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Ramos L, Ramos TAM, Almeida RFD, da Silva-Rocha JV, Zimerer C, Arêas FZ. Acute anodal transcranial direct current stimulation improves the performance of professional rowers. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1310856. [PMID: 38699626 PMCID: PMC11063233 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1310856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of acute transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on physical and subjective responses in professional rowing during the 2,000-m time trial test. Methods Seven rowers (age 20.86 ± 4.49 years; weight 71.66 ± 7.97 kg) participated in this randomized triple-blind trial with a crossover experimental design. The protocol consists of 2 days with different conditions (anodal and sham). The tDCS anodic stimulation conducted was 2 mA for 20 min in the left temporal cortex (2.5 cm from the F7 zone and 2.5 cm from the T3 zone), targeting the left insular cortex. In the sham moment, the participants experienced 30 s of stimulation. Afterward, they performed a standardized progressive warm-up for 15 min, following the Brazilian Rowing Confederation's assessment protocols, and rested for 3 min before the test started. All procedures were made on an indoor rowing machine, which allowed the capture of performance variables such as time performed, power in watts (W), pace (m/min), and stroke rate (strokes/min). The ratings of perceived exertion [Borg scale (CR-20)] were recorded in each 2-min during the test. Results The results presented differences in power [Z: -2.371; p = 0.018; effect size (ES) = -0.896 (large)] and pace [Z: -2.371; p = 0.018; ES = -0.896 (large)] and time performance [Z: -1.612; p = 0.107; ES = -0.609 (large)] throughout the protocol for the anodal moment. Discussion However, no differences for the other variables were found. According to the results, the current tDCS with the present protocol improved the physical performance at the 2,000-m time trial Test providing ergogenic aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Ramos
- Physiotherapy Course at the FAVI—Victorian Higher Education Association, Vitória, Brazil
- Neuromodulation Institute, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Aparecida Magacho Ramos
- Physiotherapy Course at the FAVI—Victorian Higher Education Association, Vitória, Brazil
- Neuromodulation Institute, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Freire De Almeida
- Group of Study and Research in Neurorehabilitation and Neuromodulation, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program Physiological Sciences, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Jader Vinicius da Silva-Rocha
- Group of Study and Research in Neurorehabilitation and Neuromodulation, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program Physiological Sciences, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Carla Zimerer
- Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Telecommunications Laboratory, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Fernando Zanela Arêas
- Group of Study and Research in Neurorehabilitation and Neuromodulation, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program Physiological Sciences, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Physiotherapy Course at the Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
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Muller CO, Metais A, Boublay N, Breuil C, Deligault S, Di Rienzo F, Guillot A, Collet C, Krolak-Salmon P, Saimpont A. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation does not enhance the effects of motor imagery training of a sequential finger-tapping task in young adults. J Sports Sci 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38574326 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2328418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
When applied over the primary motor cortex (M1), anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) could enhance the effects of a single motor imagery training (MIt) session on the learning of a sequential finger-tapping task (SFTT). This study aimed to investigate the effect of a-tDCS on the learning of an SFTT during multiple MIt sessions. Two groups of 16 healthy young adults participated in three consecutive MIt sessions over 3 days, followed by a retention test 1 week later. They received active or sham a-tDCS during a MIt session in which they mentally rehearsed an eight-item complex finger sequence with their left hand. Before and after each session, and during the retention test, they physically repeated the sequence as quickly and accurately as possible. Both groups (i) improved their performance during the first two sessions, showing online learning; (ii) stabilised the level they reached during all training sessions, reflecting offline consolidation; and (iii) maintained their performance level one week later, showing retention. However, no significant difference was found between the groups, regardless of the MSL stage. These results emphasise the importance of performing several MIt sessions to maximise performance gains, but they do not support the additional effects of a-tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille O Muller
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, UR 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
| | - Angèle Metais
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, UR 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nawale Boublay
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Vieillissement Cerveau - Fragilité, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Breuil
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, UR 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Deligault
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Multimodal et Pluridisciplinaire en Imagerie du Vivant (CERMEP), Département de MagnétoEncéphalographie, Bron, France
| | - Franck Di Rienzo
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, UR 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, UR 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian Collet
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, UR 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pierre Krolak-Salmon
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Vieillissement Cerveau - Fragilité, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Arnaud Saimpont
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, UR 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Muller CO, Perrey S, Bakhti K, Muthalib M, Dray G, Xu B, Mottet D, Laffont I. Aging effects on electrical and hemodynamic responses in the sensorimotor network during unilateral proximal upper limb functional tasks. Behav Brain Res 2023; 443:114322. [PMID: 36731658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Healthy aging leads to poorer performance in upper limb (UL) daily living movements. Understanding the neural correlates linked with UL functional movements may help to better understand how healthy aging affects motor control. Two non-invasive neuroimaging methods allow for monitoring the movement-related brain activity: functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG), respectively based on the hemodynamic response and electrical activity of brain regions. Coupled, they provide a better spatiotemporal mapping. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of healthy aging on the bilateral sensorimotor (SM1) activation patterns of functional proximal UL movements. Twenty-one young and 21 old healthy participants realized two unilateral proximal UL movements during: i) a paced reaching target task and ii) a circular steering task to capture the speed-accuracy trade-off. Combined fNIRS-EEG system was synchronised with movement capture system to record SM1 activation while moving. The circular steering task performance was significantly lower for the older group. The rate of increase in hemodynamic response was longer in the older group with no difference on the amplitude of fNIRS signal for the two tasks. The EEG results showed aging related reduction of the alpha-beta rhythms synchronisation but no desynchronisation modification. In conclusion, this study uncovers the age-related changes in brain electrical and hemodynamic response patterns in the bilateral sensorimotor network during two functional proximal UL movements using two complementary neuroimaging methods. This opens up the possibility to utilise combined fNIRS-EEG for monitoring the movement-related neuroplasticity in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Muller
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France; Physical Rehabilitation and Medicine, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - S Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - K Bakhti
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France; Physical Rehabilitation and Medicine, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Clinical Research and Epidemiology unit, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - M Muthalib
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France; Physical Rehabilitation and Medicine, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Silverline Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - G Dray
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - B Xu
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - D Mottet
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - I Laffont
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France; Physical Rehabilitation and Medicine, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Guimarães AN, Porto AB, Marcori AJ, Lage GM, Altimari LR, Alves Okazaki VH. Motor learning and tDCS: A systematic review on the dependency of the stimulation effect on motor task characteristics or tDCS assembly specifications. Neuropsychologia 2023; 179:108463. [PMID: 36567006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TDCS is one of the most commonly used methods among studies with transcranial electrical stimulation and motor skills learning. Differences between study results suggest that the effect of tDCS on motor learning is dependent on the motor task performed or on the tDCS assembly specification used in the learning process. This systematic review aimed to analyze the tDCS effect on motor learning and verify whether this effect is dependent on the task or tDCS assembly specifications. Searches were performed in PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Embase, and PsycINFO. Articles were included that analyzed the effect of tDCS on motor learning through pre-practice, post-practice, retention, and/or transfer tests (period ≥24 h). The tDCS was most frequently applied to the primary motor cortex (M1) or the cerebellar cortex (CC) and the majority of studies found significant stimulation effects. Studies that analyzed identical or similar motor tasks show divergent results for the tDCS effect, even when the assembly specifications are the same. The tDCS effect is not dependent on motor task characteristics or tDCS assembly specifications alone but is dependent on the interaction between these factors. This interaction occurs between uni and bimanual tasks with anodal uni and bihemispheric (bilateral) stimulations at M1 or with anodal unihemispheric stimulations (unilateral and centrally) at CC, and between tasks of greater or lesser difficulty with single or multiple tDCS sessions. Movement time seems to be more sensitive than errors to indicate the effects of tDCS on motor learning, and a sufficient amount of motor practice to reach the "learning plateau" also seems to determine the effect of tDCS on motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Nascimento Guimarães
- State University of Londrina, Londrina. Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Pr 445, Km 380, Cx. Postal 10.011, CEP 86057-970, Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Beggiato Porto
- State University of Londrina, Londrina. Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Pr 445, Km 380, Cx. Postal 10.011, CEP 86057-970, Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Jehan Marcori
- University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Mello Moraes 65, CEP 05508-030, Vila Universitaria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Menezes Lage
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Ricardo Altimari
- State University of Londrina, Londrina. Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Pr 445, Km 380, Cx. Postal 10.011, CEP 86057-970, Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Victor Hugo Alves Okazaki
- State University of Londrina, Londrina. Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Pr 445, Km 380, Cx. Postal 10.011, CEP 86057-970, Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Liang Z, Zhou J, Jiao F, Gin T, Wang X, Liu Y, Lü J. Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Endurance Performance in Elite Female Rowers: A Pilot, Single-Blinded Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050541. [PMID: 35624927 PMCID: PMC9139125 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance, which is dependent at least partly upon the activation of the brain cortex, is important for performance in rowing. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has shown benefits for endurance, but its effects on the endurance performance of elite rowing athletes are unknown, and are examined in this study. Eight elite female rowers completed 5 km of rowing on an ergometer following stimulation of the tDCS and sham over motor cortices. Each session lasted 20 min and the current was set at 2.2 mA. Time, 500 m/split, power, time corresponding to 500 m (TC500) and power corresponding to 500 m (PC500) were recorded continuously throughout the tests. No significant differences in time, 500 m/split and power were observed between baseline, tDCS and sham. Compared to the sham, tDCS induced a percentage reduction in TC500 from baseline to 2500 m and 4000 m, and a percentage increase in PC500 from baseline to 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 2000 m, 2500 m, 4000 m, 4500 m and 5000 m. One-session tDCS did not have significant benefits for rowing endurance performance in elite professional rowers, and had only marginally greater efficacy compared to sham. These findings offer knowledge helpful to the design of future studies exploring the effects of tDCS on the endurance performance of elite rowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Liang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (Z.L.); (F.J.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Junhong Zhou
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02131, USA;
- The Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew Senior Life, Roslindale, MA 02131, USA
| | - Fujia Jiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (Z.L.); (F.J.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Trenton Gin
- College of Art and Science, Cornell University, New York, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (Z.L.); (F.J.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-66507356
| | - Jiaojiao Lü
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (Z.L.); (F.J.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
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Muller CO, Muthalib M, Mottet D, Perrey S, Dray G, Delorme M, Duflos C, Froger J, Xu B, Faity G, Pla S, Jean P, Laffont I, Bakhti KKA. Recovering arm function in chronic stroke patients using combined anodal HD-tDCS and virtual reality therapy (ReArm): a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:747. [PMID: 34702317 PMCID: PMC8549202 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After a stroke, 80% of the chronic patients have difficulties to use their paretic upper limb (UL) in activities of daily life (ADL) even after rehabilitation. Virtual reality therapy (VRT) and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are two innovative methods that have shown independently to positively impact functional recovery of the paretic UL when combined with conventional therapy. The objective of the project will be to evaluate the impact of adding anodal high-definition (HD)-tDCS during an intensive 3-week UL VRT and conventional therapy program on paretic UL function in chronic stroke. METHODS The ReArm project is a quadruple-blinded, randomized, sham-controlled, bi-centre, two-arm parallel, and interventional study design. Fifty-eight chronic (> 3 months) stroke patients will be recruited from the Montpellier and Nimes University Hospitals. Patients will follow a standard 3-week in-patient rehabilitation program, which includes 13 days of VRT (Armeo Spring, 1 × 30 min session/day) and conventional therapy (3 × 30 min sessions/day). Twenty-nine patients will receive real stimulation (4x1 anodal HD-tDCS montage, 2 mA, 20 min) to the ipsilesional primary motor cortex during the VRT session and the other 29 patients will receive active sham stimulation (2 mA, 30 s). All outcome measures will be assessed at baseline, at the end of rehabilitation and again 3 months later. The primary outcome measure will be the wolf motor function test. Secondary outcomes will include measures of UL function (Box and Block Test), impairment (Fugl Meyer Upper Extremity), compensation (Proximal Arm Non-Use), ADL (Actimetry, Barthel Index). Other/exploratory outcomes will include pain, fatigue, effort and performance, kinematics, and motor cortical region activation during functional motor tasks. DISCUSSION This will be the first trial to determine the impact of adding HD-tDCS during UL VRT and conventional therapy in chronic stroke patients. We hypothesize that improvements in UL function will be greater and longer-lasting with real stimulation than in those receiving sham. TRIAL REGISTRATION The ReArm project was approved by The French Research Ethics Committee, (Comité de Protection des Personnes-CPP SUD-EST II, N°ID-RCB: 2019-A00506-51, http://www.cppsudest2.fr/ ). The ReArm project was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT04291573 , 2nd March 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille O Muller
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) - Montpellier, Lapeyronie, 371 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295, Montpellier, Cédex 15, France
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Université Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
| | - Makii Muthalib
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) - Montpellier, Lapeyronie, 371 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295, Montpellier, Cédex 15, France
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Université Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
- Silverline Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Denis Mottet
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Université Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Université Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
| | - Gérard Dray
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Université Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Delorme
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Université Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, CHU Nîmes, Le Grau du Roi, France
| | - Claire Duflos
- Clinical Research and Epidemiology unit, CHU Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Froger
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Université Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, CHU Nîmes, Le Grau du Roi, France
| | - Binbin Xu
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Université Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
| | - Germain Faity
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Université Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
| | - Simon Pla
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Université Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Jean
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Université Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Laffont
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) - Montpellier, Lapeyronie, 371 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295, Montpellier, Cédex 15, France
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Université Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
| | - Karima K A Bakhti
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) - Montpellier, Lapeyronie, 371 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295, Montpellier, Cédex 15, France.
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Université Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France.
- Health Directorate, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- Clinical Investigation Centre, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France - Inserm, CIC 1411, Montpellier, France.
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Perrey S. Exercise: A Gate That Primes the Brain to Perform. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120980. [PMID: 33327404 PMCID: PMC7764905 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of exercise performance encountered in sports not only represents the enhancement of physical strength but also includes the development of psychological and cognitive functions [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, 34090 Montpellier, France
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