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Rossino G, Marchese E, Galli G, Verde F, Finizio M, Serra M, Linciano P, Collina S. Peptides as Therapeutic Agents: Challenges and Opportunities in the Green Transition Era. Molecules 2023; 28:7165. [PMID: 37894644 PMCID: PMC10609221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides are at the cutting edge of contemporary research for new potent, selective, and safe therapeutical agents. Their rise has reshaped the pharmaceutical landscape, providing solutions to challenges that traditional small molecules often cannot address. A wide variety of natural and modified peptides have been obtained and studied, and many others are advancing in clinical trials, covering multiple therapeutic areas. As the demand for peptide-based therapies grows, so does the need for sustainable and environmentally friendly synthesis methods. Traditional peptide synthesis, while effective, often involves environmentally draining processes, generating significant waste and consuming vast resources. The integration of green chemistry offers sustainable alternatives, prioritizing eco-friendly processes, waste reduction, and energy conservation. This review delves into the transformative potential of applying green chemistry principles to peptide synthesis by discussing relevant examples of the application of such approaches to the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with a peptide structure and how these efforts are critical for an effective green transition era in the pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Emanuela Marchese
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Francesca Verde
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Matteo Finizio
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Massimo Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Pasquale Linciano
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
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2
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Tosi E, Campagne JM, de Figueiredo RM. Amine Activation: "Inverse" Dipeptide Synthesis and Amide Function Formation through Activated Amino Compounds. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12148-12163. [PMID: 36069394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A copper(II)/HOBt-catalyzed procedure for the synthesis of dipeptides and "general" amides has been developed using microwave irradiation to considerably hasten the reaction. As an alternative to using traditional carboxylic acid activation, the method relies on the use of N-acyl imidazoles as activated amino partners. By doing so, a nonconventional way to reach dipeptides and amides has been proposed through the challenging and less studied N → C direction synthesis. A series of dipeptides and "general" amides have been successfully synthesized, and the applicability of the method has been illustrated in gram-scale syntheses. The mild reaction conditions proposed are completely adequate for couplings in the presence of sensitive amino acids, affording the products without detectable racemization. Furthermore, experimental observations prompted us to propose a plausible reaction pathway for the couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Tosi
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34293, France
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3
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Matsuo BT, Oliveira PHR, Pissinati EF, Vega KB, de Jesus IS, Correia JTM, Paixao M. Photoinduced carbamoylation reactions: unlocking new reactivities towards amide synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8322-8339. [PMID: 35843219 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02585j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of amide-containing compounds is among the most interesting and challenging topics for the synthetic community. Such relevance is given by their reactive aspects explored in the context of organic synthesis and by the direct application of these compounds as pharmaceuticals and useful materials, and their key roles in biological structures. A simple and straightforward strategy for the amide moiety installation is the use of carbamoyl radicals - this nucleophilic one-electron intermediate is prone to undergo a series of transformations, providing a range of structurally relevant derivatives. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the field from the perspective of photoinduced protocols. To this end, their synthetic applications are organized accordingly to the nature of the radical precursor (formamides through HAT, 4-substituted-1,4-dihydropyridines, oxamic acids, and N-hydroxyphthalimido esters), the mechanistic aspects also being highlighted. The discussion also includes a recent approach proceeding via photolytic C-S cleavage of dithiocarbamate-carbamoyl intermediates. By exploring fundamental concepts, this material aims to offer an understanding of the topic, which will encourage and facilitate the design of new synthetic strategies applying the carbamoyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca T Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil. .,Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Pedro H R Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Emanuele F Pissinati
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Kimberly B Vega
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Iva S de Jesus
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Jose Tiago M Correia
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Márcio Paixao
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
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4
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Dahiya P, Sarkar A, Sundararaju B. Well‐defined [Cp*Co(N,O)I]‐Catalysts for Site‐selective Intramolecular C‐H Amidation. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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5
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Li X, Zhao Q, Shen Y, Ma R. Rh(III)-Catalyzed C-H Diamidation and Diamidation/Intramolecular Cyclization of N-Iminopyridinium Ylides with Dioxazolones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3468-3481. [PMID: 35080889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H diamidation and diamidation/intramolecular cyclization of N-iminopyridinium ylides with dioxazolones has been developed, providing diamidated products and benzoxazinone products in good to excellent yields. Notably, the tunable selectivity of this reaction can be controlled by simply switching the solvent and the temperature. This reaction features operational simplicity, a broad substrate scope, and a good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yang Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Ran Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
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Athavale SV, Gao S, Liu Z, Mallojjala SC, Hirschi JS, Arnold FH. Biocatalytic, Intermolecular C-H Bond Functionalization for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24864-24869. [PMID: 34534409 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Directed evolution of heme proteins has opened access to new-to-nature enzymatic activity that can be harnessed to tackle synthetic challenges. Among these, reactions resulting from active site iron-nitrenoid intermediates present a powerful strategy to forge C-N bonds with high site- and stereoselectivity. Here we report a biocatalytic, intermolecular benzylic C-H amidation reaction operating at mild and scalable conditions. With hydroxamate esters as nitrene precursors, feedstock aromatic compounds can be converted to chiral amides with excellent enantioselectivity (up to >99 % ee) and high yields (up to 87 %). Kinetic and computational analysis of the enzymatic reaction reveals rate-determining nitrenoid formation followed by stepwise hydrogen atom transfer-mediated C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra V Athavale
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Shilong Gao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Zhen Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | | | - Jennifer S Hirschi
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, 13902, USA
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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7
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Athavale SV, Gao S, Liu Z, Mallojjala SC, Hirschi JS, Arnold FH. Biocatalytic, Intermolecular C−H Bond Functionalization for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra V. Athavale
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41 Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Shilong Gao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41 Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Zhen Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41 Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | | | | | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41 Pasadena California 91125 USA
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8
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Pan C, Yin SY, Gu Q, You SL. Cp xM(iii)-catalyzed enantioselective C-H functionalization through migratory insertion of metal-carbenes/nitrenes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7264-7275. [PMID: 34612356 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01248g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CpxM(iii)-catalyzed enantioselective C-H functionalization reactions have progressed rapidly using either chiral cyclopentadienyl ligands or appropriate chiral carboxylic acids. In this context, highly reactive carbene and nitrene precursors can serve as effective C-H coupling partners, providing a straightforward and efficient approach to access chiral molecules. In this review, we highlight the developments in CpxM(iii)-catalyzed enantioselective C-H functionalization reactions through migratory insertion of metal-carbenes/nitrenes by employing chiral CpxM(iii) complexes or achiral CpxM(iii) complexes combined with chiral carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
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9
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Mi R, Zhang X, Wang J, Chen H, Lan Y, Wang F, Li X. Rhodium-Catalyzed Regio-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselective Three-Component Carboamination of Dienes via C–H Activation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Mi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Xuepeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Jinlei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Haohua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Fen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
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