which include nephropathies, neuropathies, retinopathies, and cataract. An increased flux of glucose through the polyol pathway is considered the most relevant among these alterations. For this reason, the block of the polyol pathway, through the inhibition of the enzyme aldose reductase, is considered a valuable strategy to impair the onset of diabetic complications. However, aldose reductase also exerts a beneficial effect inside cells, since it can remove toxic aldehydes. Thus, to ameliorate the outcome of the use of aldose reductase inhibitors, the use of “differential inhibitors” has been proposed. These inhibitors should block the catalytic activity depending on the substrate the enzyme is working on, thus preserving the detoxifying action of the enzyme. In this work, derivatives of catechins are analyzed to evaluate their inhibitory action on aldose reductase. The study was conducted both in vitro on the isolated enzyme and in silico through a computational approach. Results demonstrated that gallocatechin gallate and catechin gallate act as differential inhibitors and that this action may be linked to an incomplete inhibitory effect. Abstract The inhibition of aldose reductase is considered as a strategy to counteract the onset of both diabetic complications, upon the block of glucose conversion in the polyol pathway, and inflammation, upon the block of 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonenal reduction. To ameliorate the outcome of aldose reductase inhibition, minimizing the interference with the detoxifying role of the enzyme when acting on toxic aldehydes, “differential inhibitors”, i.e., molecules able to inhibit the enzyme depending on the substrate the enzyme is working on, has been proposed. Here we report the characterization of different catechin derivatives as aldose reductase differential inhibitors. The study, conducted through both a kinetic and a computational approach, highlights structural constraints of catechin derivatives relevant in order to affect aldose reductase activity. Gallocatechin gallate and catechin gallate emerged as differential inhibitors of aldose reductase able to preferentially affect aldoses and 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonenal reduction with respect to 4-hydroxynonenal reduction. Moreover, the results highlight how, in the case of aldose reductase, a substrate may affect not only the model of action of an inhibitor, but also the degree of incompleteness of the inhibitory action, thus contributing to differential inhibitory phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Balestri
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 12, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Piazza
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Cappiello
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Moschini
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 12, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Umberto Mura
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Del Corso
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2211450
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18
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Bailly C. Moving toward a new horizon for the aldose reductase inhibitor epalrestat to treat drug-resistant cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175191. [PMID: 35964660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epalrestat (EPA) is a potent inhibitor of aldose reductases AKR1B1 and AKR1B10, used for decades in Japan for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. This orally-active, brain-permeable small molecule, with a relatively rare and essential 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone motif, functions as a regulator intracellular carbonyl species. The repurposing of EPA for the treatment of pediatric rare diseases, brain disorders and cancer has been proposed. A detailed analysis of the mechanism of action, and the benefit of EPA to combat advanced malignancies is offered here. EPA has revealed marked anticancer activities, alone and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapeutics, in experimental models of liver, colon, and breast cancers. Through inhibition of AKR1B1 and/or AKR1B10 and blockade of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EPA largely enhances the sensitivity of cancer cells to drugs like doxorubicin and sorafenib. EPA has revealed a major anticancer effect in an experimental model of basal-like breast cancer and clinical trials have been developed in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. The repurposing of the drug to treat chemo-resistant solid tumors seems promising, but more studies are needed to define the best trajectory for the positioning of EPA in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, Lille, Wasquehal, 59290, France.
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