Polyphyllin VI Induces Caspase-1-Mediated Pyroptosis via the Induction of ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD Signal Axis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius induces pyroptosis of canine corneal epithelial cells by activating the ROS-NLRP3 signalling pathway

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius) is a common pathogen that causes canine corneal ulcers. However, the pathogenesis remained unclear. In this study, it has been demonstrated that S. pseudintermedius invaded canine corneal epithelial cells (CCECs) intracellularly, mediating oxidative damage and pyroptosis by promoting the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. The canine corneal stroma was infected with S. pseudintermedius to establish the canine corneal ulcer model in vivo. The intracellular infectious model in CCECs was established in vitro to explore the mechanism of the ROS - NLRP3 signalling pathway during the S. pseudintermedius infection by adding NAC or MCC950. Results showed that the expression of NLRP3 and gasdermin D (GSDMD) proteins increased significantly in the infected corneas (p < 0.01). The intracellular infection of S. pseudintermedius was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescent 3D imaging. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that ROS and pyroptosis rates increased in the experimental group in contrast to the control group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, NAC or MCC950 inhibited activation of the ROS - NLRP3 signalling pathway and pyroptosis rate significantly, by suppressing pro-IL-1β, cleaved-IL-1β, pro-caspase-1, cleaved-caspase-1, NLRP3, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, and HMGB1 proteins. Thus, the research confirmed that oxidative damage and pyroptosis were involved in the process of CCECs infected with S. pseudintermedius intracellularly by the ROS - NLRP3 signalling pathway. The results enrich the understanding of the mechanisms of canine corneal ulcers and facilitate the development of new medicines and prevention measures.

Bay-117082 treats sepsis by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation through down-regulating NLRP3/N-GSDMD

During the inflammatory storm of sepsis, a significant quantity of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are generated, which act as a double-edged sword and not only impede the invasion of foreign microorganisms but also exacerbate organ damage. This study provides evidence that NETs can cause damage to alveolar epithelial cells in vitro. The sepsis model developed in this study showed a significant increase in NETs in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The development of NETs has been shown to increase the lung inflammatory response and aggravate injury to alveolar epithelial cells. Bay-117082, a well-known NF-κB suppressor, is used to modulate inflammation. This analysis revealed that Bay-117082 efficiently reduced total protein concentration, myeloperoxidase activity, and inflammatory cytokines in BALF. Moreover, Bay-117082 inhibited the formation of NETs, which in turn prevented the activation of the pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD). In summary, these results indicated that excessive NET production during sepsis exacerbated the onset and progression of acute lung injury (ALI). Therefore, Bay-117082 could serve as a novel therapeutic approach for ameliorating sepsis-associated ALI.

The role of Rhizoma Paridis saponins on anti-cancer: The potential mechanism and molecular targets

Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation, leading to excessive growth and invasion that can spread to other parts of the body. Traditional Chinese medicine has made new advancements in the treatment of cancer, providing new perspectives and directions for cancer treatment. Rhizoma Paridis is a widely used Chinese herbal medicine with documented anti-cancer effects dating back to ancient times. Modern research has shown that Rhizoma Paridis saponins (RPS) have various pharmacological activities. RPS can inhibit cancer in multiple ways, such as suppressing tumor growth, inducing cell cycle arrest, promoting cell apoptosis, enhancing cell autophagy, inducing ferroptosis, reducing inflammation, inhibiting angiogenesis, as well as inhibiting metastasis and invasion, and these findings demonstrate the potent anti-cancer activity of RPS. Polyphyllin I, polyphyllin II, polyphyllin VI, and polyphyllin VII have been widely reported as the main active ingredients with anti-cancer properties. Polyphyllin D, polyphyllin E, and polyphyllin G have also been confirmed to possess strong anti-cancer activity in recent years. Therefore, this review dives deep into the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of RPS to serve as a valuable reference for future scientific research and their potential applications in cancer treatment.

Preconditioning with β-hydroxybutyrate attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing alveolar macrophage pyroptosis through the SIRT1-FOXO3 signaling pathway

The complex pathogenesis of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) was examined in a murine model, focusing on the role of pyroptosis and its exacerbation of lung injury. We specifically examined the levels and cellular localization of pyroptosis within the lung, which revealed alveolar macrophages as the primary site. The inhibition of pyroptosis by VX-765 reduced the severity of lung injury, underscoring its significant role in LIRI. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) in ameliorating LIRI was examined. Modulation of β-OHB levels was evaluated by ketone ester supplementation and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1 (BDH-1) gene knockout, along with the manipulation of the SIRT1-FOXO3 signaling pathway using EX-527 and pCMV-SIRT1 plasmid transfection. This revealed that β-OHB exerts lung-protective and anti-pyroptotic effects, which were mediated through the upregulation of SIRT1 and the enhancement of FOXO3 deacetylation, leading to decreased pyroptosis markers and lung injury. In addition, β-OHB treatment of MH-S cells in vitro showed a concentration-dependent improvement in pyroptosis, linking its therapeutic benefits to specific cell mechanisms. Overall, this study highlights the significance of alveolar macrophage pyroptosis in the exacerbation of LIRI and indicates the potential of β-OHB in mitigating injury by modulating the SIRT1-FOXO3 signaling pathway.

Qian Yang Yu Yin Granule prevents hypertensive cardiac remodeling by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via Nrf2

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Qian Yang Yu Yin Granule (QYYYG), a traditional Chinese poly-herbal formulation, has been validated in clinical trials to mitigate cardiac remodeling (CR), and cardiac damage in patients with hypertension. However, the specific mechanism remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study explored the potential effects and potential mechanisms of QYYYG on hypertensive CR by combining various experimental approaches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were used as a model of hypertensive CR, followed by QYYYG interventions. Blood pressure, cardiac function and structure, histopathological changes, and myocardial inflammation and oxidative stress were tested to assess the efficacy of QYYYG in SHRs. For in vitro experiments, a cell model of myocardial hypertrophy and injury was constructed with isoprenaline. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, oxidative stress, and death were examined after treatment with different concentrations of QYYYG, and transcriptomics analyses were performed to explore the underlying mechanism. Nrf2 and the ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway were detected. Thereafter, ML385 and siRNAs were used to inhibit Nrf2 in cardiomyocytes, so as to verify whether QYYYG negatively regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome by targeting Nrf2, thereby ameliorating the associated phenotypes. Finally, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was conducted to analyze the active ingredients in QYYYG, and molecular docking was utilized to preliminarily screen the compounds with modulatory effects on Nrf2 activities.

RESULTS

QYYYG improved blood pressure, cardiac function, and structural remodeling and attenuated myocardial inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death in SHRs. The transcriptomics results showed that the inflammatory response might be crucial in pathological CR and that Nrf2, which potentially negatively regulates the process, was upregulated by QYYYG treatment. Furthermore, QYYYG indeed facilitated Nrf2 activation and negatively regulated the ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, therefore ameliorating the associated phenotypes. In vitro inhibition or knockdown of Nrf2 weakened or even reversed the repressive effect of QYYYG on ISO-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, pyroptosis, and the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Based on the results of HPLC and molecular docking, 30 compounds, including cafestol, genistein, hesperetin, and formononetin, have binding sites to Keap1-Nrf2 protein and might affect the activity or stability of Nrf2.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the alleviatory effect of QYYYG on hypertensive CR is related to its regulation of Nrf2 activation. Specifically, QYYYG blocks the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by boosting Nrf2 signaling and depressing myocardial inflammation, oxidative stress, and pyroptosis, thereby effectively ameliorating hypertensive CR.

Immunomodulatory metal-based biomaterials for cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy, as an emerging cancer treatment approach, harnesses the patient's own immune system to effectively prevent tumor recurrence or metastasis. However, its clinical application has been significantly hindered by relatively low immune response rates. In recent years, metal-based biomaterials have been extensively studied as effective immunomodulators and potential tools for enhancing anti-tumor immune responses, enabling the reversal of immune suppression without inducing toxic side effects. This review introduces the classification of bioactive metal elements and summarizes their immune regulatory mechanisms. In addition, we discuss the immunomodulatory roles of biomaterials constructed from various metals, including aluminum, manganese, gold, calcium, zinc, iron, magnesium, and copper. More importantly, a systematic overview of their applications in enhancing immunotherapy is provided. Finally, the prospects and challenges of metal-based biomaterials with immunomodulatory functions in cancer immunotherapy are outlined.

Photocatalytic Carbon Dots-Triggered Pyroptosis for Whole Cancer Cell Vaccines

Manufacturing whole cancer cell vaccines (WCCV) with both biosafety and efficacy is crucial for tumor immunotherapy. Pyroptotic cancer cells, due to their highly immunogenic properties, present a promising avenue for the development of WCCV. However, the successful development of WCCV based on pyroptotic cancer cells is yet to be accomplished. Here, a facile strategy that utilized photocatalytic carbon dots (CDs) to induce pyroptosis of cancer cells for fabricating WCCV is reported. Photocatalytic CDs are capable of generating substantial amounts of hydroxyl radicals and can effectively decrease cytoplasmic pH values under white light irradiation. This process efficiently triggers cancer cell pyroptosis through the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mitochondria-caspase 3-gasdermin E pathway and the proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis pathway. Moreover, in vitro, these photocatalytic CDs-induced pyroptotic cancer cells (PCIP) can hyperactivate macrophage (M0-M1) with upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II expression. In vivo, PCIP induced specific immune-preventive effects in melanoma and breast cancer mouse models through anticancer immune memory, demonstrating effective WCCV. This work provides novel insights for inducing cancer cell pyroptosis and bridges the gap in the fabrication of WCCV based on pyroptotic cancer cells.

Identification and validation of autophagy-related genes influenced by paris polyphylla in tongue cancer using network pharmacology

BACKGROUND

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) represents the most prevalent form of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, comprising approximately one-third of all oral cancers. Paris polyphylla(PP) exhibit promising anti-tumor properties, yet their underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study offers novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying TSCC treatment with PP and establishes a theoretical basis for their clinical application.

METHODS

Employing transcriptomics and network pharmacology methodologies, we identified autophagy-related key genes associated with the effects of PP. These genes were subjected to KEGG and GO enrichment analyses to determine their related functions. In vitro, CAL-27 cells were treated with 10, 30, and 60 μg/ml of PP for 24 h to assess tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy-related markers.

KEY FINDINGS

Molecular docking of MAPK3 and PSEN1 with PP revealed stable hydrogen bond interactions, indicating the therapeutic potential of these saponins in TSCC through the autophagy pathway. In vitro experiments demonstrated significant inhibition of proliferative activity in tongue squamous carcinoma CAL-27 cells and promotion of tumor cell apoptosis by PP. Western blot analysis confirmed alterations in the expression of autophagy markers P62, LC3B, and Beclin1 following treatment, suggesting activation of the autophagy pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that PP inhibits tumor cells through the autophagy pathway, in which MAPK3 and PSEN1 play a role as potential functional molecules.

Dual roles of inflammatory programmed cell death in cancer: insights into pyroptosis and necroptosis

Programmed cell death (PCD) is essential for cellular homeostasis and defense against infections, with inflammatory forms like pyroptosis and necroptosis playing significant roles in cancer. Pyroptosis, mediated by caspases and gasdermin proteins, leads to cell lysis and inflammatory cytokine release. It has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, where it can either suppress tumor growth or promote tumor progression through chronic inflammation. Necroptosis, involving RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL, serves as a backup mechanism when apoptosis is inhibited. In cancer, necroptosis can enhance immune responses or contribute to tumor progression. Both pathways have dual roles in cancer, acting as tumor suppressors or promoting a pro-tumorigenic environment depending on the context. This review explores the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis and necroptosis, their roles in different cancers, and their potential as therapeutic targets. Understanding the context-dependent effects of these pathways is crucial for developing effective cancer therapies.

Inhibition of Caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in type 2 diabetic rats

Cardiovascular complications pose a significant burden in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), driven by the intricate interplay of chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism disturbances. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) exacerbates cardiac vulnerability. This study aims to probe the role of Caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis in global ischemia/reperfusion injury among T2DM rats undergoing CPB, elucidating the mechanisms underlying heightened myocardial injury in T2DM. This study established a rat model of T2DM and compared Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and hematocrit (Hct) between T2DM and normal rats. Myocardial cell morphology, infarction area, mitochondrial ROS and caspase-1 levels, NLRP3, pro-caspase-1, caspase-1 p10, GSDMD expressions, plasma CK-MB, cTnI, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels were assessed after reperfusion in both T2DM and normal rats. The role of Caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury during CPB in T2DM rats was examined using the caspase-1 inhibitor VX-765 and the ROS scavenger NAC. T2DM rats demonstrated impaired glucose tolerance but stable hemodynamics during CPB, while showing heightened vulnerability to MI/R injury. This was marked by substantial lipid deposition, disrupted myocardial fibers, and intensified cellular apoptosis. The activation of caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production further contributed to tissue damage and the ensuing inflammatory response. Notably, myocardial injury was mitigated by inhibiting caspase-1 through VX-765, which also attenuated the inflammatory cascade. Likewise, NAC treatment reduced oxidative stress and partially suppressed ROS-mediated caspase-1 activation, resulting in diminished myocardial injury. This study proved that Caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis significantly contributes to the inflammation and injury stemming from global MI/R in T2DM rats under CPB, which correlate with the surplus ROS generated by oxidative stress during reperfusion.

Matrine Suppresses Arsenic-Induced Malignant Transformation of SV-HUC-1 Cells via NOX2

Arsenic (As) has been classified as a carcinogen for humans. There is abundant evidence indicating that arsenic increases the risk of bladder cancer among human populations. However, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully understood and elucidated. NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are the main enzymes for ROS production in the body. NADPH Oxidase 2 (NOX2), which is the most distinctive and ubiquitously expressed subunit of NOXs, can promote the formation and development of tumors. The utilization of NOX2 as a therapeutic target has been proposed to modulate diseases resulting from the activation of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3). Matrine has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antitumor, and analgesic properties. However, it has not been reported whether matrine can inhibit malignant transformation induced by arsenic in uroepithelial cells through NOX2. We have conducted a series of experiments using both a sub-chronic NaAsO2 exposure rat model and a long-term NaAsO2 exposure cell model. Our findings indicate that arsenic significantly increases cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Arsenic exposure resulted in an upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), NOX2, and NLRP3 inflammasome expression. Remarkably, both in vivo and in vitro, the administration of matrine demonstrated a significant improvement in the detrimental impact of arsenic on bladder epithelial cells. This was evidenced by the downregulation of proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, as well as the expression of the NOX2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes. Collectively, these findings indicate that matrine possesses the ability to reduce NOX2 levels and inhibit the transformation of bladder epithelial cells.

Pyroptosis and the fight against lung cancer

Pyroptosis, a newly characterized type of inflammatory programmed cell death (PCD), is usually triggered by multiple inflammasomes which can recognize different danger or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to the activation of caspase-1 and the cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD). Gasdermin family pore-forming proteins are the executers of pyroptosis and are normally maintained in an inactive state through auto-inhibition. Upon caspases mediated cleavage of gasdermins, the pro-pyroptotic N-terminal fragment is released from the auto-inhibition of C-terminal fragment and oligomerizes, forming pores in the plasma membrane. This results in the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), generating osmotic swelling and lysis. Current therapeutic approaches including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, molecularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy for lung cancer treatment efficiently force the cancer cells to undergo pyroptosis, which then generates local and systemic antitumor immunity. Thus, pyroptosis is recognized as a new therapeutic regimen for the treatment of lung cancer. In this review, we briefly describe the signaling pathways involved in pyroptosis, and endeavor to discuss the antitumor effects of pyroptosis and its potential application in lung cancer therapy, focusing on the contribution of pyroptosis to microenvironmental reprogramming and evocation of antitumor immune response.

TRIM38 suppresses migration, invasion, metastasis, and proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) via regulating the AMPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway

Accumulating data have revealed the pivotal function of tripartite motif protein 38 (TRIM38) in tumors. In view of this, this investigation aims to explore the function and potential mechanism of TRIM38 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A xenotypic tumor model was established in vivo by subcutaneously injecting NSCLC cells (2 × 106 cells) in tail vein of each mouse. Relative expression of TRIM38 mRNA was detected via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). For exploring the role of TRIM38 in vivo and in vitro, mice or NSCLC cells were divided into two groups: the vector group and the TRIM38 overexpression group. Also, protein expression levels of TRIM38, Vimentin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin were determined using western blotting and immunohistochemistry staining. Tumor nodules of mouse lung tissues were assessed via performing H&E staining. Moreover, proliferation of NSCLC cells was evaluated through colony formation and CCK-8 assays. Further, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells were assessed through wound healing and transwell assays. Protein levels of pathway-related proteins including p-p65, p65, IκB, p-IκB, p-AMPK, AMPK, and NLRP3 were examined through western blotting analysis. Tumor lung tissues of mice and NSCLC cells showed low protein and mRNA expression of TRIM38. Functionally, up-regulation of TRIM38 reduced the number of tumor nodules and suppressed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung tissues of mice. Furthermore, up-regulation of TRIM38 in NSCLC cells inhibited migration, invasion, EMT, and proliferation. With respect to the mechanism, in vivo experiments, the inhibitory effects of TRIM38 overexpression on tumor nodules, and EMT were reversed by AMPK inhibitor. In vitro experiments, TRIM38 overexpression caused down-regulation of p-IκB and p-p65 as well as up-regulation of p-AMPK. The inhibitory effects of TRIM38 overexpression on migration, proliferation, invasion, and EMT of NSCLC cells were reversed by overexpression of NLRP3. Concurrently, AMPK inhibitor enhanced the TRIM38-overexpressed NSCLC cell's abilities in migration, clone formation, invasion, and proliferation. TRIM38 regulated the AMPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway to suppress the NSCLC's progression and development.

Mitigating radiation-induced brain injury via NLRP3/NLRC4/Caspase-1 pyroptosis pathway: Efficacy of memantine and hydrogen-rich water

Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) is a significant challenge in radiotherapy for head and neck tumors, impacting patients' quality of life. In exploring potential treatments, this study focuses on memantine hydrochloride and hydrogen-rich water, hypothesized to mitigate RIBI through inhibiting the NLRP3/NLRC4/Caspase-1 pathway. In a controlled study involving 40 Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into five groups including a control and various treatment groups, we assessed the effects of these treatments on RIBI. Post-irradiation, all irradiated groups displayed symptoms like weight loss and salivation, with notable variations among different treatment approaches. Particularly, hydrogen-rich water showed a promising reduction in these symptoms. Histopathological analysis indicated substantial hippocampal damage in the radiation-only group, while the groups receiving memantine and/or hydrogen-rich water exhibited significant mitigation of such damage. Molecular studies, revealed a decrease in oxidative stress markers and an attenuated inflammatory response in the treatment groups. Immunohistochemistry further confirmed these molecular changes, suggesting the effectiveness of these agents. Echoing recent scientific inquiries into the protective roles of specific compounds against radiation-induced damages, our study adds to the growing body of evidence on the potential of memantine and hydrogen-rich water as novel therapeutic strategies for RIBI.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Polyphyllin VI revealed by network pharmacology and RNA sequencing

Inflammatory pain, sustained by a complex network of inflammatory mediators, is a severe and persistent illness affecting many of the general population. We explore possible anti-inflammatory pathways of Polyphyllin VI (PPVI) based on our prior study, which showed that PPVI reduces inflammation in mice to reduce pain. Network pharmacology and RNA-Seq identified the contribution of the MAPK signaling pathway to inflammatory pain. In the LPS/ATP-induced RAW264.7 cell model, pretreatment with PPVI for 1 h inhibited the release of IL-6 and IL-8, down-regulated expression of the P2X7 receptor(P2X7R), and decreased phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 components of the MAPK pathway. Moreover, PPVI decreased expression of IL-6 and IL-8 was observed in the serum of the inflammatory pain mice model and reduced phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in the dorsal root ganglia while the reductions of expression of IL-6 and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 were not observed after the pre-treatment with A740003 (an antagonist of the P2X7R). These results suggest that PPVI may inhibit the release of IL-8 by regulating P2X7R to reduce the phosphorylation of p38. However, the modulation of PPVI on the release of IL-6 and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 may mediated by other P2X7R-independent signals.

HMGB1 inhibition blocks ferroptosis and oxidative stress to ameliorate sepsis-induced acute lung injury by activating the Nrf2 pathway

The proinflammatory properties of high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) in sepsis have been extensively studied. This study aimed to investigate the impact of HMGB1 on ferroptosis and its molecular mechanism in sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). A septic mouse model was established using the cecal ligation and puncture method. Blocking HMGB1 resulted in improved survival rates, reduced lung injury, decreased levels of ferroptosis markers (reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and Fe2+), and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in septic mice. In addition, knockdown of HMGB1 reduced cellular permeability, ferroptosis markers, and raised antioxidant enzyme levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated MLE-12 cells. Silencing of HMGB1 led to elevations in the expressions of ferroptosis core-regulators in LPS-treated MLE-12 cells, such as solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), solute carrier family 3 member A2 (SLC3A2), and glutathione peroxidase 4. Furthermore, blocking HMGB1 did not alter ferroptosis, oxidative stress-related changes, and permeability in LPS-treated MLE-12 cells that were pretreated with ferrostatin-1 (a ferroptosis inhibitor). HMGB1 inhibition also led to elevated expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream targets, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in LPS-treated MLE-12 cells and lung tissues from septic mice. The Nrf2-specific inhibitor ML385 reversed the effects of HMGB1 silencing on ferroptosis and cell permeability in LPS-treated MLE-12 cells. Our findings indicated that the inhibition of HMGB1 restrains ferroptosis and oxidative stress, thereby alleviating sepsis-induced ALI through the activation of Nrf2 signaling.

Harnessing pyroptosis for lung cancer therapy: The impact of NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Lung cancer is still a global health challenge in terms of high incidence, morbidity, and mortality. Recent scientific studies have determined that pyroptosis, a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death, can be identified as a potential lung cancer therapeutic target. The NLRP3 inflammasome acts as a critical mediator in this process and, upon activation, activates multiprotein complex formation as well as caspase-1 activation. This process, triggered by a release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, results in pyroptotic cell death. Also, the relationship between the NLRP3 inflammasome and lung cancer was justified by its influence on tumour growth or metastasis. The molecular pathways produce progenitive mediators and remake the tissue. Finally, targeting NLRP3 inflammasome for pyroptosis induction and inhibition of its activation appears to be a promising lung cancer treatment approach. This technique makes cancer treatment more promising and personalized. This review explores the role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its possibilities in lung cancer treatment.

Glaesserella parasuis serotype 5 induces pyroptosis via the RIG-I/MAVS/NLRP3 pathway in swine tracheal epithelial cells

Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) is a common Gram-negative commensal bacterium in the upper respiratory tract of swine that can cause Glässer's disease under stress conditions. Pyroptosis is an important immune defence mechanism of the body that plays a crucial role in clearing pathogen infections and endogenous danger signals. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of G. parasuis serotype 5 SQ (GPS5-SQ)-induced pyroptosis in swine tracheal epithelial cells (STECs). The results of the present study demonstrated that GPS5-SQ infection induces pyroptosis in STECs by enhancing the protein level of the N-terminal domain of gasdermin D (GSDMD-N) and activating the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Furthermore, the levels of pyroptosis-related proteins, including GSDMD-N and cleaved caspase-1 were considerably decreased in STECs after the knockdown of retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). These results indicated that GPS5-SQ might trigger pyroptosis through the activation of the RIG-I/MAVS/NLRP3 signaling pathway. More importantly, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) repressed the activation of the RIG-I/MAVS/NLRP3 signaling and rescued the decrease in Occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) after GPS5-SQ infection. Overall, our findings show that GPS5-SQ can activate RIG-I/MAVS/NLRP3 signaling and destroy the integrity of the epithelial barrier by inducing ROS generation in STECs, shedding new light on G. parasuis pathogenesis.

Diallyl trisulfide induces pyroptosis and impairs lung CSC-like properties by activating the ROS/Caspase 1 signaling pathway

Lung cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive continuous cancer growth and metastatic dissemination; thus, there is an urgent requirement to acquire effective therapeutic strategies for targeting lung CSCs. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), a garlic organosulfide, possesses suppressive potential in lung cancer; however, its underlying mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we identified DATS as a pyroptosis inducer in lung cancer cells. DATS-treated A549 and H460 cells exhibited pyroptotic cell death, with characteristic large bubbles appearing on their plasma membrane and LDH release. DATS induced cell death, arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, and inhibited colony formation in lung cancer cells. Meanwhile, we found that DATS significantly suppressed the malignant features by impairing lung CSC-like properties, including sphere formation ability, CD133 positive cell number, and lung CSCs marker expression. Mechanistically, DATS induced cell pyroptosis via increasing the expression of NLRP3, ASC, Pro Caspase 1, Cleaved Caspase 1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, and IL-1β. The verification experiments showed that the effects of DATS on pyroptosis and lung CSC-like properties were weakened after Caspase 1 inhibitor VX-765 treatment, indicating that DATS activated NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis by targeting Caspase 1 in lung cancer cells. Moreover, DATS increased ROS overproduction and mitochondrial dysfunction, which contributed to DATS-induced pyroptosis of lung cancer cells. NAC treatment reversed the effects of DATS on pyroptosis and CSC-like properties. In vivo experiment further confirmed that DATS restrained tumor growth. Together, our results suggest that DATS promotes pyroptosis and impairs lung CSC-like properties by activating ROS/Caspase 1 signaling pathway, thereby retarding lung cancer progression.

ROS induced pyroptosis in inflammatory disease and cancer

Pyroptosis, a form of caspase-1-dependent cell death, also known as inflammation-dependent death, plays a crucial role in diseases such as stroke, heart disease, or tumors. Since its elucidation, pyroptosis has attracted widespread attention from various sectors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can regulate numerous cellular signaling pathways. Through further research on ROS and pyroptosis, the level of ROS has been revealed to be pivotal for the occurrence of pyroptosis, establishing a close relationship between the two. This review primarily focuses on the molecular mechanisms of ROS and pyroptosis in tumors and inflammatory diseases, exploring key proteins that may serve as drug targets linking ROS and pyroptosis and emerging fields targeting pyroptosis. Additionally, the potential future development of compounds and proteins that influence ROS-regulated cell pyroptosis is anticipated, aiming to provide insights for the development of anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Effects of Isoflurane on the Cell Pyroptosis in the Lung Cancer Through the HMGB1/RAGE Pathway

There are many common malignant tumors in clinic. Among them, lung cancer is caused by the failure of suction system, which seriously threatens the life safety of patients. Recent studies have found that anesthetics have achieved certain efficacy in many cancers. Isoflurane, an inhaled anesthetic, is used in this study to explore whether it can prevent the lung cancer development. The A549 and H1299 were purchased. Cell viability was tested by CCK-8 experiment. Cell death and pyroptosis were analyzed by PI staining as well as flow cytometry. HMGB1 as well as RAGE protein levels were tested by Western blot. The same is true of pyroxin-related proteins. The HMGB1 as well as RAGE levels in the lung cancer tissues were determined by Western blot along with immunohistochemistry. Isoflurane treatment can reduce cell viability and promote cell pyroptosis. Additionally, the protein levels of cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β, GSDMD-N, NLRP3, HMGB1, and RAGE were dramatically up-regulated in the lung cancer after isoflurane treatment. Down-regulated proteins in lung cancer tissues include HMGB1 and RAGE proteins. After HMGB1 knockdown or FPS-ZM1 treatment, the role of isoflurane in the lung cancer was neutralized. This study demonstrated that isoflurane induced the cell pyroptosis in the lung cancer through activating the HMGB1/RAGE pathway.

Therapeutic strategies of targeting non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) with small-molecule compounds in cancer

Regulated cell death (RCD) is a controlled form of cell death orchestrated by one or more cascading signaling pathways, making it amenable to pharmacological intervention. RCD subroutines can be categorized as apoptotic or non-apoptotic and play essential roles in maintaining homeostasis, facilitating development, and modulating immunity. Accumulating evidence has recently revealed that RCD evasion is frequently the primary cause of tumor survival. Several non-apoptotic RCD subroutines have garnered attention as promising cancer therapies due to their ability to induce tumor regression and prevent relapse, comparable to apoptosis. Moreover, they offer potential solutions for overcoming the acquired resistance of tumors toward apoptotic drugs. With an increasing understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing these non-apoptotic RCD subroutines, a growing number of small-molecule compounds targeting single or multiple pathways have been discovered, providing novel strategies for current cancer therapy. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the current regulatory mechanisms of the emerging non-apoptotic RCD subroutines, mainly including autophagy-dependent cell death, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, disulfidptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, alkaliptosis, oxeiptosis, parthanatos, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, and immunogenic cell death (ICD). Furthermore, we focused on discussing the pharmacological regulatory mechanisms of related small-molecule compounds. In brief, these insightful findings may provide valuable guidance for investigating individual or collaborative targeting approaches towards different RCD subroutines, ultimately driving the discovery of novel small-molecule compounds that target RCD and significantly enhance future cancer therapeutics.

Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based materials for pyroptosis-mediated cancer therapy

Pyroptosis is regarded as a promising strategy to modulate tumor immune microenvironments for anticancer therapy. Although pyroptosis inducers have been extensively explored in the biomedical field, their drug resistance, off-targeting capacity, and adverse effects do not fulfill the growing demands of therapy. Nowadays, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with unique structures and facile synthesis/functionalization characteristics have shown great potential in anticancer therapy. The flexible choices of metal ions and ligands endow MOFs with inherent anti-cancer efficiency, whereas the porous structures in MOFs make them ideal vehicles for delivering various chemodrug-based pyroptosis inducers. In this review, we provide the latest advances in MOF-based materials to evoke pyroptosis and give a brief but comprehensive review of the different types of MOFs for pyroptosis-mediated cancer therapy. Finally, we also discuss the current challenges of MOF-based pyroptosis inducers and their future prospects in this field.

Trametinib boosts palbociclib's efficacy in breast cancer via autophagy inhibition

Breast cancer, a predominant global health issue, requires ongoing exploration of new therapeutic strategies. Palbociclib (PAL), a well-known cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, plays a critical role in breast cancer treatment. While its efficacy is recognized, the interplay between PAL and cellular autophagy, particularly in the context of the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates PAL's inhibitory effects on breast cancer using both in vitro (MCF7 and MDA-MB-468 cells) and in vivo (tumor-bearing nude mice) models. Aimed at elucidating the impact of PAL on autophagic processes and exploring the potential of combining it with trametinib (TRA), an MEK inhibitor, our research seeks to address the challenge of PAL-induced drug resistance. Our findings reveal that PAL significantly decreases the viability of MCF7 and MDA-MB-468 cells and reduces tumor size in mice while showing minimal cytotoxicity in MCF10A cells. However, PAL also induces protective autophagy, potentially leading to drug resistance via the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway activation. Introducing TRA effectively neutralized this autophagy, enhancing PAL's anti-tumor efficacy. A combination of PAL and TRA synergistically reduced cell viability and proliferation, and in vivo studies showed notable tumor size reduction. In conclusion, the PAL and TRA combination emerges as a promising strategy for overcoming PAL-induced resistance, offering a new horizon in breast cancer treatment.

ETS1-mediated Regulation of SOAT1 Enhances the Malignant Phenotype of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Induces Tumor-associated Macrophages M2-like Polarization

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an aggressive cancer that poses a substantial threat to human life and quality of life globally. Lipid metabolism reprogramming significantly influences tumor development, affecting not only tumor cells but also tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) infiltration. SOAT1, a critical enzyme in lipid metabolism, holds high prognostic value in various cancers. This study revealed that SOAT1 is highly expressed in OSCC tissues and positively correlated with M2 TAMs infiltration. Increased SOAT1 expression enhanced the capabilities of cell proliferation, tumor sphere formation, migration, and invasion in OSCC cells, upregulated the SREBP1-regulated adipogenic pathway, activated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and promoted M2-like polarization of TAMs, thereby contributing to OSCC growth both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we explored the upstream transcription factors that regulate SOAT1 and discovered that ETS1 positively regulates SOAT1 expression levels. Knockdown of ETS1 effectively inhibited the malignant phenotype of OSCC cells, whereas restoring SOAT1 expression significantly mitigated this suppression. Based on these findings, we suggest that SOAT1 is regulated by ETS1 and plays a pivotal role in the development of OSCC by facilitating lipid metabolism and M2-like polarization of TAMs. We propose that SOAT1 is a promising target for OSCC therapy with tremendous potential.

Nanomaterials Enhance Pyroptosis-Based Tumor Immunotherapy

Pyroptosis, a pro-inflammatory and lytic programmed cell death pathway, possesses great potential for antitumor immunotherapy. By releasing cellular contents and a large number of pro-inflammatory factors, tumor cell pyroptosis can promote dendritic cell maturation, increase the intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, and reduce the number of immunosuppressive cells within the tumor. However, the efficient induction of pyroptosis and prevention of damage to normal tissues or cells is an urgent concern to be addressed. Recently, a wide variety of nanoplatforms have been designed to precisely trigger pyroptosis and activate the antitumor immune responses. This review provides an update on the progress in nanotechnology for enhancing pyroptosis-based tumor immunotherapy. Nanomaterials have shown great advantages in triggering pyroptosis by delivering pyroptosis initiators to tumors, increasing oxidative stress in tumor cells, and inducing intracellular osmotic pressure changes or ion imbalances. In addition, the challenges and future perspectives in this field are proposed to advance the clinical translation of pyroptosis-inducing nanomedicines.

Heat stress induces IL-1β and IL-18 overproduction via ROS-activated NLRP3 inflammasome: implication in neuroinflammation in mice with heat stroke

Heat stroke induced cerebral damage via neuroinflammation. This study aimed to approach whether heat stress would promote NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome via reactive oxygen species (ROS). The mice were randomly divided into the sham group, the heat stress group, and the heat stress + TEMPOL (ROS scavenger) group. And the NLRP3 -/- mice were applied and divided into the NLRP3 -/-  + sham group and the NLRP3 -/-  + heat stress group. Furthermore, the BV2 cells were divided into four groups following the intervention measures: the heat stress + TEMPOL group, the heat stress + Z-VAD-FMK (caspase-1 inhibitor) group, the heat stress group, and the control group. ROS levels were examined. The expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 were detected by western blotting and double immunofluorescence. We found that heat stress attack induced excessive ROS in microglia and subsequently activated NLRP3 inflammasome in both mice and BV2 cells. When ROS scavenged, the expression level of NLRP3 was downregulated. Furthermore, with NLRP3 inflammasome activation, the expression levels of caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 were increased. In NLRP3 -/- mice, however, the caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 were significantly declined. Further experiments showed that pretreatment of caspase-1 inhibitor decreased the expression levels of IL-1β and IL-18. These results suggest that heat stress attack caused neuroinflammation via excessive ROS activating the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia cells.

Polyphyllin I induces rapid ferroptosis in acute myeloid leukemia through simultaneous targeting PI3K/SREBP-1/SCD1 axis and triggering of lipid peroxidation

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease that is difficult to completely cure. Polyphyllin I (PPI), a steroidal saponin isolated from Paris polyphylla, has exhibited multiple biological activities. Here, we discovered the superior cytotoxicity of PPI on AML cells MOLM-13 with an IC50 values of 0.44 ± 0.09 μM. Mechanically, PPI could cause ferroptosis via the accumulation of intracellular iron concentration and triggering lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, PPI could induced stronger ferroptosis in a short time of about 6 h compared to erastin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PPI-induced rapid ferroptosis is due to the simultaneous targeting PI3K/SREBP-1/SCD1 axis and triggering lipid peroxidation, and PI3K inhibitor Alpelisib can enhance the activity of erastin-induced ferroptosis. Molecular docking simulations and kinase inhibition assays demonstrated that PPI is a PI3K inhibitor. In addition, PPI significantly inhibited tumor progression and prolonged mouse survival at 4 mg/kg with well tolerance. In summary, our study highlights the therapeutic potential of PPI for AML and shows its unique dual mechanism.

Study on Anti-fatigue Effects and Mechanisms of Polysaccharide from Paris polyphylla

The objectives of this study were to investigate the anti-fatigue effects of Paris polyphylla polysaccharide component 1 (PPPm-1) and explore its mechanisms. A mouse model of exercise-induced fatigue was established by weight-bearing swimming to observe the effects of different concentrations of PPPm-1 on weight-bearing swimming time. The anti-fatigue effect of PPPm-1 was determined by the effects of contraction amplitude, contraction rate, and diastolic rate of the frog gastrocnemius muscle in vivo before and after infiltration with 5 mg/mL PPPm-1. The effects of PPPm-1 on the contents of blood lactate, serum urea nitrogen, hepatic glycogen, muscle glycogen in the exercise fatigue model of mice, and acetylcholine (ACh) content and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity at the junction of the frog sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius under normal physiological, and Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities of the frog gastrocnemius were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), to investigate the anti-fatigue mechanisms of PPPm-1. The results showed that PPPm-1 could significantly prolong the weight-bearing swimming time in mice (P < 0.01), decrease the contents of blood lactate and serum urea nitrogen, increase the contents of the hepatic glycogen and muscle glycogen of mice after exercise fatigue compared with those of the control group, and there was extremely significant difference in most indicators (P < 0.01). The 5 mg/mL of PPPm-1 could significantly promote the contraction amplitude, contraction rate, and relaxation rate of the gastrocnemius muscle in the frogs, and the content of ACh at the junction of the frog sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius (P < 0.01), but it had obvious inhibitory effetc on the activity of AChE at the junction of the frog sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius (P < 0.01). PPPm-1 could increase the Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities of gastrocnemius in the frogs (for Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, P < 0.01). The above results suggested that the PPPm-1 had a good anti-fatigue effect, and its main mechanisms were related to improving endurance and glycogen reserve, reducing glycogen consumption, lactate and serum urea nitrogen accumulation, and promoting Ca2+ influx.

The mechanism of polyphyllin in the treatment of gastric cancer was verified based on network pharmacology and experimental validation

Background

Polyphyllin is a class of saponins extracted from Paris polyphylla rhizomes and has been used in clinical application in China for more than 2000 years. However, the mechanism for treating gastric cancer (GC) is still unclear. This study was designed to predict the targets and mechanisms of total Polyphyllin from Paris polyphylla rhizomes for the treatment of GC.

Method

Firstly, PubChem and Swiss Target Prediction databases were utilized to collect the 12 ingredients of total Polyphyllin from Paris polyphylla rhizomes and their targets. GC-related genes were obtained from the GEO database. Then the intersecting targets to all these molecules that identified using Venny. Secondly, the intersecting targets were imported into STRING platform for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Moreover, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted in DAVID website. In addition, the GEPIA was applied to perform the expression levels, transcript levels, staging, and overall survival of hub genes. In addition, we used AutoDock Vina to evaluate binding affinity of molecular docking between key ingredients and anti-GC targets. In vitro cell experiments, we detected the cell viability of gastric cancer cells at 24, 36, and 48 h using CCK-8 assay. The G0/G1 of cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. Finally, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the level of hub genes, and Western blot was used to detect the changes of PI3K/Akt signal pathway.

Results

Firstly, we identified 12 ingredients and 286 targets of total Polyphyllin. A total of 2653 GC-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were collected, including 1366 up-regulated genes and 1287 down-regulated genes. Moreover, 45 targets were obtained after intersection. Secondly, results of the GO enrichment suggested that these genes were closely related to cell proliferation, migration and aging. KEGG analysis suggested that Polyphyllin in GC therapy were mostly regulated by multiple pathways, including the pathways in cancer, calcium signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway, phospholipase D signaling pathway, etc. In addition, GEPIA results exhibited that PDGFRB, KIT, FGF1, GLI1, F2R, and HIF1A were associated with GC progression, stage, and survival. Besides, the molecular docking results further confirmed that the binding energy of Polyphyllin Ⅲ with HIF1A was minimal. In vitro cell experiments, Polyphyllin Ⅲ inhibited the cell viability of gastric cancer cells, blocked the cell cycle G0/G1 phase, and induced cell apoptosis. In addition, Polyphyllin Ⅲ down-regulated the mRNA levels of PDGFRB, KIT, FGF1, GLI1, F2R, and HIF1A, and regulated the PI3K/Akt signal pathway.

Conclusions

The results revealed that total Polyphyllin treated GC through multiple targets, multiple channels, and multiple pathways. In addition, Polyphyllin Ⅲ played an anti-gastric cancer role by inhibiting the proliferation of gastric cancer.

Electroacupuncture improves low-grade duodenal inflammation in FD rats by reshaping intestinal flora through the NF-κB p65/NLRP3 pyroptosis pathway

Electroacupuncture (EA) is an effective alternative for the treatment of functional dyspepsia (FD). It reduces low-grade duodenal inflammation and improves the symptoms of FD by downregulating the expression of NF-κB p65 and NLRP3, but its mechanism needs to be elucidated. To examine the regulatory effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on intestinal flora and NF-κB p65/NLRP3 pyroptosis pathway in FD rats. The FD rat model was established via multi-factor stress intervention for two weeks. The rats were randomly divided into the NC group, model group, NF-kB inhibitor group (NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 was administered), EA group, and EA + NF-kB inhibitor group. After 14 days of treatment, the rats were sacrificed, and the protein and mRNA levels of NF-κB p65, IκB, and NLRP3 in the duodenum were evaluated by Western blotting assays and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. The Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform was used to analyze the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of intestinal flora and predict functional genes. The concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces was assessed by metabolomics. EA can decrease low-grade duodenal inflammation and promote gastrointestinal motility in FD rats. This effect is mediated by inhibition of the NF-κB p65/NLRP3 pyroptosis pathway, an increase in the alpha and beta diversity of gut microbiota in the duodenum, an increase in the abundance of beneficial bacteria at the phylum and genus levels, and an increase in the content of SCFAs. The protective effect of EA against FD might involve multiple hierarchy and pathways. EA may remodel intestinal flora by inhibiting the NF-κB p65/NLRP3 pyroptosis pathway, thereby improving low-grade duodenal inflammation in FD rats.

Neuroprotective effects of polyphyllin VI against rotenone-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells

BACKGROUND

A substantial body of evidence is drawing connections between Parkinson's disease (PD) and the phenomena of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Polyphyllin VI (PPVI), an active compound found in Rhizoma Paridis-commonly known as Chonglou (CL) in China, has been identified for its various pharmacological properties, including anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects.

OBJECTIVE

In the present study, an in vitro model of PD was established by treating SH-SY5Y cells with rotenone (ROT), to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effects of polyphyllin VI and its underlying mechanism.

METHODS

SH-SY5Y cells were treated with ROT to establish an in vitro model of PD. The effects of polyphyllin VI on cell viability were assessed using the resazurin assay. Cell morphology was examined using a microscope. The YO-PRO-1/PI was used to detect apoptosis. Mito-Tracker Red CMXRos, Mito-Tracker Green, and JC-1 were used to detect the effects of polyphyllin Ⅵ on mitochondrial viability, morphology, and function. Oxidative stress-related marker detection kits were used to identify the effects of polyphyllin VI on oxidative stress. Western blot analysis was employed to investigate the signaling pathways associated with neuroprotection.

RESULTS

PPVI increased ROT-induced SH-SY5Y cell viability and improved ROT-induced cellular morphological changes. PPVI ameliorated ROT-induced oxidative stress status, and attenuated mitochondrial function and morphological changes. PPVI may exert neuroprotective effects through FOXO3α/CREB1/DJ-1-related signaling pathways.

CONCLUSION

These preliminary findings suggested that PPVI possesses neuroprotective attributes in vitro, and it may be a potential candidate for PD treatment. However, extensive research is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms of PPVI and its effectiveness both in vitro and in vivo.

Crosstalk between hypoxia-induced pyroptosis and immune escape in cancer: From mechanisms to therapy

Pyroptosis can be triggered through both canonical and non-canonical inflammasome pathways, involving the cleavage of gasdermin (GSDM) protein family members, like GSDMD and GSDME. The impact of pyroptosis on tumors is nuanced, because its role in regulating cancer progression and anti-tumor immunity may vary depending on the tumor type, stage, location, and immune status. However, pyroptosis cannot be simply categorized as promoting or inhibiting tumors based solely on whether it is acute or chronic in nature. The interplay between pyroptosis and cancer is intricate, with some evidence suggesting that chronic pyroptosis may facilitate tumor growth, while the acute induction of pyroptosis could stimulate anti-cancer immune responses. Tumor hypoxia activates hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling to modulate pyroptosis and immune checkpoint expression. Targeting this hypoxia-pyroptosis-immune escape axis could be a promising therapeutic strategy. This review highlights the complex crosstalk between hypoxia, pyroptosis, and immune evasion in the TME.

The roles of pyroptosis in genitourinary diseases

Pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death distinct from apoptosis and necrosis, is thought to be closely associated with the pathogenesis of diseases. Recently, the association between pyroptosis and urinary diseases has attracted considerable attention, and a comprehensive review focusing on this issue is not available. In this study, we reviewed the role of pyroptosis in the development and progression of benign urinary diseases and urinary malignancies. Based on this, pyroptosis has been implicated in the development of urinary diseases. In summary, this review sheds light on future research directions and provides novel ideas for using pyroptosis as a powerful tool to fight urinary diseases.

Role of NLRP3 in Parkinson's disease: Specific activation especially in dopaminergic neurons

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms like bradykinesia, tremors, and balance issues. The pathology is recognized by progressively degenerative nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons (DANs) loss. Its exact pathogenesis is unclear. Numerous studies have shown that nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) contributes to the pathogenesis of PD. Previous studies have demonstrated that the over-activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia indirectly leads to the loss of DANs, which can worsen PD. In recent years, autopsy analyses of PD patients and studies in PD models have revealed upregulation of NLRP3 expression within DANs and demonstrated that activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in neurons is sufficient to drive neuronal loss, whereas microglial activation occurs after neuronal death, and that inhibition of intraneuronal NLRP3 inflammasome prevents degeneration of DANs. In this review, we provide research evidence related to NLRP3 inflammasome in DANs in PD as well as focus on possible mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in neurons, aiming to provide a new way of thinking about the pathogenesis and prevention of PD.

The gasdermin family: emerging therapeutic targets in diseases

The gasdermin (GSDM) family has garnered significant attention for its pivotal role in immunity and disease as a key player in pyroptosis. This recently characterized class of pore-forming effector proteins is pivotal in orchestrating processes such as membrane permeabilization, pyroptosis, and the follow-up inflammatory response, which are crucial self-defense mechanisms against irritants and infections. GSDMs have been implicated in a range of diseases including, but not limited to, sepsis, viral infections, and cancer, either through involvement in pyroptosis or independently of this process. The regulation of GSDM-mediated pyroptosis is gaining recognition as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various diseases. Current strategies for inhibiting GSDMD primarily involve binding to GSDMD, blocking GSDMD cleavage or inhibiting GSDMD-N-terminal (NT) oligomerization, albeit with some off-target effects. In this review, we delve into the cutting-edge understanding of the interplay between GSDMs and pyroptosis, elucidate the activation mechanisms of GSDMs, explore their associations with a range of diseases, and discuss recent advancements and potential strategies for developing GSDMD inhibitors.

Non-apoptotic regulated cell death mediates reprogramming of the tumour immune microenvironment by macrophages

Tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) plays an indispensable role in tumour progression, and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells in TIME. Non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) can avoid the influence of tumour apoptosis resistance on anti-tumour immune response. Specifically, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis mediate the crosstalk between TAMs and tumour cells in TIME, thus reprogram TIME and affect the progress of tumour. In addition, although some achievements have been made in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), there is still defect that ICIs are only effective for some people because non-apoptotic RCD can bypass the apoptosis resistance of tumour. As a result, ICIs combined with targeting non-apoptotic RCD may be a promising solution. In this paper, the basic molecular mechanism of non-apoptotic RCD, the way in which non-apoptotic RCD mediates crosstalk between TAMs and tumour cells to reprogram TIME, and the latest research progress in targeting non-apoptotic RCD and ICIs are reviewed.

Carpesii fructus extract exhibits neuroprotective effects in cellular and Caenorhabditis elegans models of Parkinson's disease

OBJECTIVE

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Despite extensive research, no definitive cure or effective disease-modifying treatment for PD exists to date. Therefore, the identification of novel therapeutic agents with neuroprotective properties is of utmost importance. Here, we aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of Carpesii fructus extract (CFE) in both cellular and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) models of PD.

METHODS

The neuroprotective effect of CFE in H2O2- or 6-OHDA-induced PC-12 cells and α-synuclein-overexpressing PC-12 cells were investigated by determining the cell viability, mitochondrial damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, and α-synuclein expression. In NL5901, BZ555, and N2 worms, the expression of α-synuclein, motive ability, the viability of dopaminergic neurons, lifespan, and aging-related phenotypes were investigated. The signaling pathway was detected by Western blotting and validated by employing small inhibitors and RNAi bacteria.

RESULTS

In cellular models of PD, CFE significantly attenuated H2O2- or 6-OHDA-induced toxicity, as evidenced by increased cell viability and reduced apoptosis rate. In addition, CFE treatment suppressed ROS generation and restored mitochondrial membrane potential, highlighting its potential as a mitochondrial protective agent. Furthermore, CFE reduced the expression of α-synuclein in wide type (WT)-, A53T-, A30P-, or E46K-α-synuclein-overexpressing PC-12 cells. Our further findings reveal that CFE administration reduced α-synuclein expression and improved its induced locomotor deficits in NL5901 worms, protected dopaminergic neurons against 6-OHDA-induced degeneration in BZ555 worms, extended lifespan, delayed aging-related phenotypes, and enhanced the ability of stress resistance in N2 worms. Mechanistic studies suggest that the neuroprotective effects of CFE may involve the modulation of the MAPK signaling pathway, including ERK, JNK, and p38, whereas the interference of these pathways attenuated the neuroprotective effect of CFE in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our study highlights the potential therapeutic value of CFE as a neuroprotective agent in the context of PD. Furthermore, elucidation of the active compounds of CFE will provide valuable insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for PD.

Enhancement of the Tumor Suppression Effect of High-dose Radiation by Low-dose Pre-radiation Through Inhibition of DNA Damage Repair and Increased Pyroptosis

Radiation therapy has been a critical and effective treatment for cancer. However, not all cells are destroyed by radiation due to the presence of tumor cell radioresistance. In the current study, we investigated the effect of low-dose radiation (LDR) on the tumor suppressive effect of high-dose radiation (HDR) and its mechanism from the perspective of tumor cell death mode and DNA damage repair, aiming to provide a foundation for improving the efficacy of clinical tumor radiotherapy. We found that LDR pre-irradiation strengthened the HDR-inhibited A549 cell proliferation, HDR-induced apoptosis, and G2 phase cell cycle arrest under co-culture conditions. RNA-sequencing showed that differentially expressed genes after irradiation contained pyroptosis-related genes and DNA damage repair related genes. By detecting pyroptosis-related proteins, we found that LDR could enhance HDR-induced pyroptosis. Furthermore, under co-culture conditions, LDR pre-irradiation enhances the HDR-induced DNA damage and further suppresses the DNA damage-repairing process, which eventually leads to cell death. Lastly, we established a tumor-bearing mouse model and further demonstrated that LDR local pre-irradiation could enhance the cancer suppressive effect of HDR. To summarize, our study proved that LDR pre-irradiation enhances the tumor-killing function of HDR when cancer cells and immune cells were coexisting.

M6A methylation of FKFB3 reduced pyroptosis of gastric cancer by NLRP3

Gastric cancer is a kind of malignant tumor that seriously endangers human life and health. Its incidence rate and mortality rate are among the highest in the global malignant tumors. Therefore, this study explored the role of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) in the progression of gastric cancer and its underlying mechanism. Patients with gastric cancer were collected, and human GC cell lines (stomach gastric carcinoma 7901, stomach gastric carcinoma 823 , human gastric carcinoma cell line 803 and adenocarcinoma gastric stomach) were used in this study. We utilized glucose consumption, cell migration, and ELISA assay kits to investigate the function of GC. To understand its mechanism, we employed quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blot, and m6A methylated RNA immunoprecipitation assay. FKFB3 protein expression levels in patients with gastric cancer were increased. The induction of PFKFB3 mRNA expression levels in patients with gastric cancer or gastric cancer cell lines. Gastric cancer patients with high PFKFB3 expression had a lower survival rate. PFKFB3 high expression possessed the probability of pathological stage, lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis in patients with gastric cancer. PFKFB3 upregulation promoted cancer progression and Warburg effect progression of gastric cancer. PFKFB3 upregulation reduced pyroptosis and suppressed nucleotidebinding domain, leucinerich repeat containing protein 3-induced pyroptosis of gastric cancer. M6A-forming enzyme methyltransferase-like 3 increased PFKFB3 stability. Taken together, the M6A-forming enzyme methyltransferase-like 3 increased PFKFB3 stability and reduced pyroptosis in the model of gastric cancer through the Warburg effect. The PFKFB3 gene represents a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of gastric cancer.

Novel 18-norspirostane steroidal saponins: Extending lifespan and mitigating neurodegeneration through promotion of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Pharmacological strategies to delay aging and combat age-related diseases are increasingly promising. This study explores the anti-aging and therapeutic effects of two novel 18-norspirostane steroidal saponins from Trillium tschonoskii Maxim, namely deoxytrillenoside CA (DTCA) and epitrillenoside CA (ETCA), using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Both DTCA and ETCA significantly extended the lifespan of wild-type N2 worms and improved various age-related phenotypes, including muscle health, motility, pumping rate, and lipofuscin accumulation. Furthermore, these compounds exhibited notable alleviation of pathology associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD), such as the reduction of α-synuclein and poly40 aggregates, improvement in motor deficits, and mitigation of neuronal damage. Meanwhile, DTCA and ETCA improved the lifespan and healthspan of PD- and HD-like C. elegans models. Additionally, DTCA and ETCA enhanced the resilience of C. elegans against heat and oxidative stress challenges. Mechanistic studies elucidated that DTCA and ETCA induced mitophagy and promoted mitochondrial biogenesis in C. elegans, while genetic mutations or RNAi knockdown affecting mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis effectively eliminated their capacity to extend lifespan and reduce pathological protein aggregates. Together, these compelling findings highlight the potential of DTCA and ETCA as promising therapeutic interventions for delaying aging and preventing age-related diseases.

The autophagy protein, ATG14 safeguards against unscheduled pyroptosis activation to enable embryo transport during early pregnancy

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), characterized by two or more failed clinical pregnancies, poses a significant challenge to reproductive health. In addition to embryo quality and endometrial function, proper oviduct function is also essential for successful pregnancy establishment. Therefore, structural abnormalities or inflammation resulting from infection in the oviduct may impede the transport of embryos to the endometrium, thereby increasing the risk of miscarriage. However, the precise cellular mechanisms that maintain the structural and functional integrity of the oviduct are not studied yet. Here, we report that autophagy is critical for maintaining the oviduct homeostasis and keeping the inflammation under check to enable embryo transport. Specifically, the loss of the autophagy-related gene, Atg14 in the oviduct causes severe structural abnormalities compromising its cellular plasticity and integrity leading to the retention of embryos. Interestingly, the selective loss of Atg14 in oviduct ciliary epithelial cells did not impact female fertility, highlighting the specificity of ATG14 function in distinct cell types within the oviduct. Mechanistically, loss of Atg14 triggered unscheduled pyroptosis leading to inappropriate embryo retention and impeded embryo transport in the oviduct. Finally, pharmacological activation of pyroptosis in pregnant mice led to an impairment in embryo transport. Together, we found that ATG14 safeguards against unscheduled pyroptosis activation to enable embryo transport from the oviduct to uterus for the successful implantation. Of clinical significance, these findings provide possible insights on the underlying mechanism(s) of early pregnancy loss and might aid in developing novel prevention strategies using autophagy modulators.

Autophagy inhibition mediated by trillin promotes apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via activation of mTOR/STAT3 signaling

Apoptosis and autophagy have been shown to act cooperatively and antagonistically in self-elimination process. On the one side, apoptosis and autophagy can act as partners to induce cell death in a coordinated or cooperative manner; on the flip side, autophagy acts as an antagonist to block apoptotic cell death by promoting cell survival. Our previous research indicated that trillin could induce apoptosis of PLC/PRF/5 cells, but the effects of trillin on autophagy as well as its functional relationship to apoptosis have not been elucidated. Here, the running study aims to investigate the function and molecular mechanism of trillin on autophagy with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. The objective of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanism of trillin on autophagy in HCC cells. Protein levels of autophagy markers beclin1, LC3B, and p62 were detected by western blotting. 6-Hydroxyflavone and stattic were used to test the role of trillin regulation of autophagy via serine threonine kinase (AKT)/extracellular-regulated protein kinases (ERK) 1/2/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Flow cytometry was used to detect caspase 3 activity and apoptosis in PLC/PRF/5 cells treated with trillin for 24 h with or without rapamycin, stattic, and 6-hydroxyflavone. The protein level of autophagy marker beclin1 was decreased, whilst the protein level of p62 was significantly increased by trillin treatment, indicating trillin treatment led to inhibition of autophagy in HCC cells. Trillin treatment could reduce the protein levels of p-AKT and p-ERK1/2, but enhance the protein levels of mTOR and p-mTOR, suggesting that trillin could inhibit AKT/ERK rather than mTOR. The AKT/ERK activator 6-hydroxyflavone could reverse the loss of AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by trillin, implying that trillin impairs autophagy through activated mTOR rather than AKT/ERK. STAT3 and p-STAT3 were significantly upregulated by the trillin treatment with an increase in dose from 0 to 50 μM, suggesting that autophagy inhibition is mediated by trillin via activation of STAT3 signaling. The STAT3 inhibitor stattic significantly reversed the increased STAT3 phosphorylation at tyrosine 705 induced by trillin. The mTOR signaling inhibitor rapamycin reversed the trillin-induced mTOR phosphorylation enhancement but exerted no effects on total mTOR levels, suggesting trillin treatment led to inhibition of autophagy in HCC cells through activating mTOR/STAT3 pathway. Furthermore, caspase 3 activities and the total rate of apoptosis were increased by trillin treatment, which was reversed by rapamycin, stattic, and 6-hydroxyflavone, proving that trillin promotes apoptosis via activation of mTOR/STAT3 signaling. Trillin induced autophagy inhibition and promoted apoptosis in PLC/PRF/5 cells via the activation of mTOR/STAT3 signaling. Trillin has the potential to be a viable therapeutic option for HCC treatment.

Pyroptosis-Derived Long Noncoding RNA Profiles Reveal a Novel Signature for Evaluating the Prognosis of Patients With Lung Adenocarcinoma

PURPOSE

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were recently implicated in modifying pyroptosis. Nonetheless, pyroptosis-related lncRNAs and their possible clinical relevance persist largely uninvestigated in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A sum of 921 samples were collected from three independent data sets. We obtained pyroptosis-related genes from both the Molecular Signatures Database and relevant literature sources and used four machine learning techniques, comprising stepwise Cox, ridge regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and random forest. Multiple bioinformatics approaches were used to further investigate the underlying mechanisms.

RESULTS

In total, 39 differentially expressed pyroptosis genes were identified by comparing normal and tumor samples. Correlation analysis revealed 933 pyroptosis-related lncRNAs. Furthermore, univariate Cox regression determined 11 lncRNAs that exhibited stable associations with prognosis in the three cohorts, which were used to construct the pyroptosis-derived lncRNA signature. After analyzing the optimal results from four machine learning algorithms, we ultimately selected random forest to develop the pyroptosis-derived lncRNA signature. This signature was proven to be an independent prognostic factor and exhibited robust performance in three cohorts.

CONCLUSION

We provided novel insight and established a pyroptosis-derived lncRNA signature for patients with LUAD, exhibiting strong predictive capabilities in both the training and validation sets.

New prospects of cancer therapy based on pyroptosis and pyroptosis inducers

Pyroptosis is a gasdermin-mediated programmed cell death (PCD) pathway. It differs from apoptosis because of the secretion of inflammatory molecules. Pyroptosis is closely associated with various malignant tumors. Recent studies have demonstrated that pyroptosis can either inhibit or promote the development of malignant tumors, depending on the cell type (immune or cancer cells) and duration and severity of the process. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis, its relationship with malignancies, and focuses on current pyroptosis inducers and their significance in cancer treatment. The molecules involved in the pyroptosis signaling pathway could serve as therapeutic targets for the development of novel drugs for cancer therapy. In addition, we analyzed the potential of combining pyroptosis with conventional anticancer techniques as a promising strategy for cancer treatment.

Reactive oxygen species in colorectal cancer adjuvant therapies

Colorectal cancer (CRC), a prevalent global malignancy, often necessitates adjuvant therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy to mitigate tumor burden in advanced stages. The efficacy of these therapies is significantly influenced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous research underscores the pivotal role of ROS in gut pathology, targeted therapy, and drug resistance. ROS-mediated CRC adjuvant therapies encompass a myriad of mechanisms, including cell death and proliferation, survival and cell cycle, DNA damage, metabolic reprogramming, and angiogenesis. Preliminary clinical trials have begun to unveil the potential of ROS-manipulating therapy in enhancing CRC adjuvant therapies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of studies exploring the role of ROS in CRC adjuvant therapies.

EEBR induces Caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis through the NF-κB/NLRP3 signalling cascade in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Recent studies have identified pyroptosis, a type of programmed cell death, as a critical process in the development and progression of lung cancer. In this study, we investigated the effect of EEBR, a new compound synthesized by our team, on pyroptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC) and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that EEBR significantly reduced the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cells in vitro. Moreover, EEBR-induced pyroptosis in NSCLC cells, as evidenced by cell membrane rupture, the release of cytokines such as interleukin-18 and interleukin-1 beta and the promotion of Gasdermin D cleavage in a Caspase-1-dependent manner. Furthermore, EEBR promoted the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and upregulated the protein level of NLRP3. Subsequent studies revealed that EEBR-induced pyroptosis was suppressed by the inhibition of NF-κB. Finally, EEBR effectively suppressed the growth of lung cancer xenograft tumours by promoting NSCLC pyroptosis in animal models. Taken together, our findings suggest that EEBR induces Caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis through the NF-κB/NLRP3 signalling cascade in NSCLC, highlighting its potential as a candidate drug for NSCLC treatment.

Pyroptosis in cancer treatment and prevention: the role of natural products and their bioactive compounds

Targeting programmed cell death (PCD) has been emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy in cancer. Pyroptosis, as a type of PCDs, leads to the cleavage of the gasdermin family and the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) and gasdermin E (GSDME) are the two main executors of pyroptosis. Pyroptosis in tumor and immune cells is essential for tumor progression. Natural products, especially Chinese medicinal herb and their bioactive compounds have recently been regarded as anti-tumor agents that regulate cell pyroptosis under different circumstances. Here, we review the underlying mechanisms of natural products that activate pyroptosis in tumor cells and inhibit pyroptosis in immune cells. Pyroptosis activation in tumor cells leads to tumor cell death, yet pyroptosis inhibition in immune cells may prevent tumor occurrence. Elucidation of the signaling pathways involved in pyroptosis contributes to the understanding of the anti-tumor role of natural products and their potential clinical applications. Therefore, we outline a promising strategy for cancer therapy and prevention using natural products via modulation of pyroptosis.

Force-induced Caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis regulates orthodontic tooth movement

Pyroptosis, an inflammatory caspase-dependent programmed cell death, plays a vital role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and activating inflammatory responses. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is an aseptic force-induced inflammatory bone remodeling process mediated by the activation of periodontal ligament (PDL) progenitor cells. However, whether and how force induces PDL progenitor cell pyroptosis, thereby influencing OTM and alveolar bone remodeling remains unknown. In this study, we found that mechanical force induced the expression of pyroptosis-related markers in rat OTM and alveolar bone remodeling process. Blocking or enhancing pyroptosis level could suppress or promote OTM and alveolar bone remodeling respectively. Using Caspase-1-/- mice, we further demonstrated that the functional role of the force-induced pyroptosis in PDL progenitor cells depended on Caspase-1. Moreover, mechanical force could also induce pyroptosis in human ex-vivo force-treated PDL progenitor cells and in compressive force-loaded PDL progenitor cells in vitro, which influenced osteoclastogenesis. Mechanistically, transient receptor potential subfamily V member 4 signaling was involved in force-induced Caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis in PDL progenitor cells. Overall, this study suggested a novel mechanism contributing to the modulation of osteoclastogenesis and alveolar bone remodeling under mechanical stimuli, indicating a promising approach to accelerate OTM by targeting Caspase-1.

SSPH I, A Novel Anti-cancer Saponin, Inhibits EMT and Invasion and Migration of NSCLC by Suppressing MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT/ mTOR Signaling Pathways

BACKGROUND

Saponin of Schizocapsa plantaginea Hance I (SSPH I).a bioactive saponin found in Schizocapsa plantaginea, exhibits significant anti-proliferation and antimetastasis in lung cancer.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the anti-metastatic effects of SSPH I on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with emphasis on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) both in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

The effects of SSPH I at the concentrations of 0, 0.875,1.75, and 3.5 μM on A549 and PC9 lung cancer cells were evaluated using colony formation assay, CCK-8 assay, transwell assay and wound-healing assay. The actin cytoskeleton reorganization of PC9 and A549 cells was detected using the FITC-phalloidin fluorescence staining assay. The proteins related to EMT (N-cadherin, E-cadherin and vimentin), p- PI3K, p- AKT, p- mTOR and p- ERK1/2 were detected by Western blotting. A mouse model of lung cancer metastasis was established by utilizing 95-D cells, and the mice were treated with SSPH I by gavage.

RESULTS

The results suggested that SSPH I significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells under a non-cytotoxic concentration. Furthermore, SSPH I at a non-toxic concentration of 0.875 μM inhibited F-actin cytoskeleton organization. Importantly, attenuation of EMT was observed in A549 cells with upregulation in the expression of epithelial cell marker E-cadherin and downregulation of the mesenchymal cell markers vimentin as well as Ncadherin. Mechanistic studies revealed that SSPH I inhibited MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways.

CONCLUSION

SSPH I inhibited EMT, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells by suppressing MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, suggesting that the natural compound SSPH I could be used for inhibiting metastasis of NSCLC.