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Abstract
In recent years, wearable sensors have enabled the unique mode of real-time and noninvasive monitoring to develop rapidly in medical care, sports, and other fields. Sweat contains a wide range of biomarkers such as metabolites, electrolytes, and various hormones. Combined with wearable technology, sweat can reflect human fatigue, disease, mental stress, dehydration, and so on. This paper comprehensively describes the analysis of sweat components such as glucose, lactic acid, electrolytes, pH, cortisol, vitamins, ethanol, and drugs by wearable sensing technology, and the application of sweat wearable devices in glasses, patches, fabrics, tattoos, and paper. The development trend of sweat wearable devices is prospected. It is believed that if the sweat collection, air permeability, biocompatibility, sensing array construction, continuous monitoring, self-healing technology, power consumption, real-time data transmission, specific recognition, and other problems of the wearable sweat sensor are solved, we can provide the wearer with important information about their health level in the true sense.
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Zhu J, Liu S, Hu Z, Zhang X, Yi N, Tang K, Dexheimer MG, Lian X, Wang Q, Yang J, Gray J, Cheng H. Laser-induced graphene non-enzymatic glucose sensors for on-body measurements. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 193:113606. [PMID: 34507206 PMCID: PMC8556579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glucose sensors outperform enzymatic ones in terms of cost, sensitivity, stability, and operating duration. Though highly sensitive, it is still desirable to further improve the sensitivity of non-enzymatic glucose sensors to detect a trace amount of glucose in sweat and other biofluids. Among the demonstrated effective approaches using bimetals or 3D porous structures, the porous laser-induced graphene (LIG) on flexible polymers showcases good conductivity and a simple fabrication process for the integration of sensing materials. The uniform electroless plating of the nickel and gold layer on LIG electrodes demonstrates significantly enhanced sensitivity and a large linear range for glucose sensing. The sensor with the porous LIG foam exhibits a high sensitivity of 1080 μA mM-1 cm-2, whereas a further increased sensitivity of 3500 μA mM-1 cm-2 is obtained with LIG fibers (LIGF). Impressively, a large linear range (0-30 mM) can be achieved by changing the bias voltage from 0.5 to 0.1 V due to the Au coating. Because the existing non-enzymatic glucose sensors are limited to use in basic solutions, their application in wearable electronics is elusive. In addition to the reduced requirement for the basic solution, this work integrates a porous encapsulating reaction cavity containing alkali solutions with a soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic component to provide integrated microfluidic non-enzymatic glucose sensors for sweat sampling and glucose sensing. The accurate glucose measurements from the human sweat and cell culture media showcase the practical utility, which opens up opportunities for the non-enzymatic glucose sensors in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Shangbin Liu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zhihui Hu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; School of Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China
| | - Xianzhe Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ning Yi
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kairui Tang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michael Gregory Dexheimer
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Xiaojun Lian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jennifer Gray
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Janmee N, Preechakasedkit P, Rodthongkum N, Chailapakul O, Potiyaraj P, Ruecha N. A non-enzymatic disposable electrochemical sensor based on surface-modified screen-printed electrode CuO-IL/rGO nanocomposite for a single-step determination of glucose in human urine and electrolyte drinks. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2796-2803. [PMID: 34114570 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00676b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A non-enzymatic disposable electrochemical sensor coupled with an automated sample pretreatment paper-based device was developed to avoid an additional sample preparation step for glucose determination in human urine and electrolyte drinks. The automated sample pretreatment paper-based device was successfully fabricated by the simple coating of a strong alkaline solution on a patterned wax paper, and then attached on an electrochemical sensor. The nanocomposite of copper oxide nanoparticles, ionic liquid and reduced graphene oxide (CuO-IL/rGO) modified on the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was created and used as a non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor. The presence of the CuO-IL/rGO nanocomposite on the screen-printed electrode surface was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Under optimal conditions, glucose was measured by dropping 100 μL sample solution on the device and detected via chronoamperometry (CA) using a smartphone potentiostat controlled by Android app., providing a rapid current response within 20 s and linearity in a range of 0.03-7.0 mM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.14 μM. Furthermore, this developed device was successfully applied for determining glucose levels in human urine and electrolyte drinks, exporting satisfying results correlated with a commercial enzymatic glucose biosensor and labeled values of the commercial products. Therefore, this device could be an alternative device for a non-enzymatic glucose sensor with single-step sample loading, allowing for real-time analysis, low cost, portability, disposability, and on-field measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopparat Janmee
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Non-enzymatic screen printed sensor based on Cu2O nanocubes for glucose determination in bio-fermentation processes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Chen HC, Su WR, Yeh YC. Functional Channel of SWCNTs/Cu 2O/ZnO NRs/Graphene Hybrid Electrodes for Highly Sensitive Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:32905-32914. [PMID: 32639739 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hybrid electrode of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)/Cu2O/ZnO nanorods (NRs)/graphene used on the current-response nonenzymatic glucose sensor was investigated herein, regarding the mechanism of the formation of functional channel. The synthesis of the hybrid electrode involved four steps. First, the graphene was grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and then wet-transferred onto indium transparent oxide (ITO) glass. Second, a zinc oxide (ZnO) seed layer was sputtered onto the graphene/ITO glass, and ZnO NRs were gradually grown by the hydrothermal method. Third, the ZnO NRs were clad with cuprous oxide (Cu2O) by the electrochemical method. Fourth, the SWCNTs were dropped onto the Cu2O surface, with a Nafion surfactant. X-ray diffraction spectra, scanning electron microscopy spectra, Raman spectra, cyclic voltammograms, and amperometric response diagrams were used to verify the performance of the device. Results showed that sensitivity increased significantly from 11.2 to 289.8 μA mM-1 cm-2, linear range increased significantly from 0.6 to 11.1 mM, and the coefficient of determination (R2) increased from 0.9766 to 0.9923, all by the addition of the SWCNTs/Cu2O functional channel mechanism and without graphene. When the graphene was added to the functional channel electrode, sensitivity increased again from 289.8 to 466.1 μA mM-1 cm-2 at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Chao Chen
- Graduate School of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Rong Su
- Graduate School of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Cheng Yeh
- Graduate School of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
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Gupta S, Tiwari A, Jain U, Chauhan N. Synergistic effect of 2D material coated Pt nanoparticles with PEDOT polymer on electrode surface interface for a sensitive label free Helicobacter pylori CagA(Ag-Ab) immunosensing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dung NQ, Duong TTT, Lam TD, Dung DD, Huy NN, Van Thanh D. A simple route for electrochemical glucose sensing using background current subtraction of cyclic voltammetry technique. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Non-enzymatic glucose sensor with electrodeposited silver/carbon nanotubes composite electrode. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181983. [PMID: 31160484 PMCID: PMC6591575 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a debilitating disease that affects each and every organ of human body. Hence it is important to continuously monitor the glucose level throughout the day and night. Glucose sensors are in great demand due to a rapid increase in diabetic community. A strategy has been implemented here to fabricate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with the support of functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs). Silver/carbon nanotubes (Ag/CNTs) nanocomposite electrode have been prepared by electrochemical process on Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass, by varying silver (Ag) concentrations for non-enzymatic glucose sensor. The variable Ag concentration in the morphology of Ag/CNTs nanocomposite has influenced the electrical conductivity, oxidation and reduction potential and electrochemical activity of glucose. Highest current density and good electrocatalytic activity for electrodes are obtained at 70 mM concentration of silver in Ag/CNTs composite. The present study indicates that the Ag/CNTs electrode is a possible substitute of the expensive glassy carbon electrode for enzyme-free glucose sensors.
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Muthurasu A, Kim HY. Fabrication of Hierarchically Structured MOF‐Co
3
O
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on Well‐aligned CuO Nanowire with an Enhanced Electrocatalytic Property. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alagan Muthurasu
- Department of BIN Convergence TechnologyChonbuk National University Republic Korea
| | - Hak Yong Kim
- Department of BIN Convergence TechnologyChonbuk National University Republic Korea
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber EngineeringChonbuk National University Jeonju 561-756 Republic of Korea
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Martinkova P, Kostelnik A, Pohanka M. Nanomaterials as Pseudocatalysts in the Construction of Electrochemical Nonenzymatic Sensors for Healthcare: A Review. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1542434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Martinkova
- Faculty of Military Health Science, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Kostelnik
- Faculty of Military Health Science, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Science, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Dai Y, Abbasi K, DePietro M, Butler S, Liu CC. Advanced fabrication of biosensor on detection of Glypican-1 using S-Acetylmercaptosuccinic anhydride (SAMSA) modification of antibody. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13541. [PMID: 30202003 PMCID: PMC6131508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31994-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-1 (GPC-1) has been recognized as biomarker of pancreatic cancer. Quantification of GPC-1 level is also pivotal to breast cancer and prostate cancer’s patients. We hereby report the first biosensor for GPC-1 detection. Instead of using crosslinking technique and surface immobilization of antibody, we applied a novel method for biosensor fabrication, using S-Acetylmercaptosuccinic anhydride (SAMSA) to modify the Anti-GPC-1 producing a thiol-linked Anti-GPC-1. The thiol-linked Anti-GPC-1 was then directly formed a single-layer antibody layer on the gold biosensor, minimizing the biosensor preparation steps significantly. Time of Flight Secondary Ions Mass Spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) characterization verified the thiol-linked antibody layer and demonstrated a unique perspective for surface protein characterization. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was applied to quantify GPC-1 antigen in undiluted human serum with a concentration range of 5,000 pg/µL to 100 pg/µL. The performance of this newly designed biosensor was also compared with modified self-assembled monolayer system fabricated biosensor, demonstrating the high-sensitivity and high-reproducibility of the SAMSA modified antibody based biosensor. This simple fabrication method can also expand to detection of other biomolecules. The simplified operation process shows great potential in clinical application development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Dai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Electronics Design Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Kevin Abbasi
- Swagelok Center for Surface Analysis of Materials (SCSAM), Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Michael DePietro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Samantha Butler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Chung Chiun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Electronics Design Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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