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Jenni R, Chikhaoui A, Nabouli I, Zaouak A, Khanchel F, Hammami-Ghorbel H, Yacoub-Youssef H. Differential Expression of ATM, NF-KB, PINK1 and Foxo3a in Radiation-Induced Basal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087181. [PMID: 37108343 PMCID: PMC10138907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in normal tissue radiobiology is in continuous progress to assess cellular response following ionizing radiation exposure especially linked to carcinogenesis risk. This was observed among patients with a history of radiotherapy of the scalp for ringworm who developed basal cell carcinoma (BCC). However, the involved mechanisms remain largely undefined. We performed a gene expression analysis of tumor biopsies and blood of radiation-induced BCC and sporadic patients using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Differences across groups were assessed by statistical analysis. Bioinformatic analyses were conducted using miRNet. We showed a significant overexpression of the FOXO3a, ATM, P65, TNF-α and PINK1 genes among radiation-induced BCCs compared to BCCs in sporadic patients. ATM expression level was correlated with FOXO3a. Based on receiver-operating characteristic curves, the differentially expressed genes could significantly discriminate between the two groups. Nevertheless, TNF-α and PINK1 blood expression showed no statistical differences between BCC groups. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the candidate genes may represent putative targets for microRNAs in the skin. Our findings may yield clues as to the molecular mechanism involved in radiation-induced BCC, suggesting that deregulation of ATM-NF-kB signaling and PINK1 gene expression may contribute to BCC radiation carcinogenesis and that the analyzed genes could represent candidate radiation biomarkers associated with radiation-induced BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Jenni
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis1002, Tunisia
| | - Asma Chikhaoui
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen Nabouli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis1002, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Zaouak
- Department of Dermatology, Habib Thameur Hospital (LR12SP03), Medicine Faculty, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1008, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Khanchel
- Anatomopathology Department, Habib Thameur Hospital (LR12SP03), Medicine Faculty, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1008, Tunisia
| | - Houda Hammami-Ghorbel
- Department of Dermatology, Habib Thameur Hospital (LR12SP03), Medicine Faculty, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1008, Tunisia
| | - Houda Yacoub-Youssef
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis1002, Tunisia
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2
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Omer DM, Thompson HM, Verheij FS, Yuval JB, Rosen R, Beets NRA, Luthra A, Romesser PB, Paty PB, Garcia-Aguilar J, Sanchez-Vega F. Rectal Cancer after Prostate Radiation: A Complex and Controversial Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082214. [PMID: 37190143 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A small proportion of rectal adenocarcinomas develop in patients many years after the treatment of a previous cancer using pelvic radiation, and the incidence of these rectal cancers depends on the length of follow-up from the end of radiotherapy. The risk of radiation-associated rectal cancer (RARC) is higher in patients treated with prostate external beam radiotherapy than it is in patients treated with brachytherapy. The molecular features of RARC have not been fully investigated, and survival is lower compared to non-irradiated rectal cancer patients. Ultimately, it is unclear whether the worse outcomes are related to differences in patient characteristics, treatment-related factors, or tumor biology. Radiation is widely used in the management of rectal adenocarcinoma; however, pelvic re-irradiation of RARC is challenging and carries a higher risk of treatment complications. Although RARC can develop in patients treated for a variety of malignancies, it is most common in patients treated for prostate cancer. This study will review the incidence, molecular characteristics, clinical course, and treatment outcomes of rectal adenocarcinoma in patients previously treated with radiation for prostate cancer. For clarity, we will distinguish between rectal cancer not associated with prostate cancer (RCNAPC), rectal cancer in non-irradiated prostate cancer patients (RCNRPC), and rectal cancer in irradiated prostate cancer patients (RCRPC). RARC represents a unique but understudied subset of rectal cancer, and thus requires a more comprehensive investigation in order to improve its treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Omer
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hannah M Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Floris S Verheij
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan B Yuval
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roni Rosen
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nathalie R A Beets
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anisha Luthra
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul B Romesser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philip B Paty
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julio Garcia-Aguilar
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Francisco Sanchez-Vega
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Kruger E, Toraih EA, Hussein MH, Shehata SA, Waheed A, Fawzy MS, Kandil E. Thyroid Carcinoma: A Review for 25 Years of Environmental Risk Factors Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246172. [PMID: 36551665 PMCID: PMC9777404 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors are established contributors to thyroid carcinomas. Due to their known ability to cause cancer, exposure to several organic and inorganic chemical toxicants and radiation from nuclear weapons, fallout, or medical radiation poses a threat to global public health. Halogenated substances like organochlorines and pesticides can interfere with thyroid function. Like phthalates and bisphenolates, polychlorinated biphenyls and their metabolites, along with polybrominated diethyl ethers, impact thyroid hormones biosynthesis, transport, binding to target organs, and impair thyroid function. A deeper understanding of environmental exposure is crucial for managing and preventing thyroid cancer. This review aims to investigate the relationship between environmental factors and the development of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kruger
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Eman A. Toraih
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: (E.A.T.); (M.S.F.)
| | - Mohammad H. Hussein
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shaimaa A. Shehata
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Amani Waheed
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Manal S. Fawzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 1321, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (E.A.T.); (M.S.F.)
| | - Emad Kandil
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Brandenstein M, Wiesinger I, Künzel J, Hornung M, Stroszczynski C, Jung EM. Multiparametric Sonographic Imaging of Thyroid Lesions: Chances of B-Mode, Elastography and CEUS in Relation to Preoperative Histopathology. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194745. [PMID: 36230668 PMCID: PMC9564296 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As the incidence of thyroid lesions in Europe is rising, more and more people affected by thyroid pathologies seek treatment in a clinic. Every suspicious thyroid nodule needs to be confirmed as benign or malignant in order to be treated correctly. Unnecessary invasive diagnostics and thyroid surgery should be avoided. The aim of this retrospective study was to improve the distinction between benign and malignant nodules by using new high-performance multiparametric ultrasound examination techniques. By analyzing 122 thyroid nodules we created a score-based system combining B-mode, shear-wave elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound malignancy criteria. This system allows for a quite accurate detection of thyroid carcinomas with a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 75.49%. Shear-wave elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound can detect unique malignancy features, which cannot be found in B-mode. Therefore, these criteria would present a relevant addition to the B-mode TI-RADS classification. Abstract Background: The aim was to improve preoperative diagnostics of solid non-cystic thyroid lesions by using new high-performance multiparametric ultrasound examination techniques. Methods: Multiparametric ultrasound consists of B-mode, shear-wave elastography and contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) including Time-Intensity-Curve (TIC) analysis. A bolus of 1–2.4 mL Sulfur Hexafluorid microbubbles was injected for CEUS. Postoperative histopathology was the diagnostic gold standard. Results: 116 patients were included in this study. 102 benign thyroid nodules were diagnosed as well as 20 carcinomas. Suspicious B-mode findings like microcalcifications, a blurry edge and no homogeneous sonomorphological structure were detected in 60, 75 and 80% of all carcinomas but only in 13.7, 36.3 and 46.1% of all benign lesions. The average shear-wave elastography measurements of malignant lesions (4.6 m/s or 69.8 kPa centrally and 4.2 m/s or 60.1 kPa marginally) exceed the values of benign nodules. Suspicious CEUS findings like a not-homogeneous wash-in and a wash-out were detected almost twice as often in carcinomas. Conclusion: Multiparametric ultrasound offers new possibilities for the preoperative distinction between benign and malignant thyroid nodules. A score based system of B-mode, shear-wave and CEUS malignancy criteria shows promising results in the detection of thyroid carcinomas. It reaches a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 75.49%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Brandenstein
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Department, University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-17-647-793-303
| | - Isabel Wiesinger
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Department, University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julian Künzel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hornung
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Stroszczynski
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Department, University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ernst-Michael Jung
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Department, University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Hess JR, Newbern DK, Beebe KL, Walsh AM, Schafernak KT. High Prevalence of Gene Fusions and Copy Number Alterations in Pediatric Radiation Therapy-Induced Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Carcinomas. Thyroid 2022; 32:411-420. [PMID: 34915766 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Childhood cancer survivors and bone marrow transplant recipients treated with radiation therapy (RT) are at increased risk for subsequent thyroid cancer. However, the genetic landscape of pediatric thyroid cancer, both primary and RT-induced, remains poorly defined, as pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has been understudied compared with adults and data on pediatric follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) are virtually nonexistent. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare the molecular profiles of pediatric RT-induced PTC and FTC cases with primary pediatric thyroid cancers. Methods: A total of 41 differentiated thyroid carcinomas (11 RT cases and 30 primary cases) from 37 patients seen at Phoenix Children's Hospital between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019 were evaluated by targeted next-generation sequencing and/or BRAF immunohistochemistry. Results: Eighty-six percent (6/7) of RT-PTC harbored a gene fusion (GF) compared with 56% (14/25) of primary PTC; 14% (1/7) of RT-PTC had a single-nucleotide variant (SNV; specifically, a point mutation in the DICER1 gene) compared with 44% (11/25) of primary PTC (all of the latter had the BRAFV600E mutation). An exceedingly rare ROS1 fusion was identified in a child with RT-PTC. With respect to FTC, copy number alterations (CNAs) were seen in 75% (3/4) of RT cases compared with 40% (2/5) of primary cases. None of the RT-FTC had SNVs compared with 100% (5/5) of primary FTC. Conclusions: In children, the molecular profile of subsequent RT-induced thyroid cancers appears to differ from primary (sporadic and syndromic) cases, with a high prevalence of GFs in RT-PTC (similar to PTC occurring after the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident) and CNAs in RT-FTC. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these cancers may lead to more accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, as some of the genomic alterations are potentially targetable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Hess
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders; Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Kristen L Beebe
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders; Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Kristian T Schafernak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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6
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Cattoni A, Molinari S, Riva B, Di Marco S, Adavastro M, Faraguna MC, Garella V, Medici F, Nicolosi ML, Pellegrinelli C, Lattuada M, Fraschini D, Pagni F, Biondi A, Balduzzi A. Thyroid function disorders and secondary cancer following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatrics: State of the art and practical recommendations for a risk-based follow-up. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1064146. [PMID: 36619560 PMCID: PMC9811586 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1064146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid disorders (TD) represent a remarkable share of all the late morbidities experienced following pediatric haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), with long-term reported occurrence often exceeding 70%. In addition, the data collected on wide cohorts of survivors assessed longitudinally outlined a progressive increase in the cumulative incidence of TD as far as 30 years following transplantation. Accordingly, a life-long monitoring of thyroid health is warranted among patients exposed to HSCT in childhood, in order to early detect TD and undertake a prompt dedicated treatment. Although several national and international consortia have provided recommendations for the early detection of thyroid disorders among childhood cancer survivors exposed to radiotherapy and alkylating agents, no guidelines specifically and thoroughly focused on HSCT-related TD have been published to date. As stem cell transplantation has become the standard-of-care in a growing body of non-oncological conditions, this urge has become pivotal. To highlight the challenging issues specifically involving this cohort of patients and to provide clinicians with the proposal of a practical follow-up protocol, we reviewed published literature in the light of the shared experience of a multidisciplinary team of pediatric oncologists, transplantologists, pathologists and endocrinologists involved in the long-term care of HSCT survivors. As a final result, we hereby present the proposals of a practical and customized risk-based approach to tailor thyroid health follow-up based on HSCT-related detrimental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cattoni
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM), Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandro Cattoni,
| | - Silvia Molinari
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM), Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Benedetta Riva
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM), Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Santo Di Marco
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM), Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Marta Adavastro
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM), Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Martha Caterina Faraguna
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM), Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Vittoria Garella
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM), Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Francesco Medici
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM), Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Nicolosi
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM), Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Claudia Pellegrinelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM), Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Martina Lattuada
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM), Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Donatella Fraschini
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM), Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Fabio Pagni
- Department of Pathology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM), Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Adriana Balduzzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM), Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
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Ferrari SM, Elia G, Ragusa F, Paparo SR, Mazzi V, Miccoli M, Galdiero MR, Varricchi G, Foddis R, Guglielmi G, Spinelli C, La Motta C, Benvenga S, Antonelli A, Fallahi P. Lenvatinib: an investigational agent for the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:913-921. [PMID: 34428101 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1972971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC; >90% of all TCs) derives from follicular cells. Surgery is the main therapeutic strategy, and radioiodine (RAI) is administered after thyroidectomy. When DTC progresses, it does not respond to RAI and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-suppressive thyroid hormone treatment, and other therapies (i.e. surgery, external beam radiation therapy and chemotherapy) do not lead to a better survival. Thanks to the understanding of the molecular pathways involved in TC progression, important advances have been done. Lenvatinib is a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR1-3, FGFR1-4, PDGFRα, RET, and KIT signaling networks implicated in tumor angiogenesis, approved in locally recurrent or metastatic, progressive, RAI-refractory DTC. Unmet needs regarding the patient clinical therapy responsiveness in aggressive RAI-refractory DTC still remain. AREAS COVERED We provide an overview from the literature of in vitro, in vivo and real-life studies regarding lenvatinib as an investigational agent for the treatment of aggressive TC. EXPERT OPINION According to the SELECT trial, the treatment should be initiated with a dosage of 24 mg/day, subsequently decreasing it in relation to the side effects. The decision making process in patients with aggressive RAI-refractory DTC should be personalized and the potential toxicity should be properly managed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giusy Elia
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragusa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Mazzi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Miccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR),Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR),Naples, Italy
| | - Rudy Foddis
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guglielmi
- U.O. Medicina Preventiva Del Lavoro, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Spinelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Interdepartmental Program of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Women's Endocrine Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico 'G. Martino', Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Qin J, Fan J, Li G, Liu S, Liu Z, Wu Y. DNA double-strand break repair gene mutation and the risk of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a case-control study. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:334. [PMID: 34215272 PMCID: PMC8252242 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the relationship between DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair gene mutations and the risk of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). Methods One hundred patients with PTMC or benign thyroid nodules (BTNs) at Henan Cancer Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The DSB repair capacity of peripheral blood T lymphocytes in the two groups was assessed by flow cytometry. Data were compared using Student’s t-test to evaluate the relationship between DSB repair capacity and the risk of PTMC. Factors influencing DSB repair capacity were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The relationship between PTMC and DSB repair capacity was analyzed by univariate analysis. Targeted next-generation DNA sequencing was applied to screen and analyze DSB repair genes related to PTMC. Results The DSB repair capacity was 31.30% in the PTMC group and 44.40% in the BTN group, with that of the former being significantly lower (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis of age, sex, obesity status, radiation and other factors showed that radiation exposure was positively correlated with reduced DSB repair capacity(OR = 3.642; 95% CI 1.484–8.935, P = 0.020). Moreover, univariate analysis showed that a reduction in DSB repair capacity was a risk factor for PTMC(OR = 2.333; 95% CI 1.027–5.300, P = 0.043).Targeted next-generation DNA sequencing was performed on the DSB repair genes discovered, and those that were mutated in association with PTMC were Rad50 and FANCA; Rad51 mutations were related to BTN. Conclusion Radiation exposure is positively associated with induced DSB repair gene mutations, which may cause a reduced capacity for DSB repair and eventually lead to PTMC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02032-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Qin
- Department of Head and Neck Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Head and Neck Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Head and Neck Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Shanting Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
| | - Zhensheng Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
| | - Yao Wu
- Department of Head and Neck Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
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9
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Suzuki K, Amrenova A, Mitsutake N. Recent advances in radiobiology with respect to pleiotropic aspects of tissue reaction. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:i30-i35. [PMID: 33978178 PMCID: PMC8114206 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by ionizing radiation are the major cause of cell death, leading to tissue/organ injuries, which is a fundamental mechanism underlying the development of tissue reaction. Since unscheduled senescence, predominantly induced among epithelial tissues/organs, is one of the major modes of cell death in response to radiation exposure, its role in tissue reaction has been extensively studied, and it has become clear that senescence-mediated secretion of soluble factors is an indispensable component of the manifestation of tissue reaction. Recently, an unexpected link between cytoplasmic DSBs and innate immunity was discovered. The activation of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) results in the stimulation of the cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, which has been shown to regulate the transactivation of a variety of secretory factors that are the same as those secreted from senescent cells. Furthermore, it has been proven that cGAS-STING pathway also mediates execution of the senescence process by itself. Hence, an autocrine/paracrine feedback loop has been discussed in previous literature in relation to its effect on the tissue microenvironment. As the tissue microenvironment plays a crucial role in cancer development, tissue reaction could be involved in the late health effects caused by radiation exposure. In this paper, the novel findings in radiation biology, which should provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying radiation-induced carcinogenesis, are overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Life Sciences and Radiation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Aidana Amrenova
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Life Sciences and Radiation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Life Sciences and Radiation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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10
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Lorusso L, Cappagli V, Valerio L, Giani C, Viola D, Puleo L, Gambale C, Minaldi E, Campopiano MC, Matrone A, Bottici V, Agate L, Molinaro E, Elisei R. Thyroid Cancers: From Surgery to Current and Future Systemic Therapies through Their Molecular Identities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3117. [PMID: 33803747 PMCID: PMC8003273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid cancers (DTC) are commonly and successfully treated with total thyroidectomy plus/minus radioiodine therapy (RAI). Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is only treated with surgery but only intrathyroidal tumors are cured. The worst prognosis is for anaplastic (ATC) and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC). Whenever a local or metastatic advanced disease is present, other treatments are required, varying from local to systemic therapies. In the last decade, the efficacy of the targeted therapies and, in particular, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has been demonstrated. They can prolong the disease progression-free survival and represent the most important therapeutic option for the treatment of advanced and progressive thyroid cancer. Currently, lenvatinib and sorafenib are the approved drugs for the treatment of RAI-refractory DTC and PDTC while advanced MTC can be treated with either cabozantinib or vandetanib. Dabrafenib plus trametinib is the only approved treatment by FDA for BRAFV600E mutated ATC. A new generation of TKIs, specifically for single altered oncogenes, is under evaluation in phase 2 and 3 clinical trials. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the current and future treatments of thyroid cancer with regards to the advanced and progressive cases that require systemic therapies that are becoming more and more targeted on the molecular identity of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rossella Elisei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.L.); (V.C.); (L.V.); (C.G.); (D.V.); (L.P.); (C.G.); (E.M.); (M.C.C.); (A.M.); (V.B.); (L.A.); (E.M.)
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11
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Fancelli S, Caliman E, Mazzoni F, Brugia M, Castiglione F, Voltolini L, Pillozzi S, Antonuzzo L. Chasing the Target: New Phenomena of Resistance to Novel Selective RET Inhibitors in Lung Cancer. Updated Evidence and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051091. [PMID: 33806299 PMCID: PMC7961559 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary REarranged during Transfection (RET) is an emerging target for several types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The recent U.S. FDA approval of pralsetinib and selpercatinib raises issues regarding the emergence of secondary mutations and amplifications involved in parallel signaling pathways and receptors, liable for resistance mechanisms. The aim of this review is to explore recent knowledge on RET resistance in NSCLC in pre-clinic and in clinical settings and accordingly, the state-of-the-art in new drugs or combination of drugs development. Abstract The potent, RET-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) pralsetinib and selpercatinib, are effective against the RET V804L/M gatekeeper mutants, however, adaptive mutations that cause resistance at the solvent front RET G810 residue have been found, pointing to the need for the development of the next-generation of RET-specific TKIs. Also, as seen in EGFR- and ALK-driven NSCLC, the rising of the co-occurring amplifications of KRAS and MET could represent other escaping mechanisms from direct inhibition. In this review, we summarize actual knowledge on RET fusions, focusing on those involved in NSCLC, the results of main clinical trials of approved RET-inhibition drugs, with particular attention on recent published results of selective TKIs, and finally, pre-clinical evidence regarding resistance mechanisms and suggestion on hypothetical and feasible drugs combinations and strategies viable in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fancelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.F.); (E.C.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Enrico Caliman
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.F.); (E.C.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Francesca Mazzoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.F.); (E.C.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Marco Brugia
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.F.); (E.C.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Francesca Castiglione
- Pathological Histology and Molecular Diagnostics Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Luca Voltolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
- Thoraco-Pulmonary Surgery Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Pillozzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.F.); (E.C.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Antonuzzo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.F.); (E.C.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-7948406
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12
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BARREA L, FONDERICO F, DI SOMMA C, PUGLIESE G, DE ALTERIIS G, MASCOLO M, COLAO A, SAVASTANO S. Papillary thyroid carcinoma arising in ectopic thyroid tissue within sternocleidomastoid muscle: a review of current literature. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2021; 45:318-325. [DOI: 10.23736/s0391-1977.20.03167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Puxeddu E, Tallini G, Vanni R. What Is New in Thyroid Cancer: The Special Issue of the Journal Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3036. [PMID: 33086491 PMCID: PMC7603182 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased over the past 3 to 4 decades. Nonetheless, the mortality from thyroid cancer has remained stable. The thyroid gland may develop nodules encompassing several types of cell proliferation, from frankly benign to very aggressive forms with many intermediate challenging variants. For this reason, there is growing interest in evaluating thyroid nodules from many points of view, from the clinical to the molecular aspects, in the search for innovative diagnostic and prognostic parameters. The aim of this Special Issue was to provide an overview of recent developments in understanding the biology and molecular oncology of thyroid tumors of follicular cell derivation and their repercussions on the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. The contributions of many experts in the field made up a Special Issue of Cancers journal, that focusing on different aspects, including mechanistic and functional facets, gives the status of art of clinical and biological perspectives of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efisio Puxeddu
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Tallini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Roberta Vanni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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14
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Al-Jundi M, Thakur S, Gubbi S, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J. Novel Targeted Therapies for Metastatic Thyroid Cancer-A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2104. [PMID: 32751138 PMCID: PMC7463725 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge on thyroid cancer biology has grown over the past decade. Thus, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to manage thyroid cancer are rapidly evolving. With new insights into tumor biology and cancer genetics, several novel therapies have been approved for the treatment of thyroid cancer. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as lenvatinib and sorafenib, have been successfully utilized for the treatment of radioactive iodine (RAI)-refractory metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). In addition, pretreatment with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors (trametinib and selumetinib) has been shown to restore RAI avidity in previously RAI-refractory DTCs. Local therapies, such as external beam radiation and radiofrequency/ethanol ablation, have also been employed for treatment of DTC. Vandetanib and cabozantinib are the two TKIs currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Other novel therapies, such as peptide receptor radionuclide therapy and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) vaccine, have also been utilized in treating MTC. Ongoing trials on selective rearranged-during-transfection (RET) protooncogene inhibitors, such as LOXO-292 and BLU-667, have demonstrated promising results in the treatment of metastatic MTC resistant to non-selective TKIs. The FDA-approved BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination of dabrafenib and trametinib has revolutionized treatment of BRAFV600E mutation positive anaplastic thyroid cancer. Several other emerging classes of medications, such as gene fusion inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors, are being actively investigated in several clinical trials. In this review, we describe the molecular landscape of thyroid cancer and novel targeted therapies and treatment combinations available for the treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- Thyroid Tumors and Functional Thyroid Disorders Section, Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (M.A.-J.); (S.T.); (S.G.)
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15
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Xu B, Ghossein R. RET/PTC Rearrangement. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PATHOLOGY 2020:1-2. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28845-1_5159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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