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Venegas-Vásconez D, Orejuela-Escobar L, Valarezo-Garcés A, Guerrero VH, Tipanluisa-Sarchi L, Alejandro-Martín S. Biomass Valorization through Catalytic Pyrolysis Using Metal-Impregnated Natural Zeolites: From Waste to Resources. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1912. [PMID: 39000767 PMCID: PMC11244507 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Catalytic biomass pyrolysis is one of the most promising routes for obtaining bio-sustainable products that replace petroleum derivatives. This study evaluates the production of aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX)) from the catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (Pinus radiata (PR) and Eucalyptus globulus (EG)). Chilean natural zeolite (NZ) was used as a catalyst for pyrolysis reactions, which was modified by double ion exchange (H2NZ) and transition metals impregnation (Cu5H2NZ and Ni5H2NZ). The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ammonium programmed desorption (TPD-NH3), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Analytical pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) allowed us to study the influence of natural and modified zeolite catalysts on BTX production. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of metal oxides (CuO and NiO) in the zeolite framework, and SEM-EDS confirmed successful metal impregnation (6.20% for Cu5H2NZ and 6.97% for Ni5H2NZ). Py-GC/MS revealed a reduction in oxygenated compounds such as esters, ketones, and phenols, along with an increase in aromatic compounds in PR from 2.92% w/w (without catalyst) to 20.89% w/w with Ni5H2NZ at a biomass/catalyst ratio of 1/5, and in EG from 2.69% w/w (without catalyst) to 30.53% w/w with Ni5H2NZ at a biomass/catalyst ratio of 1/2.5. These increases can be attributed to acidic sites within the catalyst pores or on their surface, facilitating deoxygenation reactions such as dehydration, decarboxylation, decarbonylation, aldol condensation, and aromatization. Overall, this study demonstrated that the catalytic biomass pyrolysis process using Chilean natural zeolite modified with double ion exchange and impregnated with transition metals (Cu and Ni) could be highly advantageous for achieving significant conversion of oxygenated compounds into hydrocarbons and, consequently, improving the quality of the condensed pyrolysis vapors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Venegas-Vásconez
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Maderas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile;
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía Gaseosa y Pirólisis Analítica, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
| | - Lourdes Orejuela-Escobar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles s/n y Av. Interoceánica, Quito 170157, Ecuador;
| | - Alfredo Valarezo-Garcés
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles s/n y Av. Interoceánica, Quito 170157, Ecuador;
| | - Víctor H. Guerrero
- Departamento de Materiales, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito 170525, Ecuador;
| | - Luis Tipanluisa-Sarchi
- Facultad de Mecánica, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Riobamba 060155, Ecuador;
| | - Serguei Alejandro-Martín
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Maderas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile;
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía Gaseosa y Pirólisis Analítica, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
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Effective Hydrodeoxygenation Bio-Oil via Natural Zeolite Supported Transition Metal Oxide Catalyst. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
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Hasanudin H, Asri WR, Zulaikha IS, Ayu C, Rachmat A, Riyanti F, Hadiah F, Zainul R, Maryana R. Hydrocracking of crude palm oil to a biofuel using zirconium nitride and zirconium phosphide-modified bentonite. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21916-21925. [PMID: 36043093 PMCID: PMC9361004 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03941a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, bentonite modified by zirconium nitride (ZrN) and zirconium phosphide (ZrP) catalysts was studied in the hydrocracking of crude palm oil to biofuels. The study demonstrated that bentonite was propitiously modified by ZrN and ZrP, as assessed by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM-EDX analysis. The acidity of the bentonite catalyst was remarkably enhanced by ZrN and ZrP, and it showed an increased intensity in the Lewis acid and Brønsted acid sites, as presented by pyridine FTIR. In the hydrocracking application, the highest conversion was achieved by bentonite-ZrN at 8 mEq g−1 catalyst loading of 87.93%, whereas bentonite-ZrP at 10 mEq g−1 showed 86.04% conversion, which suggested that there was a strong positive correlation between the catalyst acidity and the conversion under a particular condition. The biofuel distribution fraction showed that both the catalysts produced a high bio-kerosene fraction, followed by bio-gasoline and oil fuel fractions. The reusability study revealed that both the catalysts had sufficient conversion stability of CPO through the hydrocracking reaction up to four consecutive runs with a low decrease in the catalyst activity. Overall, bentonite-ZrN dominantly favored the hydrocracking of CPO than bentonite-ZrP. In this study, bentonite modified by zirconium nitride (ZrN) and zirconium phosphide (ZrP) catalysts was studied in the hydrocracking of crude palm oil to biofuels.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasanudin Hasanudin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya 30662 Indonesia .,Biofuel Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya 30662 Indonesia
| | - Wan Ryan Asri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya 30662 Indonesia .,Biofuel Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya 30662 Indonesia
| | - Indah Sari Zulaikha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya 30662 Indonesia .,Biofuel Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya 30662 Indonesia
| | - Cik Ayu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya 30662 Indonesia .,Biofuel Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya 30662 Indonesia
| | - Addy Rachmat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya 30662 Indonesia .,Biofuel Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya 30662 Indonesia
| | - Fahma Riyanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya 30662 Indonesia .,Biofuel Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya 30662 Indonesia
| | - Fitri Hadiah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya 30662 Indonesia
| | - Rahadian Zainul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Padang Padang Indonesia
| | - Roni Maryana
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Building 452 Kawasan PUSPIPTEK, Serpong Tangerang Selatan Banten Indonesia
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Hasanudin H, Asri WR, Said M, Hidayati PT, Purwaningrum W, Novia N, Wijaya K. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil to bio-gasoline and bio-aviation fuels using molybdenum nitride-bentonite catalyst. RSC Adv 2022; 12:16431-16443. [PMID: 35747528 PMCID: PMC9157314 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02438a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, molybdenum nitride-bentonite was successfully employed for the reaction of hydrocracking of palm oil to produce a bio-gasoline and bio-aviation fuel. The prepared catalyst was characterized using XRD, FT-IR, and SEM-EDX. The acidity of the catalyst was determined using the pyridine gravimetric method. The result showed that the acidity of bentonite was increased after modification using molybdenum nitride. The hydrocracking study showed that the highest conversion and product fraction of bio-gasoline and bio-aviation fuel were exhibited by molybdenum nitride-bentonite 8 mEq g−1. The catalyst was later used to optimize the hydrocracking process using RSM-CCD. The effects of the process variables such as temperature, contact time, and catalyst to feed ratio, on the response variables, such as conversion, oil, gas, and coke yield, were investigated. The analysis of variance showed that the proposed quadratic model was statistically significant with adequate precision to estimate the responses. The optimum conditions in the hydrocracking process were achieved at a temperature of 731.94 K, contact time of 0.12 h, and a catalyst to feed ratio of 0.12 w/v with a conversion of 78.33%, an oil yield of 50.32%, gas yield of 44.00% and coke yield of 5.73%. The RSM-CCD was demonstrated as a suitable method for estimating the hydrocracking process of palm oil using a MoN-bentonite catalyst due to its closeness to the optimal value of the expected yield. This study provided a potential catalyst of based on bentonite modified using molybdenum nitride for the hydrocracking of palm oil. In this study, molybdenum nitride-bentonite was successfully employed for the reaction of hydrocracking of palm oil to produce a bio-gasoline and bio-aviation fuel.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasanudin Hasanudin
- Biofuel Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia
| | - Wan Ryan Asri
- Biofuel Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia
- Department of Chemistry, Magister Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Said
- Biofuel Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia
| | - Putri Tamara Hidayati
- Biofuel Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia
| | - Widia Purwaningrum
- Biofuel Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia
| | - Novia Novia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia
| | - Karna Wijaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Mahdi HI, Bazargan A, McKay G, Azelee NIW, Meili L. Catalytic deoxygenation of palm oil and its residue in green diesel production: A current technological review. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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The Stabilization of Liquid Smoke through Hydrodeoxygenation Over Nickel Catalyst Loaded on Sarulla Natural Zeolite. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Constituents of liquid smoke possess a huge potential to be converted as value-added chemicals, such as flavoring, antiseptics, antioxidants, or even fossil oil substitutes. However, liquid smoke instability, led by the presence of oxygenate compounds, is an obstacle for further utilization and processing. On the other hand, catalyst efficiency in hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) remains challenging. Sarulla natural zeolite (Z), with abundant availability, has not been comprehensively investigated in the catalytic performance of HDO. In this study, Sarulla natural zeolite with different Si/Al ratios, which are activated by several concentrations of hydrochloric acid and nickel supported by Z (Ni-Z) synthesized by wet impregnation, were evaluated for HDO of liquid smoke, particularly in reducing oxygenate compounds. Catalyst morphology, surface area, pores, and crystallinity are investigated. Catalytic performances were evaluated, particularly on reducing oxygenate compounds and the shifting of phenol and its derivatives. Furthermore, the liquid smoke product of HDO was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The data obtained reveal that the HDO process of liquid smoke with the Z3 catalyst shows the best activity compared to Z5 and Z7, with phenol conversion of 62.39% and 11.93% of alkoxy reduction. Meanwhile, the best Ni metal catalyst system activity was given by the Ni-Z5 catalyst compared to Ni-Z3 and Ni-Z7, where phenol conversion and alkoxy reduction were at 60.06% and 11.49%, respectively.
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